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SNOW
T ARTICLE is to provide an
overview of IEEE 1242-
1999, Guide for Specifying
and Selecting Power, Control, and Special Pur-
and HOW will it
help you?
consulting communities. Therefore, a
joint WG between PCIC and ICC was
formed, and work proceeded on the guide.
The final draft from the WG was sub-
IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS MAGAZINE • NOV|DEC 2002 • WWW.IEEE.ORG/IAS
pose Cable for Petroleum and Chemical Plants. This standard mitted to IEEE for balloting in February 1998. After the
addresses wire and cable design, materials, testing, and resolution of negatives and coordinating society com-
installation, along with illustrations of typical construc- ments, a new draft was balloted and the IEEE Standards
tions and application criteria. An extensive cross-refer- Activities Board approved the guide in June 1999.
enced list of standards and technical papers, as they apply The guide contains useful information on the specifica-
to the wire and cable industry, is included in the appendix tion and selection of power, control, and special-purpose ca-
of the standard. ble typically used in petroleum, chemical, and similar type
plants. It addresses those topics that are peculiar to the pet-
Background rochemical industry. However, it includes many re-
A paper titled “Wire and Cable Update– 1990” cent developments, such as strand filling;
[1] was presented at the 1990 Petroleum and low-smoke, zero-halogen materials; water
Chemical Industry Committee (PCIC) Con- swellable tapes; chemical-moisture barriers;
ference in Houston, Texas, USA. During and cable testing. This guide is intended to
the writing of the paper, the authors con- help the user in developing specifications for
cluded that the information it contained cable constructions by addressing industry
could possibly form the basis of a PCIC standards in conjunction with those problems
Working Group (WG) to address the speci- peculiar to the petrochemical industry.
fication and selection of cable in the petro- The guide provides the user with perti-
chemical industry. Since the authors were nent information on cable designs, applica-
members of both the IAS/PCIC and the tions, and the latest test procedures. It is
PES/Insulated Conductors Committee intended to be an informational tool for the
(ICC), there would be a possibility of get- new, as well as the more seasoned, engineer.
60 ting input not only from the user commu- In this capacity, it contains an extensive ref-
1077-2618/02/$17.00©2002 IEEE
erence and cross-reference listing of cable Types of Installations
standards, including those from the The size and electrical load for the facility,
United States, Canada, and some from THE GUIDE the geographic layout, environmental as-
Europe. Illustrations and tables are pro- PROVIDES THE pects, and the electrical service supply are
vided with a correlation to applicable in- among the first considerations. Decisions
dustry standards for cable constructions. USER WITH on these matters are made early in the en-
Application guidelines are provided for gineering program. After project criteria
the type of installations found in the pet- PERTINENT is determined, a decision on the type of ca-
rochemical industry as they relate to ble installation, whether underground or
electrical, mechanical, physical, thermal, INFORMATION overhead, can be made. Each system has
and environmental properties of the ca- its merits. The trend seems to be more to-
ble. The use of this guide should help to ON CABLE ward tray systems (Fig. 2), although un-
eliminate premature cable failures due to derground systems are often selected
improper cable specification, selection, DESIGNS, where severe weather, fire hazard, or envi-
and application. APPLICATIONS, ronmental conditions present a hazard to
The following major headings in this overhead systems.
article bear the same title as the applica- AND THE LATEST Underground cabling systems are
ble major clauses contained in the guide. normally either direct buried (Fig. 3) or
Under these headings is a summary of TEST installed in ducts (Fig. 4). Either type
content that should be of benefit to those provides protection from wind, explo-
evaluating the scope and need for this PROCEDURES. sions, fire, or accidental contact from
publication. The applicable clause num- cranes or other construction equipment.
ber from the guide is shown, in parenthe- However, exposure to ground water and
sis, after the heading. chemical contamination may warrant ca-
ble designs that provide protection from such deleterious
Typical Constructions (Clause 3) elements, as well as additional mechanical protection in
This clause provides detailed information on various low- the case of direct buried cables.
and medium-voltage cable constructions that are typically Overhead, supported cabling systems are initially less
used in petroleum and chemical plants. There are 19 figures costly and easier to maintain, modify, or replace. A typical
Construction:
A - Conductor: Copper, bare, soft, Class B, concentric stranded per ASTM B-8 (Alum available)
A B - Strand Screen: Extruded thermoset semi-conducting EPR or polyolefin
C - Insulation: EPR, XLPE or TRXLPE
D - Insulation screen: Extruded semi-conducting EPR or polyolefin
B E - Shield: Helically applied overlapped copper tape or helical wire shield
F - Jacket: PVC or CPE (Thermoplastic), CSPE, CPE (Thermoset) or LSZH
Remarks: Requires Stress cone terminations. Give tree retardancy consideration when selecting
F insulation for underground applications
1
5–35 kV, Type MV-90, 1/C, helical tape or wire shield. 61
voltage of the system, as well as the BIL level of the source Mechanical and Physical Considerations
and utilization end equipment. The sheaths or coverings used over other cable materials to
Ampacity determination includes consideration of protect the cable components from environmental and in-
many factors that are listed in the guide. Normally, Na- stallation conditions can greatly affect the overall life cycle
tional Electrical Code (NEC) tables are most often used. economics of the cable system. Both metallic and nonmetal-
However, under proper engineering supervision, ampacity lic materials, or a combination of these coverings, are avail-
may be determined by use of the Neher-McGrath method. able to provide the protection needed for specific conditions.
References to these methods are provided. Some of these specific conditions include the effect of ro-
Methods for selecting grounding conductors for neutral, dents, insects, abrasion, impact, moisture, acids, alkalis, and
system, and equipment are included in this clause, as well as other chemicals. The sheaths or coverings may be applied as
fault current ratings of conductors and metallic shields. protection over single conductors or over multiple conduc-
tors. Different types of coverings and sheaths are outlined in
the guide with references containing further information.
2
Environmental Considerations
The effect of the cable on its surroundings must be consid-
ered in response to the increased awareness of environmen-
tal issues. The potential for arc flash, explosion, fire
propagation, smoke, and the emission of toxic and/or cor-
rosive gases must be considered in the application and loca-
tion of the cable. Also, the effect of the environment on the
cable must be considered. Specific topics covered include
hazardous areas, fire safety considerations, flame spread,
smoke measurement, corrosivity, toxicity, and cold tem-
perature installation.
Conductors (Clause 5)
Cable tray system. This clause reviews conductor materials and stranding. The
IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS MAGAZINE • NOV|DEC 2002 • WWW.IEEE.ORG/IAS
Insulation (Clause 6)
Performance Requirements
Insulating materials have improved over the years and now
provide the specifying engineer with a wide range of prop-
erties that enable an optimum match to a particular appli-
cation. The choice of insulation will depend on many
factors, such as the operating voltage and temperature, the
type (signal or power) and frequency of electric energy to be 5
transmitted by the conductor, the type of outer protective Overhead messenger supported system.
covering for the insulation, the amount of flexibility de-
sired, outside chemical influences, etc. Where a number of
insulation materials are deemed suitable for an application,
selection may be made based on economics, maintenance, Shielded MV Cable
or other factors. In any case, it is important to consider the
minimum acceptable performance characteristics of an in-
sulation to assure the long-term reliability of an electrical Conductor Shield
system. The following properties should be considered in
evaluating insulating materials: Insulation
n dielectric strength
Insulation Shield
n capacitance
n thermal characteristics and heat dissipation
Metallic Shield
n power factor (dissipation factor), insulation resis-
tance, and losses Protective Jacket
n resistance to water treeing
6
n physical properties, chemical resistance, and envi-
ronmental considerations. Typical MV shielded cable. 63
environmental considerations affect- Guidelines for the minimum amount of
ing shielding choices are corrosion and shield conductance required are given in
wet locations. THE USE OF THIS ICEA standards.
GUIDE SHOULD It is necessary to consider the short
Electrical Considerations circuit current (capacity) of the shield to
There are several electrical system pa- HELP ELIMINATE assure the cable will not be damaged due
rameters to consider when using shielded to the heat generated during a fault.
cable. Among these are the following: PREMATURE Also to be considered is induced
n fault currents shield voltage. Circuits that employ
n voltage considerations CABLE FAILURES shielded, single-conductor cable carry-
n splicing devices and techniques ing alternating current will encounter a
n grounding of shields
DUE TO voltage buildup on the shield if the
n shield losses shield is grounded at only one point. The
n insulating barriers in the shield.
IMPROPER guide provides formulas for use in calcu-
CABLE lating the induced shield voltage for sev-
Semiconducting Materials eral cable arrangements.
These materials are used in MV cable to SPECIFICATION,
form a conductive bridge from either Cable Jackets (Clause 8)
the conductor to the inside surface of the SELECTION, AND Cables in petrochemical plants are ex-
insulation or from the outer surface of posed to many different environments.
the insulation to the metallic shield. APPLICATION. Thus, the function of a jacket is to protect
The function is to prevent voids and en- the underlying cable components from
sure an even distribution of the electri- one or a number of exposures, including
cal stress. The formulation of mechanical abuse, chemicals, flame,
semiconductive materials require the use of large moisture, sunlight, and other radiation. Table 1 has been
amounts of conductive carbon black, which is usually dis- extracted from Clause 8 as an example. Basic properties of
persed in a suitable polyolefin, EP, or butyl acetate com- jackets used on cables in the petroleum and chemical in-
pound. In addition to the principal constituents, minor dustry are shown in this table.
IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS MAGAZINE • NOV|DEC 2002 • WWW.IEEE.ORG/IAS
amounts of proprietary additives are included to aid dis- The thickness of cable jackets depends primarily on the
persion, heat stability, and adhesion to the insulation. type of cable and the diameter of the core. In general, jacket
The properties of these materials vary depending on thickness is specified in the applicable industry standards.
whether they are formulated for strand shielding or for in- The following are the major electrical property con-
sulation shielding. siderations to be taken into account in selecting
jacketing materials:
n Dielectric Strength: Cable jackets may be semicon-
Metallic Shielding Materials
Cable shields are nonmagnetic metallic materials. The two ducting or insulating. If insulating, a fair range of di-
materials typically used for metallic shields are aluminum electric strengths are available.
n Discharge and Tracking Resistance: When a
and copper. Aluminum requires a larger diameter as a wire
nonshielded cable rests upon or comes into contact
or a thicker cross section as tape to carry the same current as
with a ground plane, the ground plane acts as the
copper. At equivalent current-carrying capacity, an alumi- outer plate of the capacitor, made up of the con-
num shield will be lighter in weight but about 40% larger ductor, insulation and the ground plane. Dis-
in dimensions. Aluminum shields are used for instrumen- charges and tracking may cause erosion of the
tation, control, and communication cables, while copper jacket material.
shields are used with medium- and high-voltage cables. The physical properties of jackets is a major issue since
The metallic shield needs to be electrically continuous protection from mechanical abuse during and after instal-
over a cable length to adequately perform its functions of lation is the primary jacket function. Key considerations
electrostatic protection, electromagnetic protection, and are toughness and flexibility.
protection from transients, such as lightning and surge or A major consideration in selecting a jacket is whether a
fault currents. thermoplastic or thermosetting material is required. In
A nonmetallic covering or jacket may be used over the most cases, a thermoplastic jacket is less expensive. How-
shield for mechanical and corrosion protection. The cover- ever, thermoplastics will melt at some elevated tempera-
ing must prevent exposure of the metallic shield during ture (different for each thermoplastic material) and, thus,
handling and installation. It is important to ensure that could run or drip from the cable under extreme conditions.
continuity of the metallic shield will not be broken during This may be unacceptable in many applications.
handling, installation, or operation. Thermoset materials will not melt and run or drip at ele-
vated temperatures.
Current Carrying Capability Chemical, environmental, and flame properties must
The ability of a metallic shield or sheath to carry current also be taken under consideration to include the following:
is a function of its resistance. The lower the resistance, n Chemical Resistance: The resistance of jacket materials
64 the more current it can handle at a given temperature. to various chemicals can be of major importance.
n Moisture Resistance: Moisture is a major consideration to form acids or bases. One such well-known reaction
in all underground installations and many other involves the combination of hydrogen chloride with
plant locations. Thus, cable jackets and construc- water to form hydrochloric acid.
tions that resist moisture should be considered for One other issue that must be considered is the future
such applications. disposal of used cables. Some jacket compounds contain
n Flame Resistance: The relative degree to which a jacket varying quantities of toxic materials, such as lead oxide,
material will burn is an important consideration in that may present future disposal problems from an envi-
jacket selection. The importance is dependent on the ronmental point of view.
application. The guide provides considerable infor-
mation on this topic. Moisture and Chemical Protection (Clause 9)
n Smoke Density: Obscured vision due to smoke gener- There is a need for chemical and moisture protection for ca-
ated by a fire can hinder escape and firefighting ef- bles used in petrochemical plants, especially in under-
forts. This can be a major consideration in work ground applications. The environment in these plants can
areas, control rooms, or where the public congre- have an adverse effect on cable materials, potentially lead-
gates. New and improved materials that have low or ing to less than expected performance. The various meth-
limited smoke emissions when burned are now avail- ods used to provide protection from the effects of chemicals
able. Their use is growing rapidly. and moisture are described in this clause. These methods
n Toxicity: Many common materials emit toxic sub- are listed as follows:
stances when burned. This can also reduce the escape n choice of jacketing materials
potential of persons in the area of the fire. Low or zero n use of chemical/moisture barrier (CMB) cables with
halogen flame retardant compounds are available to laminate sheaths
address this problem. n use of metallic sheaths as CMBs
n Corrosivity: Many materials emit corrosives when n use of water blocking materials in cables.
burned. This may be further complicated if the cor- When metallic shields and armors are used for moisture
rosives react with firefighting agents, such as water, protection, suitable jackets over the shield are needed to
69