FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

BY :
RAMIZ AKHTHAR – 2018BARC015
CHITTA RANJAN HEMBRAM – 2018BARC019
MADHUKAR GUPTA – 2018BARC045
INTRODUCTION

• Fire safety is a subject connected not

only with human and property safety but
is related with design of buildings and
their services.
• Fire, when spreads uncontrolled in
buildings, can result in heavy loss of
property and lives.
• Therefore, fire protection measures, both
in residential buildings and in
commercial/ industrial complexes, have
assumed a great role in recent years in
our country.
NBC REGULATIONS

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE

• PART – 4
Fire and Life Safety – This part covers the
requirements for fire prevention, life safety in
relation to Fire and Fire protection of buildings. The
code specifies construction, occupancy and protection
features that are necessary to minimize danger to life
and property from fire.
MAIN INDIAN STANDARDS ON FIRE SYSTEMS
DESIGN:

Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of

IS: 2190: 1992 portable first-aid fire extinguisher.

Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of

IS: 2189: 1988 automatic fire detection and alarm system.

Selection, installation and maintenance of control and indicating

IS: 15908: 2011 equipments for fire detection and alarm system.

Code of practice for installation of internal fire hydrants in Multi-

IS: 3844: 1989 storey buildings.

External Hydrant Systems – Provision & Maintenance.

IS: 13039: 1991
Design & Installation of fixed automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing
IS: 15105: 2002 systems.
FIRE SCIENCE

• Fire is the process of burning. It is in fact a chemist reaction initiated by

presence of heat energy in which a substance combines with oxygen
and is accompanied by emission of energy in the form of heat, light
and sound. Therefore, three elements are essential for combustion.

• A combustible matter i.e. Fuel

• Oxygen
• Source of heat, spark, flame, etc.
THERE ARE 4 CLASSES OF FIRE:

Class A Ordinary combustible or fibrous material, such as

wood, paper, cloth , rubber and some plastics.

Class B Flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline,

kerosene, paint, paint thinners and propane.

Class C Energized electrical quipment, such as appliances,

switches, panel boxes and power tools.

Class D Certain combustible metals, such as magnesium,

titanium, potassium and sodium.
FIRE PROTECTION

• A method of fire protection involves the conveyance of water pipes

to extinguish fire within a building falls into the field of plumbing.
Water maybe supplied through riser pipes or standpipes. A riser or
standpipes with hose connections in a tall building maybe fed from
storage tank, from pump or from a mobile pumping engine in the
street connected to a breaching or 'Siamese Post’.
• Automatic sprinkler are the devices that discharge water
automatically when the temperature of air surrounding sprinkler
reaches a predetermined value.
SIAMESE CONNECTION AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER
COMPONENTS

Fire protection in land-based buildings are typically achieved

via all of the following:
• Passive fire protection – The installation of firewalls and fire
rated floor assemblies to form fire compartments intended to
limit the spread of fire, high temperatures and smoke.
• Active fire protection – Manual and automatic detection and
suppression of fires, sucha fire sprinkler systems and fire alarm
systems.
 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

• The aim for Passive Fire Protection systems is typically demonstrated in fire
testing the ability to maintain the item or the side to be protected at or
below either 140 C (for walls, floors and electrical circuits required to have
a fire resistance rating) or ca. 550 °C, which is considered the critical
temperature for structural steel, above which it is in jeopardy of losing its
strength, leading to collapse. Smaller components, such as fire dampers,
fire doors, etc., follow suit in the main intentions of the basic standard for
walls and floors, Fire testing involves live fire exposures upwards of 1100 °C,
depending on the fire resistance rating and duration one is after. More
items than just fire exposures are typically required to be tested to ensure
the survivability of the system under realistic conditions.
• To accomplish these aims, many different types of materials are employed
in the design and construction of systems.
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

• Fire-resistance rated walls

• Firewalls not only have a rating, they are also designed to
sub-divide buildings such that if collapse occurs on one side,
this will not affect the other side. They can also be used to
eliminate the need for sprinklers, as a trade-off.
• Fire-resistant glass using multi-layer intumescent technology or
wire mesh embedded within the glass may be used in the
fabrication of fire-resistance rated windows in walls or fire
doors.
• Fire-resistance rated floors
Fire Resistant rated wall Fire Resistant rated glass

50mm Gyvlon Screed

Lewis Deck
Resilient Layer
ECO Joist

Fire Resistant rated floor

• Spray fireproofing (application of intumescent or endothermic
paints, or fibrous or cementitious plaster to keep substrates such
as structural steel, electrical or mechanical services, valves,
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vessel, vessel skirts, bulkheads or
deck below either 140 °C for electrical items or ca. 500 C for
structural steel elements to maintain operability of the item to
be protected).
• Fireproofing cladding
• Enclosures (boxes or wraps made of fireproofing materials,
including fire-resistive wraps and tapes to protect speciality
valves and other items deemed to require protection against
fire and heat-an analogy for this would be a safe) or the
provision of circuit integrity measures to keep electrical cables
operational during an accidental fire.
SPRAY FIREPROOFING
• Occupancy separations (barriers designated as occupancy
separations are intended to segregate parts of buildings, where
different uses are on each side)
• Closures (fire dampers) Sometimes firestops are treated in
building codes identically to closures. Canada de-ratcs
closures, where, for instance a 2 hour closure is acceptable for
use in a 3 hour fire separation, so long as the fire separation is
not an occupancy separation or firewall. The lowered rating is
then referred to as a fire protection rating, both for firestops,
unless they contain plastic pipes and regular closures.
• Firestops
• Grease ducts
• Cable coating
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

CATEGORIES
• Fire suppression – Fire can be controlled or extinguished with
manually or automatically. Manual includes the use of a fire
extinguisher or a Standpipe system. Automatic means can include
a fire sprinkler system, a gaseous clean agent, or firefighting foam
system. Automatic suppression systems would usually be found in
large commercial kitchens or other high-risk areas.
• Sprinkler systems – sprinkler systems are installed in all types of
buildings, commercial and residential. They are usually located at
ceiling level and are connected to a reliable water source, most
commonly city water. A typical sprinkler system operates when heat
at the site of a fire causes a glass component in the sprinkler head
to fail, thereby releasing the water from the sprinkler head.
FIRE SUPRESSION SYSTEM

SPRINKLER SYSTEM
• Fire detection - Fire is detected either by locating the smoke, flame or heat,
and an alarm is sounded to enable emergency evacuation as well as to
dispatch the local fire department. Where a detection system is activated, it
can be programmed to carry out other actions. These include de energising
magnetic hold open devices on Fire doors and and opening servo-acultuated
vents in stairways.
• Hypoxic air fire prevention - Fire can be prevented by hypoxic air. Hypoxic air
fire prevention systems, also known as oxygen reduction systems are new
automatic fire prevention systems that reduce permanently the oxygen
concentration inside the protected volumes so that ignition or fire spreading
cannot occur.

All AFP systems are required to be installed and maintained in accordance with
strict guidelines inorder to maintain compliance with local building code.
WATER

• The quantity of water required for fire extinction depends upon the
magnitude of fire and duration taken to extinguish it. The use of non-
potable water should be avoided for the fear of cross connection and
subsequent health hazards.
• The size of main ring, dry riser and wet riser, for fire fighting within a building,
is designed keeping in mind that a distant hydrant will discharge about
1000 litres per minute at 3.5 kg/sq.cm pressure.And at any given time at
least two hydrants are in operation.
• A sufficient Quality of water for the purpose of fire fighting of the building
must be made available in an underground tank within the premises. Tank
capacity may be taken as 30 min water supply at 1000 litres per minute.
The water tank and cover should be designed to take load of 18 tonnes
vehicular load if flush below ground level.
FIRE HOSE SYSTEM

• This system involves the installation of vertical riser pipe with the hose
connection at strategic pints throughout the building. The standpipe or
riser can be kept filled with water known as wet riser system otherwise it is
known as dry riser system.
• The main features includes:
• Hose and automatic sprinkler system
• The courtyard of the house should have at least two fire hydrants.
• The pump will have a RPM not exceeding 2000.
• These hydrants are connected to the overhead storage tank for fire
fighting purpose with a booster pump, and a non-return valve near the
tank and a fire pump, gate and non-return valve over the underground
storage tanks.
• Standard fire hose is made-up of rubber lined cotton fibre 65mm in dia.
Capable of standing routine test pressure of 14 kg/sqcm.
• Sometimes unlined or rubber lined or rubber cotton hose may be used for
this purpose.
• The fire hose is housed in a special made glass cabinet.
DRY RISER SYSTEM

• This system is complete distribution system with sprinkler head or riser

and branches with hydrants throughout the building in which there
is no running water.
• This system is used partly to protect the interior of the buildings
against hazards of burst and leaky pipe to avoid freezing of water in
pipes.
• When the fuse melts in due to the heat generated by the fire, water
gushes in and air exhausted through the sprinkler head quickly.
• In this system water is admitted to the system by a valve actuated
by a thermostatic controlled device that function in advance of the
sprinkler system.
WET RISER SYSTEM

• This system is designed for Zonal distribution of water according to the

height of the building.
• The first riser is up to 60 m height and dia. should be of 20 cm.
• The second riser should up to 100m height of dia. 15 cm .
• The third riser should up to 150m height of dia. 15cm .
• These riser are connected to the fire pumps separately.
• The wet riser should provided near the enclosure staircase.
• The pipe fitting should be approved make and quality by the competent
authority.
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM

• The installation of sprinkler system requires special planning in new

building design and usually involves an extensive renovation of an
existing building. This system can be installed in apartment Houses,
club houses, colleges, dormitories, hospitals, hotels, office buildings .
• Automatic sprinklers are connected to a water distribution system. A
sprinkler nozzle is closed by a fusible plug that melts at a
predermined temperature, above normal room temperature,
releasing water to fall on the source of heat.
• ADVANTAGES: It quickly supplies water to fire before it gain
dangerous headway an of preventing the access of air to the fire
by smothering it with water.
SPRINKLER CLASSIFICATION
A. SPRINKLER BASED ON RELEASE:
• Fusible element sprinkler is opened
under the influence of heat by the
melting of eutectic metal or
chemical.
• Glass bulb sprinkler are opened
under the influence of heat by the
destruction of the glass bulb through
pressure of the fluid enclosed
therein.
B. SPRINKLERS BASED ON WATER DISTRIBUTION
• Conventional sprinkler: Theses sprinklers
have a spherical water distribution directed
towards the ground and the ceiling for the
definite protection area.
• Umbrella sprinkler: The umbrella sprinklers
have a parabolic water distribution directed
towards the ground for a definite protection
area with some of water sprays the ceiling.
• Sidewall sprinkler: The sidewall sprinkler has
a one- sided half parabolic water distribution
directed towards the ground for a definite
protection area.
METHODS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHING

1. Foam system: These method is better suited for oil storages, flammable
liquids such as benzyl, petrol, alcohol, and lighter petroleum products. In
this system fluroprotein foam compounds is applied forcefully to burning
hydrocarbon liquid which prohibits fire spread.
2. Dry chemical powder: These powders are used to combat fire in
flammable liquids, gases and greases includes such fire involved with
energized electrical equipment is a potassium bicarbonate based dry
chemical. These powders are free flowing , water repellent and non-
abrasive and when used as a fire extinguisher agent will produce no
toxic effects.
Carbon dioxide or nitrogen is used as a expelling gas. This system
can be effectively installed in restaurants, fuel stations etc.
3. Carbon dioxide: CO2 has been used for many years to extinguish the
flammable liquid fires and fire involving electrically energized equipments.
• PROPERTIES: One and a half times heavier than air, which helps in
replacing air above the burning surface and maintain a smothering
atmosphere.
• It is non combustible and does not react with most substances.
Carbon dioxide is stored under pressure as liquid, when released it is
discharged into fire area principally as a gas. When released on burning
material, it covers then and removes the oxygen to a concentration which
cannot support combustion.

4. Cooling Effect: The rapid expansion of liquid to gas when CO2 is released
from storage cylinder produces a refrigerating effect that converts part of
the carbon dioxide into snow. This snow which has a temperature of 80
degree Celsius soon sublimes into gas, absorbing het from the burning
material and surrounding atmosphere.
THANK YOU