ADVANCED REINFORCED CONCRETE

DESIGN
BS 8110-1:1997

Chapter 07 – Unit 02

Chapter 07 – Lesson 02
Design of Rectangular Beam Sections for
Flexure

F. M. M Abdullah
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 02 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

CHAPTER 07 – LESSON 02
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAM SECTIONS FOR FLEXURE

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:-

1. Calculate the area and total number of reinforcement required in given beam sections with known bending
moments.
2. Calculate the bending moment that can be carried by the beam section when the grade of steel is already
provided

7.1 SIMPLY REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTION

Simply reinforced section is the steel reinforcement that is provided only at the tension zone. The form of
section, stress distribution and forces on a section are as
Where K < K’ or when M does not exceed Mu
 Where Mu is known as the ultimate moment of resistance for singly reinforced section.
 The equation above may be used to calculate the area of reinforcement required if the bending
moment is known.
 One important conclusion is that if the bending moment, M applied is less than Mu, the section
requires tension reinforcement in the tension zone. This is called singly reinforced section.

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 1
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 02 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

7.1.1 DESIGN STEPS FOR SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM

Design step of a rectangular beam as follows.

1. Member sizing
a) Determine the suitable depth and width based on stiffness.

2. Define the material properties and structural parameters.

a) Grade of concrete
b) Exposure condition
c) Fire protection
d) Cover to reinforcement
e) Grade of steel
f) Effective depth

3. Calculate the ultimate load considering 1 m length of the beam. Loadings on the beam from two-
way slab according to the BS 8110: part 01, figure 2.13.
a) Calculate all the floor load based on the tributary area for the particular beam.
b) Calculate the ultimate load based on the code.

4. Calculate the ultimate moment(𝑀).

5. Calculate ultimate moment of resistance, 𝑀𝑢 = 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2
6. Check the
a) 𝑀 𝑢 > 𝑀, beam is singly reinforced.
b) 𝑀 𝑢 < 𝑀, beam is doubly reinforced.
7. Calculate the required area of steel
a) If 𝑀 < 𝑀𝑢 or 𝐾 < 𝐾’, Design as singly reinforced beam. Area of tension reinforcement 𝐴𝑠
is calculated from:

𝐴𝑠 = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧
𝑦

Where 𝑍 = 𝑑[0.5 + (0.25 − 𝐾⁄0.9)1/2 ] ≤ 0.95𝑑

8. Check that the area of steel actually provided is within the limits required by the code of practice.
a) For 𝑓𝑦 = 250 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ∶ 0.24% 𝑏ℎ < 𝐴𝑠 < 4% 𝑏ℎ
b) For 𝑓𝑦 = 500 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ∶ 0.13% 𝑏ℎ < 𝐴𝑠 < 4% 𝑏ℎ

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 2
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 02 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

9. Design shear reinforcement. (Refer chapter 07 . Lesson 04)

10. Check for deflection (Refer chapter 07 . Lesson 05)

7.2 DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTION

Doubly reinforced section is the steel reinforcement that is provided only at the tension zone. The form of
section, stress distribution and forces on a section are as
Where K > K’ or when M exceed Mu
Mu = 0.156fcubd2

If the bending moment, M to be carried by the section is greater than Mu, steel reinforcement is to be
provided in the compression zone to resist the resultant moment. The stress-strain distribution and the
forces acting in a doubly reinforced rectangular section is shown in Figure 4.3 below:

Fig; Doubly Reinforced Beam

7.2.1 DESIGN STEPS FOR DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM

Design step of a rectangular beam as follows.

1. Follow the steps 1 to 5 that are mentioned in section 7.1.1
a) Determine the suitable depth and width based on stiffness.

2. 𝑀 > 𝑀𝑢 or 𝐾 > 𝐾’, Design as doubly reinforced concrete beam.

𝑑−𝑧
a. Calculate 𝑥 =
0.45

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 3
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 02 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

𝑑′
b. and 𝑥
≤ 0.37

c. b.1) Area of compression steel 𝐴`𝑠 is calculated from

[(𝑀 − 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 )]
𝐴`𝑠 = ⁄[0.95𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑑’)]
𝑦

d. Area of tension steel is calculated from:

0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
𝐴𝑠 = [ ⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧] + 𝐴`𝑠
𝑦

Where

𝑍 = 𝑑[0.5 + (0.25 − 𝐾`⁄0.9)1/2 ]

We can use below table to determine the total number of bars and then the size.

Bar size Number of bars Perimeter

(mm) (mm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

6 28.3 56.5 84.9 113 141 170 198 226 18.9

8 50.3 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 25.1
10 78.6 157 236 314 393 471 550 629 31.4

12 113 226 339 453 566 679 792 905 37.7

16 201 402 603 805 1006 1207 1408 1609 50.3
20 314 629 943 1257 1571 1886 2200 2514 62.9

25 491 982 1473 1964 2455 2496 3438 3929 78.6

32 805 1609 2414 3218 4023 4827 5632 6437 100.6
40 1257 2514 3771 5029 6286 7543 8800 10057 125.7

Table 01

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 4
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 02 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

Example 01

A rectangular beam section is required to carry 225 thk brick wall. Determine the following

a. Tension steel

Use the following data

Material
Concrete Grade 'fcu' = 30 N/mm2
Main Steel Grade 'fy' = 460 N/mm2
Secondary Steel Grade 'fy' =250 N/mm2
hagg = 20 mm
Ømain = 32 mm
Ølink= 8 mm
Exposure condition – mild
Fire resistance = 1 Hr

Loadings
Unit weight of brick = 22.6 N/m2/1 mm width
Imposed load = 6.5 kN/m

Answer:

Clause Calculations Results

SSE Step 01 :
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
Design = 12
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
manual
6000
=𝑑
12

𝑑 = 500 𝑚𝑚
32
ℎ ≥ 500 + 2
+ 8 + 25 ≥ 549 𝑚𝑚, say h = 550 mm ℎ = 500 𝑚𝑚

𝑑 = 550 −
32
− 8 − 25 = 451 mm 𝑑 = 501 𝑚𝑚
2

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 5
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 02 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

Step 02 : Load Calculations

Dead load :
𝑘𝑛
Self- weight of the beam = 24 × 0.25 × 0.550 = 3.3 𝑚
𝑘𝑁
Brick wall = (22.6 × 225 ÷ 1000) × 3𝑚 = 15 𝑚

Total dead load (𝑔𝑘 ) = 18.3 kN/m

Total live load (𝑔𝑞𝑘 ) = 6.5 kN/m

𝑘𝑛
𝑤 = 1.4 × 18.3 + 1.6 × 6.5 = 3.3
𝑚

𝑤𝑙 2
𝑀=
8

62
𝑀 = 33.3 ×
8
𝑀 = 149.85 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀 = 149.85 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Step 02 : Structural design

M 149.85 106
K 
bd 2 f cu 250 (501) 2  30
Cl 3.4.4.4
K  0.079 Since, K < K’
Therefore, compression reinforcement is not required. K  0.079

K
Z  d{0.5  (0.25  )}
0.9

0.079
 501{0.5  0.25  )}
0.9 Z  451.9mm

Cl 3.4.4.4
Z  451.9mm

0.95d  0.95(501)

= 475.95mm

 Z  0.95d

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 6
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 02 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

Required area of steel

M
As 
0.95 f y Z
As , req  785.5mm^ 2
90 106
  758.80
0.95  460 352.6

Cl 3.4.4.4 As , min  0.13bh / 100 As , min  178.5

0.13 250 550

  178.75
100

 178.75mm 2 …………………………..
Use

Use 3T20 (As =943 mm2)

3T20 (As =943 mm2)

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 7
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 02 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

Example 02

A cross section of a continuous beam as a rectangular beam 1s 300 mm wide and overall depth is 500
mmm. Using the given data determine the suitable reinforcement. Each span is 6000 mm

Concrete Grade 'fcu' = 45N/mm2

Main Steel Grade 'fy' = 460 N/mm2
Secondary Steel Grade 'fy' =250 N/mm2
hagg = 20 mm
Ømain = 32 mm
Øcom= 20 mm
Ølink=10 mm
Exposure condition – mild
Fire resistance = 1 Hr
Cover =30 mm

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 8
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 02 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

SUMMARY

To calculate the area of reinforcement of a beam (having a size of b x d), with a

bending moment of M, using concrete strength of fcu and steel strength fy , you should use the following

steps: -

M
K 
1. Calculate bd 2 f cu

2. Calculate K ' (  0.156)

3. If K< K’, compression reinforcement is not required.

k
z  d{0.5  (0.25  }
i) Calculate 0.9 but z < 0.95d

M
ii) Calculate As =
0.95 f y Z
4. If K > K’, compression reinforcement is required.

K'
z  d{0.5  (0.25  }
i) Calculate 0.9

dz
x
ii) Calculate 0.45

d'
iii) Check x ratio.
iv) Calculate

( K  K ' ) f cu bd 2
As '  d'
 0.43
0.87 f y (d  d ' )
if x

( K  K ' ) f cu bd 2
As ' 
d' d'
700(1  )  0.43
x if x

K ' f cu bd 2
As   As '
0.87 f y Z
v) Calculate

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 9
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 02 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

SELF-ASSESSMENT

EXERCISE 01

Answers the following questions

1. Write down the formula that is used to calculate the maximum moment that can be carried by
Concrete
2. What should be done if the applied moment is greater than the ultimate moment, Mu?
3. Write down the formula that is used to calculate the area of compression reinforcement
4. Write down the formula that is used to calculate the area of tension reinforcement

EXERCISE 02

Use the following parameters for each design

Material properties

Concrete Grade 'fcu' [N/mm2] 30

Main Steel Grade 'fy' [N/mm2] 460

Secondadry Steel Grade 'fyv' [N/mm2] 250

Diameter of main steel [mm] 25

Diameter of links [mm] 8

Secondary Steel Grade 'fyv' [N/mm2] 250

Unit weight of concrete (kN/m3) 24

Exposure condition mild

Fire resistance 1 hr

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 10
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 02 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

Question 01
Given the following information, calculate the area of reinforcement required for a bending moment of
650 kNm.

B = 300 mm, h = 650 mm,

Question 02
Calculate the area, size and total number of bars required by the given section shown in Figure 4.6. The
section is to carry a design moment of 90kNm.

Question 03
A rectangular beam section is shown below. Using the data given, determine the maximum ultimate
moment which can be applied to the section assuming to be singly reinforced section
Note
Mult, concrete=0.156bd2 fcu , Based on concrete strength
Mult, steel=0.156bd2 fcu , Based on the steel strength where z=0.775d

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 11
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 02 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

Question 04
Calculate the moment of resistance of the given section using concrete of grade 25 and high yield steer

reinforcement 250mm

d=450mm

ADDITIONAL NOTES

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Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 12
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 02 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

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Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 13
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 02 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 14