Course on Design of Steel Structures

Prof. Damodar Maity

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Mod 10 Lecture 47
Laterally Supported Beams

Today, I am going to discuss about the design procedure of the laterally supported beam. So,
beam can be designed on the basis of laterally supported or laterally unsupported. So today,
we will discuss only about the laterally supported beam where, its web is supported laterally
so that the lateral torsional buckling may be prevented.

(Refer Slide Time: 2:14)

The design criteria of such beam is given in clause 8.2.1 of IS 800-2007, the detail has been
discussed where the design bending strength can be calculated in two cases, one is for low
shear another is for high shear. When the shear force is less than the 0.6 times that design
shear strength then it is called low shear, that means if V d is the design shear strength of the
cross section and V is less than 0.6Vd then it is a case of low shear. So in case of low shear we
can find out the design bending strength simply by from this formula

Md = βbZpfy / ϒm0
(Refer Slide Time: 4:54)

To avoid irreversible deformation under serviceability loads, following conditions are to be

satisfied.

Md ≤ 1.2Zefy/ϒm0 for simply supported beams

Md ≤ 1.5Zefy/ϒm0 for cantilever beams;

Where,

βb = 1.0 for plastic and compact sections;

βb = Ze / Zp for semi-compact sections;

Zp , Ze = plastic and elastic section moduli of the

cross-section, respectively;

fy = yield stress of the material; and

ϒm0 = partial safety factor

(Refer Slide Time: 7:54)

So once we find the value of Md then we can go ahead for next; however if we see that the
shear force is more than the 0.6 times design shear strength of the beam section then we can
use this formula,

Md = Mdv

Where, Mdv is the design bending strength under high shear and it is calculated as,

(a) Plastic or compact section

Ze f y
M dv =M d−β ( M d −M fd ) ≤1.2
γ m0

Where,

2
V
(
β= 2 −1
Vd )
Vd = design shear strength as governed by web yielding or web buckling = Av f v

fv = design shear strength

Av = shear area = Dtw for rolled sections

= dtw for welded/built up sections

V = factored shear force

Md = plastic design moment of the whole section disregarding high shear force effect and
considering web buckling effects.

Mfd = plastic design strength of the area of the cross section excluding the shear area

d 2 tw
M fd = f for built up sections
4 y

D2 t w
M fd = fy for rolled sections
4

d=D−2t f

D is the overall depth and d is the effective depth.

(Refer Slide Time: 10:15)
(Refer Slide Time: 11:35)

So after designing for bending we will go for design for shear. Clause 8.4, IS 800:2007
describes the criteria. In clause 8.4, it says that the factored design shear force should satisfy,

Vn
V≤
γ m0

Where Vn = nominal shear strength of a section

A v f yw
V n=
√3

Where Av = shear area

fyw = yield strength of the web

Now shear areas (Av) can be calculated as given in clause 8.4.1.1, IS 800:2007 for different
types of section.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:31)

(Refer Slide Time: 14:59)

Next, in case of web buckling we can see that the web behaves like a column if placed under
concentrated load. If we have I-section say for example, a concentrated load, the web may
buckle depending on the type of member. So if the web is thin then it may buckle or
sometimes it may cripple also.

(Refer Slide Time: 15:24)

(Refer Slide Time: 16:53)

So for calculating web buckling, the effective depth for different cases has been given say for
example, when the web is restrained against lateral deflection and rotation, the effective depth
is considered as d1/2, right where d1 is a depth of the web; if it is restrained against lateral
deflection, but not against rotation then the effective depth will be 2/3d 1. If the retrained
against rotation, but not against lateral deflection then effective depth will be d 1 and if not
restrained against rotation and lateral deflection the effective depth will be 2d1. So this is
required to calculate the compressive stress of the web.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:37)

So for calculation of web buckling strength we need to find out how the bearing plate should
be provided to prevent the web buckling. Say for example, if a member is subjected to
concentrated load at certain point then also there is a chance of web buckling here and under
the support, because of the reaction at the support. Therefore, at support and the point where
concentrated load is applied we need to provide bearing plate. If we provide the bearing plate
then the load will be dispersed with 45-degree angle. This is the flange and if this is neutral
axis depth, then the width for which we have to calculate is B=b+2n 1 where n1 is the length
from dispersion at a 45 degree angle to the level of neutral axis, b is the width of the bearing
plate. At support the width for which the buckling load should be calculated is B1=b+n1.

So the web buckling strength can be calculated by,

F wb=B t w f cd

(below concentrated load)

F wb=B 1 t w f cd

(at support)

Where,

Fwb = web buckling strength at the support

B = b+ 2n1 , B1= b+n1

n1 = length from dispersion at 45° to the level of neutral axis

tw = thickness of the web

fcd = allowable compressive stress corresponding to assumed web strut according to buckling
curve c.

(Refer Slide Time: 21:50)

Now here the when we are going to calculate the design compressive stress f cd we need to
know what is the value of slenderness ratio.

(Refer Slide Time: 23:57)

Here, the effective length of strut will be le = 0.7d

l e 0.7 d
Thus, the slenderness ratio λ= =
ry ry

The radius of gyration, r y =

√ √
Iy
A
=
bt3
=
t
12× b ×t √ 12

0.7 d 0.7 d × √ 12 2.5 d

Hence, λ= = ≈
ry t t

Thus, the slenderness ratio of the idealized web-strut is taken as

2.5 d
λ=
t

Once the slenderness ratio is found and for bucking class C, for a particular grade of steel we
can find out the value of fy, we can find out the fcd value from this parameters.

(Refer Slide Time: 28:43)

Now we will discuss about the web crippling for which it may fail. Web crippling occur when
a member is under concentrated load, say for example, we have a support condition here we
have a support condition here, so it may fail at the root like this. So web crippling may occur
due to concentrated force at the support due to concentrated force, otherwise in other case
also, it may fail at the point of concentrated load.

Web crippling strength can be found as,

 b1 t w f yw
F wc=
γ m0

Where

Fwc = web crippling strength

b1 = bearing length

= b+2n1 under concentrated load

= b+n1 under reactions at support

Minimum bearing length = 100 mm

n1 = dispersion through the flange to the flange-to-web connection at a slope of 1:2.5

to the plane of the flange i.e. n1=2.5 ( t f + R 1 )

tw = thickness of the web

fyw = design yield strength of the web

So, if this web crippling strength is more than the load coming into the member at that point
then it is fin otherwise we have to increase the section or increase the web width so that web
crippling can be avoided.

So today we have discussed that a beam is designed for bending moment then depending on
two cases; low shear and high shear. Once design bending strength is calculated we will go
for calculation of the shear strength. Then we should check the strength against web buckling
and web crippling. Of course we have not discussed about that deflection criteria, which also
need to be fulfilled that means we we will find out what is that maximum deflection coming
on the member due to the load and support condition avoiding limiting deflection and if the
criteria is satisfying then fine otherwise again we have redo.