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O1: Introduction to Human Physiology 03: Cells: The Basic Unit of Life
• Physiology: Physiology is the science of body functions; it • Cell Structure: The major parts of a cell are the nucleus,
is the study of mechanical, physical and biochemical cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
properties of living organisms. • Nucleus: The nucleus on the control center of the cell,
• Levels of Organization: Chemical - made up of atoms and contains a nucleolus and is separated from the cytoplasm by
molecules, Cell - are basic structural and functional units of the nuclear envelope. The nucleus contains the cell’s DNA, a
an organism. Tissue - groups of cells & the surrounding type of nucleic acid.
environment that work together to produce a specific • Organelles: Are compartmentalized structures that perform
function. Organ – organs are structures that are made of a specialized function within a cell. Golgi apparatus: ships
two or more different types of tissues, they have specific packages around the cell. Lysosome: destroy waste to clean
functions & a defined shape. up the cell. Smooth ER synthesizes carbohydrates (sugars)
• There are 11 Organ Systems: 1. The Integumentary and lipids (fats). Mitochondria: produce energy to power the
System, 2. The Skeletal System, 3. Muscular System, cell. Ribosomes: make proteins for the cell. Rough ER helps
4. Nervous System, 5. Endocrine System, 6. Cardiovascular the attached ribosomes in finishing protein synthesis.
System, 7. Lymphatic & immune system, 8. Respiratory • Cell Membrane: A selectively permeable structure that
System, 9. Digestive System, 10. Urinary System and 11. envelops the cell and protects the cell’s internal environment.
Reproductive System. Plasma Membrane, the cell’s membrane is made of
• Homeostasis: The process through which a nearly stable phospholipids, which have carbohydrate heads and lipid tails.
internal environment is maintained in the body so that • Cell Types: Prokaryotic: include bacteria and other
cellular functions can proceed at maximum efficiency. microscopic organisms and the do no have any complex
organelles (not even a nucleus). Eukaryotic: include plant
and animal cells.
Sarcolemma
Muscle Fiber
(Plasma Membrane)
Central Peripheral
Transverse
Tubule
Nucleus Brain Spinal Cord Motor Sensory
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Autonomic Somatic
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Ovary
FSH
LH
Day of Cycle
Sinoatrial
Node
Placentation