Final Scoping Report Lonrho

Ghana Oil Services
Terminal
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
Scoping Report
April 2012
www.erm.com
Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world

Lonrho plc
Ghana Oil Services Terminal:

Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment
Scoping Report
April 2012
For and on behalf of

Environmental Resources Management
Approved by: Henry Camp
Signed:
Position: Partner
Date: 4 April 2012
This report has been prepared by Environmental Resources

Management the trading name of Environmental Resources
Management Limited, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence
within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporating our
General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the
resources devoted to it by agreement with the client.
We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of

any matters outside the scope of the above.
This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility

of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part
thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at their
own risk.
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
1.3 THE PROPONENT
1.4 THE ESIA TEAM
1.5 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS
2.3 PROJECT LOCATION
2.4 PROJECT SCHEDULE
2.5 CONSTRUCTION PHASE
2.6 OPERATIONAL PHASE
2.7 DECOMMISSIONING
2.8 EMISSIONS, DISCHARGES AND WASTE
2.9 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS AND EMPLOYMENT
2.10 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
3 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 THE GHANAIAN CONSTITUTION
3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
3.4 BIODIVERSITY
3.5 WATER RESOURCES
3.6 POLLUTION CONTROL
3.7 PROTECTION OF COASTAL AND MARINE AREAS
3.8 FISHING
3.9 LOCAL CONTENT POLICY
3.10 GHANAIAN LEGISLATION UNDER PREPARATION
3.11 MARINE STATE, CONVENTIONS AND CLASSIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
3.12 RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AND CONVENTIONS
3.13 FINANCIAL INSTITUTION ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL PERFORMANCE
STANDARDS
4 ESIA PROCESS AND SCOPING
4.1 THE ESIA PROCESS

4.2 PROJECT REGISTRATION
4.3 PROJECT SCREENING
4.4 SCOPING PHASE
5 SCOPING STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
LONRHO GHANA PORTS LIMITED DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

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5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 OBJECTIVES AND APPROACH
5.3 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
5.4 SUMMARY OF COMMENTS EMERGING FROM SCOPING CONSULTATIONS
6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE
6.3 BIOLOGICAL BASELINE – TERRESTRIAL
6.4 BIOLOGICAL BASELINE – MARINE
6.5 FISHERIES BASELINE
6.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE
6.7 MARINE INFRASTRUCTURE AND SHIPPING
7 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RESOURCES AND RECEPTORS
7.3 IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS
8 TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR ESIA
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 NEXT STEPS TO COMPLETE THE ESIA PROCESS
8.3 PROPOSED BASELINE STUDIES
8.4 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
8.5 OUTLINE STRUCTURE OF THE ESIA REPORT/ EIS
8.6 PROVISIONAL SCHEDULE FOR THE ESIA PROCESS
9 REFERENCE LIST
Annex A Stakeholder List

Annex B Background Information Document (BID)
Annex C Consultation Records
Annex D Issues Trail
Annex E Impact Assessment Methodology
Annex F Proposed ESIA Report Structure

II
ACRONYMS
ABS American Bureau of Shipping

ADB African Development Bank
BID Background Information Document
CO Carbon Monoxide
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
COLREG International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
CRC Coastal Resources Centre
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
CTD Conductivity Temperature Depth meter
DCE District Chief Executive
DFI Developmental Finance Institutions
DNV Det Norske Veritas
EA Electoral Area
ECC Equatorial Counter Current
EEZ Economic Exclusion Zone
EHS Environmental, Health and safety
EIS Environmental Impact Statement
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
ESL ESL Consulting
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EP Environmental Permit
FAD Fish Aggregating Devices
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
FPSO Floating Production Storage and Offloading Vessel
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GIS Geographical Information System
GMA Ghana Maritime Authority
GNPC Ghana National Petroleum Corporation
GoG Government of Ghana
Ha hectare
IBA Important Bird Area
ICCAT International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
IFC International Finance Corporation
IMO International Maritime Organisation
ITCZ Inter-tropical Convergence Zone
IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature
LMMC Liability for Maritime Claims
MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From
Ships
MOU Memorandum Of Understanding
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NOx Oxides of Nitrogen
nm Nautical mile
OPRC Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation
OSPAR Oslo and Paris Conventions for the protection of the marine
environment of the North-East Atlantic

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PEA Preliminary Environmental Assessments
PS Performance Standards
RCC Regional Coordinating Council
SAEMA Shama Ahanta East Metropolitan Assembly
SOLAS International convention for the Safety of Life At Sea
SOPEP Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan
SPV Special Purpose Vehicle
SRC SRC consulting
STCW International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification,
and Watch keeping for Seafarers
STM Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis
STMA Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly
ToR Terms of Reference
UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds
WRCC Western Region Coordinating Council

IV
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
To meet the infrastructure development requirements related to Ghana’s

growing oil and gas industry, Lonrho Ghana Ports Limited (Lonrho) signed a
Memorandum of Agreement (MOU) with the government of Ghana in August
of 2011 to develop, construct and manage an Exclusive Deepwater Petroleum
and Hydrocarbon Logistics Base Port along the coast of the Western Region in
Ghana.
The Jubilee Field, discovered in 2007, is one of the largest oil discoveries in
West Africa in the past decade. Together with a second oilfield, established in
2011, total production of both oilfields is estimated to reach ~80 000 barrels
per day (1) (Ghana online 2012). Although the current Jubilee Field is the most
high-profile development in Ghana numerous additional fields have been
identified for exploration and potential development in and around the
western part of Ghana. It is estimated that Ghana could reach an output of
500,000 barrels of oil per day by 2014 (2). However to realise this potential, the
oil industry requires efficiently operated ports that are designed to meet the
industry’s servicing needs.
The MOU provides Lonrho 12 months to conduct site selection, feasibility

studies for the construction and operation of the ‘Exclusive Deepwater
Petroleum and Hydrocarbon Logistics Base Port’ (referred to as ‘the Project’)
and decide on whether the Project is viable. If it is, Lonrho will be awarded a
50 year concession contract to develop and operate the Project.
Following an extensive site selection survey, Lonrho proposes to situate the

Project on a green field site (Figure 1.1) between the communities of Atuabo
and Anorkyi within the Western Region. The agreement with the government
of Ghana is such that the government would provide a guarantee for the land,
while Lonrho construct and operate the Project. Traditional Leaders are
considering putting forward the land in exchange for a share in of equity in
the Project. In this way, the proposed port will form a special purpose vehicle
(SPV) with the majority share owned by Lonrho Ports, and the government of
Ghana as a minority shareholder (Lonrho, 2011).
The development of the Project will comprises the construction of the main
breakwater, a quay, an airstrip, ship berths, a turning circle and a variety of
onshore facilities including a clinic, warehousing, storage facilities for
hydrocarbon products and accommodation. Potable water, power and
telecommunications utilities and infrastructure will also be constructed as part
of the development.
(1) C as cited in Lonrho, 2011

(2) Bloomberg as cited in Lonrho, 2011

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1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
Under the Ghanaian Environmental Assessment Regulations (1999), the

construction and operation of a port requires a mandatory Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). The undertaking also requires registration
and authorisation by the Ghana Environmental Protection Authority (EPA).
Lonrho has commissioned Environmental Resources Management (ERM) in
collaboration with ESL Consulting (ESL) and SRC Consulting (SRC) (jointly
referred to as the ESIA team) to undertake the ESIA for the port development.
The ESIA is currently at the scoping study phase.
This Scoping Report, including the Terms of Reference for the ESIA, has been
compiled by the ESIA team on behalf of Lonrho as part of the ESIA process.
The Scoping Report documents the scoping activities associated with the ESIA
process and associated stakeholder consultation process. One of the main
objectives of scoping is to identify the potentially significant environmental
and social issues that should be addressed in the ESIA. The key issues raised
by stakeholders and identified by the ESIA team to date are presented along
with Terms of Reference for the next stage in the ESIA process.
This report has been compiled in accordance with the Ghanaian Environmental
Assessment Regulations (1999) as well as the IFC Performance Standards, the
Equator Principles and the African Development Bank (AfDB) standards. The
Scoping Report, including the Terms of Reference, has been submitted to the
EPA for review and acceptance. Copies of the Scoping Report will be made
available for public review and relevant comments will be addressed in the
ESIA. The ESIA Report (also known as an Environmental Impact Statement or
EIS), containing the findings of the ESIA, will also be disclosed at a later stage
in the ESIA process (see Chapter 8).
1.3 THE PROPONENT
Contact details for the Project proponent, Lonrho, are also provided.
Proponent: Lonrho Ghana Ports Limited

2nd Floor, 25 Berkeley Square
London W1J 6HB
United Kingdom
Development Manager: Steven Gray
Tel: +44 (0)20 7016 5105
Email: steven.gray@lonrho.com

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1.4 THE ESIA TEAM
The core ESIA team members that are involved in this ESIA are listed in
Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 The ESIA team
Name Role Qualifications, Experience

Henry Camp (ERM) Project Director BA, 27 years
Andrew Bradbury (ERM) Project Manager BSc (Hons), MSc, 18 years
Karen Opitz (ERM) Assistant Project Manager BSc (Hons), MPhil, 6 years
Lydia du Toit (ERM) GIS Specialist BSc, 20 years
AK Armah (ESL Consulting) Marine specialist MSc, MPhil, 20 years
Daniel Abbrey (SRC Socio-economics specialist BA (Hons), MSc, 6 years
Consulting)
Andy Spitz ((ERM) Social specialist MA, 15 years
Samantha Button (ERM) Social specialist MA, 2 years
Kate Munnik (ERM) ESIA coordinator BSc (Hons), MSc, 1 year
ESIA team contact details are provided below.
Assistant Project manager Karen Opitz

Address: ERM Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd
Building 32, Woodlands Office Park
Woodlands Drive, Woodmead
Sandton, 2148
Tel: +27 (0)11 798 4300
Email: karen.opitz@erm.com
1.5 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT
The structure of the remainder of this Scoping Report is as follows.
Chapter 2 Project Description

Chapter 3 Legislation and Standards
Chapter 4 ESIA Process and Scoping
Chapter 5 Scoping Stakeholder Engagement
Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Baseline
Chapter 7 Identification of Potential Environmental and Social Impacts
Chapter 8 Terms of Reference for ESIA
Chapter 9 References
The main report is supported by the following annexes.
Annex A Stakeholder list

Annex B Background Information Document (BID)
Annex C Consultation records

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Annex D Issues trail
Annex E Impact assessment methodology
Annex F Proposed ESIA report structure

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2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1.1 Introduction
Lonrho is proposing the construction of a port at Atuabo, in the Western

Region state, Ghana. The Project will comprise the following components:
• Construction of a port with a breakwater to the west and a smaller groyne

to the east;
• Facilities for support services to the offshore oil and gas industry including
rig repair and recertification, waste management, spool base, supply base,
hydrocarbon storage facilities and onsite accommodation.
• An airstrip located within the site boundary, as well as associated roads

within the Project area and rerouting of the coastal road around the
Project.
Although Lonrho expects that the development may provide a node for future
development in the Western Region, this ESIA considers only the activities
listed above within a 2000 acre boundary.
This Chapter provides a description of the main aspects of the Project and the
facilities contained within the port as well as equipment, main Project
activities and associated emissions and discharges. Information on Project
personnel and an overview of the Project contingency and safety plans is also
provided. Project engineering studies are underway and the design details
will be refined during the ESIA phase.
2.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS
The proposed Project comprises the following main components:
• Rig repair facility;

• Offshore fabrication yards
• Spool base;
• Offshore supply facilities;
• Waste management facilities;
• Airstrip;
• Facilities for the storage of hydrocarbons (ie a tank farm);
• Administration, onsite accommodation and other facilities; and
• Naval logistics Support base.
These are described in further detail below.

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2.2.1 Rig Repair Facility
These facilities are used for repairing offshore oil drilling rigs. Repair facilities
are typically located alongside a quay and comprise workshops and
warehouses on the landside. This new facility has the potential to provide
significant cost savings for the rigs working in the area as there are no suitable
rig repair facilities in West Africa.
2.2.2 Offshore Fabrication Yard
A fabrication yard is positioned onshore and manufactures steel piping to pre-

determined lengths for use on offshore oil fields. The process involves
welding single coated pipe joints together. These joints are then inspected and
each is coated according to the specified use. The welding, inspection and
coating process requires a straight area of approximately 1-2 km in length.
Additionally a number of yard facilities are required for storage and
maintenance of equipment.
2.2.3 Spool Base
After the fabrication process the piping is spooled onto reels. These reels are
stored in a spool base. The reels are then installed onto specialised vessels
which lay these pipes onto the offshore oil fields. A spool-base requires access
to the water to feed the pipes onto the specialised vessels.
2.2.4 Marine Offshore Supply Facilities
Offshore Project activities require the supply of various cargoes/goods such

as heavy equipment and materials. These goods are generally brought in by
large container vessels/ships to the port facilities and then transferred to the
oil fields using smaller marine offshore supply vessels/ships.
2.2.5 Waste Management Facilities
The waste management component of the port will comprise facilities for the
treatment of cuttings wastes from drilling operations as well as facilities for
the treatment and/ or disposal of sewage, waste and bilge waters.
2.2.6 Airstrip
An airstrip will be constructed for small planes for crew changes and to
support supply logistics for the offshore oil and gas activities. The length of
the airstrip will be approximately 1800 m.
2.2.7 Facilities for the Storage of Hydrocarbons (ie a tank farm);
A tank farm for the storage of heavy fuels is required for the construction and
operational phases of the Project will be constructed. This facility is expected
to contain a total storage volume of approximately 40 000 m3. The facility will

6
store fuels such as diesel, automobile petroleum, aviation fuel and ship fuel.
The tank farm will need to be positioned alongside a quay to allow for the
transfer of hydrocarbons between the storage facilities and vessels.
2.2.8 Naval Logistics Support Base
This is a facility for naval operations and personnel with access to a quayside,
small onshore facilities and berthing space for small motorised craft.
2.2.9 Other Port-related Services
Related services that are required for the port include, port control and port
operations offices, general office space, medical services (clinic), fire-fighting
facilities, power supply, waste water and sewage treatment infrastructure,
potable water supply, telecommunications network and road access. Living
and leisure facilities are also proposed. Additional technical services may
include a pipe coating plant, diving services and/or a vessel waiting area.
The proposed layout of the port is provided in Figure 2.1 below.
2.3 PROJECT LOCATION
The Project site is located within the Ellembelle District of the Western Region
of Ghana. The proposed site is positioned between two coastal communities,
Atuabo and Anyorki, and one slightly inland community, Asemdasuazo, in a
rural section of the coastline.
The total Site area is approximately 2000 acres (800 ha). The proposed
buildings, infrastructure and port facilities will cover approximately 300 acres
(90 ha) of the total site. The Project site is shown in Figure 2.2 below.

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Figure 2.1 Proposed layout of the Project site and associated facilities

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Figure 2.2 Project Location

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2.4 PROJECT SCHEDULE
A provisional schedule provided in Table 2.1 below targets completion by

mid/late 2014. The programme may change subject to detailed scheduling of
fabrication times of various elements, the finalization of permitting
requirements. The schedule assumes that permits will be in place by Q3 2012.
Table 2.1 Project schedule
Activity Date
Appointment of construction contractor September 2012
Mobilisation, site clearance and construction October 2012
camp
Breakwater construction October 2012 - March 2013
Dredging March - November 2013
Onshore construction November 2012 - September 2014
Commissioning and start up From July 2014
Following mobilization and construction of the worker camp in October 2012,

the construction of the port is expected to begin with the formation of the
breakwater and site clearance in October 2012. Dredging will be undertaken
from Marc h 2013 to November 2013 and the construction of the onshore
facilities is expected to be initiated in November 2012 with completion by
September 2014.
2.5 CONSTRUCTION PHASE
2.5.1 Mobilisation
Raw materials will be sourced locally where possible. Heavy equipment will
be transported using the main transportation route that will be identified
during the ESIA phase.
Discussions held with mining operators in the Tarkwa area suggest it is

possible to use the overburden from the mines at Tarkwa for the construction
of the breakwater and groyne. It is confirmed that there are sufficient rock
volumes (approximately 1 million m3) for the construction of the breakwater.
The rock material would be transported approximately 120 km from the mines
at Tarkwa to the Project site. This would require 150 trips a day at 20 m³ per
truck basis.
The exact location of the ‘lay down’ area for the construction and the site for
the worker camp are still to be determined but will be within the 800 ha site.

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2.5.2 Construction of Breakwater
The marine infrastructure comprises a breakwater on the western portion of

the site close to Atuabo. The breakwater will be approximately 1.5 km in
length and extend from close to Atuabo, to the south east.
The breakwater will most likely consist of a core made out of quarry run
material and a cover layer of concrete armour units. The total rock and
armour unit volumes will be influenced by the final design for the port and
will be included in the ESIA Report. The rock will be placed in layers on the
beach and near shore area, in accordance with the breakwater design.
2.5.3 Dredging
It is most likely that a cutter suction dredger maybe in combination with a

backhoe dredger will be used for the dredging of the port channel and the
port basin. For the reclamation a trailing suction hopper dredger may be
used. The choice of equipment will depend on the construction sequencing, to
be determined through the design process. Both the cutter suction hopper
dredger and the trailing suction hopper dredger are self-propelled
vessels. The dredging operation is as follows:
‘While sailing, the trailing suction hopper dredger lowers the suction/
cutter tube and sucks up a water/sediment mixture into its hopper. Most of
the sediment settles in the hopper, and an overflow normally discards the
lean mixture (water containing little sediment) overboard. Teeth or water
jets are sometimes fitted to the underside of the draghead to assist in
breaking up the dredged material. The dredger usually discharges the
dredged material through bottom dumping or pump discharge. Bottom
dumping is when bottom doors or bottom valves are opened, or when the
hull of the vessel is split. Pump discharge is usually through a floating
pipeline towards land or by ‘rainbowing’ (1) ’.
In this way, the water/sediment mixture is jetted through the air by means of
a nozzle on the bow of the vessel. A general production cycle for a trailing
suction hopper dredger is (Bray et al., 1997):
• load the hopper at the dredging area;

• sail to discharge/ reclamation area;
• discharge the dredge material (by bottom dump to the sea, or rainbow to
the reclamation area; and,
• sail back to the dredging area.
Once loaded, the dredger sails for the disposal site and unloads the fill
material either by rainbowing material from the hopper directly over the bow
of the vessel to the disposal site or by pumping material from the hopper
through a floating/land pipeline to the disposal site.
(1) The latter is used for reclamation purposes

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The areas to be dredged are the entrance channel, the turning circle and
possibly a service berth (Figure 2.1). The total volume to be dredged is
approximately 7,000,000 m3.
2.5.4 Onshore Site Clearance
The initial stage of construction onshore will involve the clearance of

vegetation and levelling of the site. The site will possible be raised locally to
above the water line, likely using fill from sea (either from capital dredging for
channel and turning basin if deemed suitable, or from sand source elsewhere
offshore). Site roads will be constructed at this stage to assist the movement of
heavy plant during the construction phase. The heavy equipment will be
delivered in this period, which will involve some abnormal loads being
moved on the roads.
A fence will be constructed around the entire 2000 acre (800 ha) site to restrict
access to the construction area. The contractor will be responsible for site
security during construction.
2.5.5 Construction of Onshore Facilities
Following site clearance, the construction of the onshore facilities will

commence. This will include pouring of concrete slabs, building construction
for administration buildings, offices, warehousing, workshops,
accommodation and other buildings. Tanks and associated piping and
infrastructure will be installed for the hydrocarbon storage facilities. In
addition, water reticulation and storm water systems will be laid across the
site and will include drainage systems for low lying areas which may become
water-logged. The waste water treatment facilities will be also constructed
and installed along with any waste storage infrastructure and any landfill
areas.
The workshops for the spooling yard and rig repair facilities will likely
include the following:
• workshop areas with equipment eg welding unit, lathe, grinder and

drilling machine;
• sand-blasting and paint shops;
• storage areas for engine tools and spare parts;
• an electrical instrument workshop;
• a laboratory; and
• male and female toilets, washing facilities and changing rooms.
After levelling of the area for the airstrip and covered with hardstanding. This
will be designed and constructed in line with Ghanaian aviation requirements
as well as the relevant international standards.

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After around 18-22 months from the start of construction, general site activity
will decrease as the Project moves into commissioning.
2.6 OPERATIONAL PHASE
The port will be operated on a 24 hour, seven days a week basis. The number
of workers on site during commercial operations will be around 1500
permanent site employees and up to 2000 contract workers for large rig repair
and other ad hoc projects.
The site will be secured by a permanent fence at an early stage of construction.

Security guards will be employed to patrol the site and control access 24 hours
a day in line with Ghanaian and international port control requirements.
During commercial operations there will be both air and road traffic
transporting supplies and personnel to the port to be transported by supply
vessels to the offshore oil and gas operations. In addition there will also be
marine traffic in the form of support vessels from Europe, Asia and the
Americas.
Maintenance dredging will be undertaken regularly to ensure that the port

entrance channel remains open for vessels and rigs to access the port. The
entrance channel and turning circle will be built and maintained at a planned
depth of 16 m, and may reach 25 m in some areas
2.7 DECOMMISSIONING
The proposed Project has a lifespan of 50 years. There is currently no

agreement in place which defines the plans for the facility at the end of its
lifecycle. This will be further explored in the ESIA Report.
2.8 EMISSIONS, DISCHARGES AND WASTE
2.8.1 Emissions
The port activities, including waste facilities, possible incinerator and site
clearance and construction activities will generate emissions to the
atmosphere during the operational and construction phases respectively.
In addition emissions will be generated by the aircraft landing at the airstrip

and support and supply vessels, which emit greenhouse gases and varying
amounts of other pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen
(NOx) and sulphur (SOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate
matter. Estimated emission volumes will be provided in the ESIA Report.

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2.8.2 Noise
Noise emissions will be generated during landing and take-off of the aircraft
from the small airstrip. It is anticipated that approximately three fixed wing
and six 6 rotary wing flights would occur daily.
2.8.3 Discharges
The port operations, including the repair and spooling operations and the
effluent treatment plants as well as the support vessels will produce a series of
discharges.
Anticipated discharge volumes and treatment methods will be discussed in

the ESIA Report. Lonrho will develop an Environmental Mitigation and
Monitoring Plan which will be applied to all discharges in accordance with
EPA and IFC, Equator Principles and applicable AfDB guidelines.
2.8.4 Solid Waste
Operations will generate solid waste including metal, paper, plastic, wood,
glass and hazardous waste such as oily rags, spent oil and medical wastes.
This waste would include machinery and parts, sludge from effluent
treatment plants, organic and food wastes, and with operational supplies such
as shipping pallets, containers, office waste from the administrative facilities
and domestic waste from the accommodation.
Solid waste, effluent and drilling wastes from the offshore vessels and rigs
would be brought to the port for disposal, storage and transfer and/ or
treatment. Further details of the waste treatment facilities on site will be
provided within the ESIA Report/ EIS.
2.9 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS AND EMPLOYMENT
During construction, approximately 2000 workers will be employed, primarily

in unskilled and semi-skilled positions. Lonrho will ensure the EPC
contractor takes due recognition of the local content policy and requirements
issued by the Government of Ghana. In addition, unskilled labour will be
drawn from the neighbouring communities where possible.
Approximately 1500 permanent staff will be employed during operation of the

port. In addition up to 2000 contract workers would be required for large rig
repair and other ad hoc projects. These will comprise a mix of highly skilled
managerial positions likely to be filled by expatriates and Ghanaian staff, and
other skilled, semi-skilled and un-skilled positions. These positions would
primarily be semi-skilled workers such as welders, fitters, turners, painters,
electricians, for approximately 3-6 months at a time.
These estimated employment numbers will be confirmed in the ESIA Report.

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2.10 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
In order to ensure the environmental and social sustainability of the Project,

the ESIA will include an analysis of the potential Project alternatives. The
ESIA will analyse the following alternatives:
• No Project alternative;
• Location alternatives; and
• Layout design and/ or technology alternatives.
The preferred alternative will be considered during the assessment of

potential impacts.
2.10.1 No Project Alternative
One of the potential alternatives considered is the no Project alternative. This

involves retaining the status quo of the Project site ie no development and the
site would remain used for agriculture and fishing activities. There would be
no additional noise and effluent emissions into the environment. The no
Project alternative will be assessed in the ESIA Report/ EIS.
The work undertaken for selecting the design concept and process that will be
followed for refining design details will be explained. The ESIA Report/ EIS
will provide a more detailed consideration of alternatives, including an
outline of design or selection criteria and/or reason for selecting preferred
alternatives.
2.10.2 Location Alternatives
An extensive site selection process was carried out prior to selecting the
preferred Project site. A short list of ten and then four sites were selected
based on the following criteria:
• Location west of Takoradi (a criterion from the MoU);

• A minimum size of 900 ha (2000 acres) for development;
• Avoid lagoons and wetland areas;
• Minimise impacts on the environment and avoid designated wildlife
areas; and
• Limit resettlement of people as much as possible and avoid location close
to settlements of more than 1000 people.
Sites that did not meet the above criteria were not considered further. The four
short listed sites included (Axim East, Esiama, Atuabo-West and Atuabo-
East). These were examined more closely to establish the best suited area.
Esiama was not preferred as a result of high population densities and land
ownership disputes. The undesirable location close to a sensitive lagoon and
tourist resort were also key factors in Esiama’s rejection. Axim was also not

15
preferred due to the potential high cost of levelling the site and dredging
relevant channels in the rocky substrate. The two sites at Atuabo were
therefore considered most suitable for the development of the port.
Atuabo-east (the Project site) was found to be most favourable as resettlement

of any major local communities (ie Asemdasuazo) could be avoided. The site
also encroaches on a smaller seasonal wetland area and is further from
sensitive tourism activities.
2.10.3 Layout Alternatives
A number of layout alternatives were considered for the port to maximise the
use of the coastal land available and to avoid sensitive features. The other
criteria used to evaluate the various options were functionality of operations
on the site and minimising social impacts ie avoiding physical resettlement or
the need to disturb culturally sensitive features (eg cemetery).
The layout alternatives will be described fully within the ESIA Report/ EIS.

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3 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter outlines the Ghanaian administrative framework and describes

the relevant Ghanaian legislation, international treaties and industry
standards, including African Development Bank (AfDB) and International
Finance Corporation (IFC) standards, with which Lonrho will comply.
Further information on the applicability of legislation and standards will be
provided in the ESIA Report.
Specifically, this Chapter provides a relevant summary of:
• the applicable Ghanaian environmental and social laws and regulations

deemed applicable to the Project; and
• a discussion of international conventions and standards with which the
Project will comply.
3.2 THE GHANAIAN CONSTITUTION
The Constitution of Ghana (Article 41(k) in Chapter 6) requires that all citizens
(employees and employers) protect and safeguard the natural environment of
the Republic of Ghana and its territorial waters.
3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
3.3.1 The Environmental Protection Act
The Environmental Protection Act (Act 490 of 1994) establishes the authority,
responsibility, structure and funding of the EPA. Part I of the Act mandates
the EPA with the formulation of environmental policy, issuing of
environmental permits and pollution abatement notices and prescribing
standards and guidelines. The Act defines the requirement for and
responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Inspectors and empowers the
EPA to request that an ESIA process be undertaken.
3.3.2 Environmental Assessment Regulations
The ESIA process is legislated through the Environmental Assessment

Regulations (LI1 652, 1999) as amended (2002), the principal enactment within
the Environmental Protection Act (Act 490 of 1994). The ESIA Regulations
require that all activities likely to have an adverse effect on the environment
must be subject to environmental assessment and issuance of a permit before
commencement of the activity. The ESIA Regulations set out the requirements
for the following:

17
• Preliminary Environmental Assessments (PEAs);
• Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs);
• Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) (also termed the ESIA Report);
• Environmental Management Plans (EMPs);
• Environmental Certificates; and
• Environmental Permitting.
Schedules 1 and 2 of the Regulations provide lists of activities for which an

environmental permit is required and ESIA is mandatory, respectively.
3.3.3 Environmental Guidelines
The EPA has issued formal guidance on regulatory requirements and the ESIA
process. The following documents are relevant to the ESIA process and the
Project:
• Environmental Assessment in Ghana, a Guide to Environmental Impact

Assessment Procedures (EPA, 1996);
• Environmental Quality Guidelines for Ambient Air (EPA);
• EPA Guidelines for Environmental Assessment and Management in the

Offshore Oil and Gas Development (EPA, 2010);
• Sector Specific Effluent Quality Guidelines for Discharges into Natural

Water Bodies (EPA); and
• General Environmental Quality Standards for Industrial or Facility

Effluents, Air Quality and Noise Levels (EPA).
3.4 BIODIVERSITY
The piece of legislation which regulate biodiversity in Ghana are the Wild
Animals Preservation Act, Act 235 1964, Wildlife Conservation Regulations 1971
(LI685), the Wild Reserves Regulations 1971 (LI 740) and the Wetland Management
(RAMSAR sites) Regulation, 1999.
The Wild Animals Preservation Act, Act 235 1964 provides for various matters
relating to the protection of wildlife in Ghana including the appointment of
game officers, collection of specimens for scientific purposes and hunting and
the identification of wholly or partially protected faunal species. The Wildlife
Conservation Regulations 1971 (LI685), as amended, provide further regulations
for hunting, commercialisation of animals and various other provisions for the
conservation and protection of faunal species in Ghana.
The Wild Reserves Regulations 1971 (LI 740) allow for the designation and
proclamation of protected areas, in various categories. The regulations
prohibit certain activities (eg hunting, removal of faunal or floral species)

18
allowed within the various reserves without a permit. The regulations forbid
the pollution of water resources and littering within a protected area.
The Wetland Management (RAMSAR sites) Regulation, 1999, promulgated under

the Wild Animals Preservation Act, Act 235 1964 establishes wetlands as
‘RAMSAR sites’ as per the Convention of Wetlands of International
importance and prohibits certain activities (and during certain seasons) within
the designated RAMSAR site.
Project activities will need to take into account the requirements with respect
to the preservation of faunal species and minimising pollution of the
environment.
3.5 WATER RESOURCES
Water resources in Ghana are government by two pieces of legislation, namely

the Water Resources Commission Act (Act 52 of 1996) and the Water and
Sewerage Corporation Act (Act 310 of 1965).
The Water Resources Commission Act (Act 52 of 1996 establishes a commission to

regulate and manage the water resources of the Republic of Ghana. The
commission is tasked with establishing comprehensive plans for the use,
conservation, protection, development and improvement of Ghana’s water
resources and is able to grant water rights for the exploitation of water
resources. Water rights must be obtained for the use of water resources, on
application from the Commission. The Act specifies the requirements and
process for the application and transfer of water rights.
Section 14(e) of the Water and Sewerage Corporation Act (Act 310 of 1965)
establishes a body mandated with:
‘(a) the provision, distribution and conservation of the supply of water in

Ghana for public, domestic and industrial purposes; and
(b) the establishment, operation and control of the sewerage systems for
such purposes.’
In addition, the Water and Sewerage Corporation is authorised to formulate

regulations regarding the prevention of water pollution.
The Project will need to ensure that any associated water use and effluent and
sewerage streams released to the environment comply with the requirements
under these Acts.
3.6 POLLUTION CONTROL
There is currently no single integrated pollution legislation in Ghana.

Pollution control exists as part of the environmental and water resource

19
legislation and marine pollution is dealt with by the Oil in Navigable Waters Act
(Act 235 of 1964) (see below). The Act makes the discharge of any oil or
mixture containing oil from any vessel or from land an offence.
The operations of the port and the effluent management within the facilities
will need to comply with this act regarding discharges to the environment.
3.7 PROTECTION OF COASTAL AND MARINE AREAS
Ghana subscribes to a number of international conservation programmes,

however, Ghana has at present no nationally legislated coastal or marine
protected areas and there are no international protection programmes
specifically covering the Project area. The Wetland Management (RAMSAR
Sites) Regulations 1999 are made under the Wild Animals Preservation Act 1961
(Act 43) and provide for the establishment of RAMSAR sites within Ghana.
There are five designated RAMSAR wetland sites along the coast of Ghana
including: Keta Lagoon Complex; Densu Wetland; Muni-Pomadze; Sakumo;
and Songor. There is a sixth RAMSAR site (Owabi Wildlife Sanctuary)
situated inland.
Ghana also has one UN Biosphere Reserve and two World Heritage
Convention sites. The World Heritage Convention sites include the Asante
Traditional Buildings, located near Kumasi, as well as Forts and Castles, most
of which are located along the coast in the Central and Western Regions
(UNESCO, 2009). Ghana has more than 1,000 IUCN-management protected
areas including 317 Forest Reserves, five Game Production Reserves, seven
National Parks, two Resource Reserves, one Strict Nature Reserve, and four
Wildlife Sanctuaries (Earth trends, 2003).
3.8 FISHING
The Fisheries Act (Act 625 of 2002) repeals the Fisheries Commission Act (Act 457
of 1993) to consolidate and amend the law on fisheries. The Act provides for
the regulation, management and development of fisheries and promotes the
sustainable exploitation of fishery resources. Section 93 of the Fisheries Act
stipulates that if a proponent plans to undertake an activity which is likely to
have a substantial impact on the fisheries resources, the Fisheries Commission
should be informed of such an activity prior to commencement. The
Commission may require information from the proponent on the likely impact
of the activity on the fishery resources and possible means of preventing or
minimising adverse impacts.
The Project will need to ensure that it meets the requirements of this Act with
regard to any impacts on fishing.

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3.9 LOCAL CONTENT POLICY
The Ghanaian Policy on Local content and Local Participation in the

Petroleum Industry was announced by the Minister of Energy during March
2012. The primary objective of the policy is to ensure a minimum percentage
of the monetary value of goods and services sourced and the level of
Ghanaian equity ownership within the industry. The policy is intended to
assist with the sustainable development of the O&G industry in Ghana and
assist in avoiding social and political instabilities, by promoting and requiring
involvement of Ghanaian citizens, goods and services.
The policy requires that local content and participation should be embedded
in the planning and development phases of every O&G-related Project. The
policy requires that a minimum of 90 percent of supplies and services should
be sourced within Ghana within ten years of the commencement of a Project.
These minimum local content requirements increase from 10 percent at the
commencement of the Project, to 20 percent in the second year and a further
10 percent each year thereafter until the targeted 90 percent is reached.
In addition, the policy provides that priority should be given to Ghanaian

citizens for the ownership of concession areas such that local participation by
the Ghanaian private sector should be at least 5 percent in petroleum licenses,
permits and contract operators and at least 10 percent for providers of
supplies and services.
The policy also outlines that the submission of a detailed annual recruitment
and training programme for recruiting and training Ghanaians within 12
months of receiving a grant or license. The staffing requirements of the policy
are as follows:
• Management staff: at least 50 percent Ghanaian from start of Project

activities, increasing to a target of 80 percent in the first five years.
• Core technical staff: 30 percent at commencement increasing to 80 percent

in five years and further to 90 percent in ten years.
• Other staff: a target of 100 percent Ghanaians.
As part of Lonrho’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies the Project

will strive to meet the Government of Ghana’s targets in respect of local
content. This will be reflected in terms of ownership, contracting and
employment.
3.10 GHANAIAN LEGISLATION UNDER PREPARATION
It is recognised that in view of the developing O&G industry, the Ghanaian

government is drafting new environmental and marine regulations and

21
guidelines, which are now at the stage of revision by the Parliament. These
include the following.
• Hazardous Waste Regulations, 2012;

• Marine Pollution Bill, 2010;
• Maritime Security (Amendment) Act 2010;
• Shipping (Safety Zone and Pipeline Protection Area) Regulations, 2010;
and
• Shipping Amendment Bill, 2010.
The design of the port will consider these draft pieces of legislation, as
required, in order to plan for compliance once this legislation comes in to
force.
3.11 MARINE STATE, CONVENTIONS AND CLASSIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
The regulatory requirements for an offshore vessel are generally set out by the
coastal state or shelf state, the flag state, international conventions and the
classification society. The dredging vessels and tug boats will need to satisfy
all of the requirements from these authorities before they are approved fit for
purpose.
3.11.1 Coastal State Regulations
All countries have full sovereignty to regulate activities on their continental

shelves. As the dredging vessels will be operational within Ghanaian waters,
Ghana regulations, as administered by the Ghana Maritime Authority, are the
governing regulations and take precedence over all flag state and class
requirements. However, many jurisdictions, including Ghana, refer to
maritime codes, rules and standards related to flag and classification
requirements as described below.
3.11.2 Flag State Regulations
Ships or offshore facilities trading internationally have to comply with the

safety regulations of the maritime authority from the country whose flag the
unit is flying. A dredging vessel does not need a flag unless required by the
coastal state (ie GMA in Ghana) or when in transit through international
waters. Flag states require classification and implementation of the safety
regulations such as those of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO).
3.11.3 Classification Societies
The dredging vessels will be classed by a classification society that is

recognised by the maritime administrator of the flag state, such as the
American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) or Det Norske Veritas (DNV).

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3.12 RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AND CONVENTIONS
3.12.1 United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Sea
Ghana is signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Sea
(UNCLOS). Under this convention Ghana claims rights within 12 nm of
territorial water and a 200 nm Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Clearance for
Project vessels (eg dredging vessels, tug boats) travelling into the territorial
waters (eg to and from the onshore base) must be obtained from the Ghana
Maritime Authority (GMA) and notification should also be made to the
Ghanaian Navy.
3.12.2 International Maritime Organisation Conventions
Ghana is signatory to the following International Maritime Organisation

(IMO) Conventions.
• International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in

Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (Intervention Convention), 1969;
• Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at

Sea (COLREGs), 1972;
• International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974;
• Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC), 1976;
• International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and

Watch keeping for Seafarers (STCW), 1978;
• International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from

Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL
73/78); and
• International Convention of Oil Preparedness, Response and Co-operation

(OPRC), adopted 1990.
Further details of the MARPOL Convention and the OPRC Convention are
provided below.
The MARPOL Convention
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships

(MARPO L 73/78) contains a number of the provisions relevant to the Project.
These include general requirements regarding the control of waste oil, engine
oil discharges as well as grey and black waste water discharges. Table 3.1
provides a list of MARPOL provisions relevant to oil and gas developments.
Annexes I and II were ratified first and in 2010, Ghana ratified the remaining
Annexes III to V which came into force in January 2011. The draft Marine

23
Pollution Bill will adopt the remaining three annexes of the MARPOL
standards into Ghanaian legislation but is yet to be enacted.
Table 3.1 Relevant MARPOL 1973/1978 Provisions
Environmental Provisions of MARPOL 1973/1978 Annex

Aspect
Drainage water Ship must be proceeding en route, not within a 'special area' I
and oil must not exceed 15 parts per million (ppm) (without
dilution). Vessel must be equipped with an oil filtering
system, automatic cut-off and an oil retention system.
Accidental oil Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP) is I

discharge required.
Bulked chemicals Prohibits the discharge of noxious liquid substances, II

pollution hazard substances and associated tank washings.
Vessels require periodic inspections to ensure compliance.
All vessels must carry a Procedures and Arrangements
Manual and Cargo Record Book.
Sewage discharge Discharge of sewage is permitted only if the ship has IV

approved sewage treatment facilities, the test result of the
facilities are documented, and the effluent will not produce
visible floating solids nor cause discoloration of the
surrounding water.
Garbage Disposal of garbage from ships and fixed or floating V

platforms is prohibited. Ships must carry a garbage
management plan and shall be provided with a Garbage
Record Book.
Food waste Discharge of food waste ground to pass through a 25 mm V

mesh is permitted for facilities more than 12 nm from land.
Air pollutant Sets limits on sulphur oxide and nitrogen oxide emissions VI
emissions from ship exhausts and prohibits deliberate emissions of
ozone-depleting substances including halons and
chlorofluorocarbons. Sets limits on emissions of nitrogen
oxides from diesel engines. Prohibits the incineration of
certain products on board such as contaminated packaging
materials and polychlorinated biphenyls.
3.12.3 Other Conventions and Treaties
Ghana has also ratified the following international conventions and treaties
which may be applicable to the Project.
• Africa Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

(15 September 1968);
• African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Acceded 24 January

1989);

24
• Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural
Heritage (16 November 1972);
• Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992;
• Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of
Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes within Africa - Bamako
Convention (December 1991);
• Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals

(23 June 1979);
• Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as

Waterfowl Habitats (2 February 1971);
• Framework Convention on Climate Change (June 1992);
• International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (4 May

1966);
• International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (29

November 1969);
• International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and

Co-Operation, 1990 (2 June 2010);
• International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund

for Compensation of Oil Pollution Damage (18 December 1971);
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (7 September 2000);
• International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (7

September 2000);
• Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (24 July
1989);
• Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade,

and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery (1956);
• The Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of

Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Basel Convention) (30 May 2003);
• The International Convention for the Co-operation in the Protection and

Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the West and
Central African Region - the Abidjan Convention (23 March 1981); and

25
• The International Labour Organisation (ILO) Fundamental Conventions
related to forced labour, freedom of association, discrimination and child
labour (last 6 June 2011).
3.13 FINANCIAL INSTITUTION ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL PERFORMANCE

STANDARDS
At this stage of the Project development, details about how it would be

financed are not fully decided. However, there is the possibility that Lonrho
or other parties may seek financing from financial institutions that have
specific requirements for environmental and social performance. These may
include commercial banks that have adopted the Equator Principles as well as
Developmental Finance Institutions (DFIs) such as the African Development
Bank (AfDB) and the World Bank. In anticipation of this possibility, the
Project is being developed to meet certain requirements as described in this
Section.
3.13.1 African Development Bank Policies and Guidelines
The AfDB has a number of policies and guidelines which will apply to this
Project, and must be taken into account through the ESIA. These are the
following:
• The Bank Group Policy on the Environment (2004);

• The Bank Group Involuntary Resettlement Policy (2003);
• Environmental Review Procedures for Private Sector Operations (2001);
• Integrated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (IESIA)
Guidelines (2003); and
• Bank Group's Handbook on Stakeholder Consultation and Participation
(2001).
The Bank Group Policy on the Environment (2004);
The Bank Group Policy on the Environment sets out the policy and strategic
framework for all lending and non-lending AFD operations with the objective
of promoting environmentally sustainable development, to help improve the
quality of life of the people of Africa and to help preserve and enhance the
Africa’s ecological capital and ecological services.
The Bank Group Involuntary Resettlement Policy (2003)
The Bank Group involuntary resettlement policy is intended to provide a

framework for addressing the involuntary displacement of people as a result
of a Project. This policy applies when the Project results in loss or relocation
of shelter, loss of assets or when livelihoods are affected, and requires that
livelihoods be enhanced as a result of a Project.

26
Environmental Review Procedures for Private Sector Operations (2001)
The environmental review procedures provide AfDB’s environmental and

social impact assessment requirements for private sector projects. The
procedures document the processes the AfDB requires to assist in ensuring
that Projects are environmentally sustainable and socially responsible.
Integrated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (IESIA) Guidelines (2003)
The IESIA Guidelines have been developed as a tool to guide the

implementation of the AfDB’s Environmental and Social Assessment
Procedures. The guidelines include an overview of potential impacts and
benchmark enhancement/mitigation measures as well as a summary of
Project risks for a number of sectors. The guidelines also contain monitoring
requirements and indicators as well as additional references. These guidelines
are currently available for the following sectors: Irrigation and Agriculture,
(Crop Production, Livestock and Rangeland Management), Forestry, Fisheries,
Hydropower Production, Roads and Railways, Water Supply, Infrastructure,
Dams and Reservoirs as well as Transportation and Distribution.
Bank Group's Handbook on Stakeholder Consultation and Participation (2001).
The AfDB Handbook on Stakeholder Consultation and Participation is

intended to provide guidelines for AfDB-funded projects. The guidelines
provide an overview of participatory tools, and techniques, identify
constraints and recommended activities to ensure that the AfDB’s policy
commitments are implemented.
3.13.2 IFC Performance Standards
The International Finance Corporation’s (IFC) Sustainability Framework

includes Performance Standards (PSs) on Social and Environmental
Sustainability. The Project has committed to complying with the updated
2012 edition of IFC’s PSs throughout the implementation of the Project.
All eight of the IFC PSs need to be applied to funded projects; however, for
this Project the following are considered likely to be relevant:
• PS1: Assessment and Management of Social and Environmental Risks and

Impacts;
• PS2: Labour and Working Conditions;
• PS3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention;
• PS4: Community Health, Safety and Security;
• PS5: Land Acquisition & Involuntary Resettlement;
• PS6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living
Natural Resources;
• PS8: Cultural Heritage.

27
(Note: Not all Project PS requirements will be addressed through the ESIA
process.)
Additional guidance is contained in the Guidance Notes to the Performance

Standards. The IFC’s set of Guidance Notes corresponds to the PSs and
provide guidance on the requirements contained in the PSs, including
reference materials and on good sustainability practices to improve Project
performance.
3.13.3 IFC Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines
The EHS Guidelines are technical reference documents that address IFC’s
expectations regarding the industrial pollution management performance of
projects. They are designed to provide relevant industry background and
technical information. This information supports actions aimed at avoiding,
minimising, and controlling EHS impacts during the construction, operation,
and decommissioning phase of a project or facility.
The updated EHS Guidelines serve as a technical reference source to support

the implementation of the IFC PSs, particularly in those aspects related to PS3:
Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention, as well as certain aspects of
occupational and community health and safety.
The general EHS Guidelines contain information on cross-cutting

environmental, health, and safety issues potentially applicable to all industry
sectors and should be used together with the relevant IFC industry sector
guidelines. For the port development, the relevant EHS Guidelines that
would apply are:
• EHS General Guidelines (World Bank Group, 2006); and

• EHS Guidelines for Ports, Harbours and Terminals (World Bank Group,
2007).
Depending on the final determination of what types of facilities would be

located in the port; other guidelines could apply such as:
• EHS Guidelines for Shipping (World Bank Group, 2007);

• EHS Guidelines for Crude Oil and Petroleum Product Terminals (World
Bank Group, 2007);
• EHS Guideline for Waste Management Facilities (World Bank Group,
2007); and
• EHS Guidelines for Airports (World Bank Group, 2007).

28
4 ESIA PROCESS AND SCOPING
4.1 THE ESIA PROCESS
ESIA is a systematic process that identifies and evaluates the potential impacts
a proposed Project may have on the physical, biological, chemical, social and
human health environment and develops mitigation measures that will be
incorporated in order to eliminate, minimise or reduce these impacts.
The overall process and schedule for applying for an Environmental Permit
(EP) under Ghanaian regulations is shown schematically in Figure 4.1. This
ESIA process for the Project is aligned with the requirements of the
Environmental Assessment Regulations (1999) and Environmental
Assessment in Ghana Guidelines (1995) as well as the AfDB and IFC PS
requirements.
This section outlines steps that have been completed as part of the ESIA
screening and scoping phases. Activities that are proposed for the next phases
of the ESIA are outlined in Terms of Reference in Chapter 8.
4.2 PROJECT REGISTRATION
Undertakings likely to have significant impacts on the environment (eg those

listed in Schedule 2 of the Environmental Assessment Regulations) must
register with the EPA and obtain an environmental permit before
commencement of construction and operations. The proposed Project was
submitted for registration with the EPA on 12 February 2012.
4.3 PROJECT SCREENING
According to the Environmental Assessment Regulations, within 25 days from

the time a registration form is received the EPA will place the development at
the appropriate level of assessment. The EPA has determined that the
development falls into the category of undertakings (Regulation 3) for which
full ESIA is required.
4.4 SCOPING PHASE
A principal objective of the scoping phase is to identify environmental, social

and health sensitivities and those Project activities with the potential to
contribute to, or cause, impacts to the environmental and social receptors. At
the scoping stage, the key issues are identified (often together with key
stakeholders) and understood to a level which allows the remainder of the
impact assessment to be planned. This enables the resources for the ESIA to
be focused on collecting required information and identifying significant

29
impacts and carrying out stakeholder engagement activities in an effective and
efficient manner.
Figure 4.1 Overview of the ESIA Process
Submission of Project EIA Form
EIA Required
Resubmit
Screening
EP Declined Inspection EP Issued
PER Required
PER Review EP Issued

25 Working Days
EIA Required
Scoping and TOR
TOR Revision Required
TOR Review
25 Working Days
EIA
EIS Revision Required Submission of Draft EIS
Draft EIS Review
Public Hearing Hearing Required
EPA Decision
75 Working Days
EP Issued
EP Declined
15 Working Days
Process Total
90 Working Days
The objectives of the scoping phase are to:
• develop an understanding of the legislative, environmental, socio-

economic and health context for the Project;
• identify stakeholders and plan or initiate communication with these

stakeholders;
• identify potential significant impacts; and

30
• develop the Terms of Reference for the ESIA for approval by the Ghanaian
authorities.
The following steps have been undertaken in the ESIA scoping phase, and are
described below.
• desktop review;
• stakeholder engagement visit; and
• preparation of the Scoping Report.
4.4.1 Desktop Review
This step comprised the following:
• initial review of relevant legislative and guidance;

• identification and review secondary data;
• development of an outline description of the planned Project activities;
and
• development of a plan for stakeholder engagement (Chapter 5 and
Chapter 8) and consultations on the scope of the ESIA.
Initial Legislative Review
Chapter 3 of this ESIA Scoping Report provides a review of legislation and

industry guidance relevant to the ESIA for the proposed Project.
Identification and Review of Secondary Data
Existing baseline information on the environmental and socio-economic

context of the Project area has been collected and reviewed and sources of
other existing information identified. The ESIA team has undertaken an initial
review of existing information sources that contributed to an understanding of
the environmental and socio-economic context of the Project (see Chapter 6).
Available data sources have been identified for the following subjects.
• Physical environment: oceanography, climate, geology, topography,

bathymetry, sediment/water quality;
• Biological environment: benthos, fish, birds, marine mammals, turtles,
significant natural sites, terrestrial ecology, fauna and flora and protected
areas; and
• Socio-economic environment: fisheries, demographics, livelihoods and
cultural heritage.
This desktop review also focussed on identifying where gaps in information

exist and informed the data gathering requirements and the Terms of
Reference for the remainder of the ESIA.

31
Outline Project Description
The Project description in Chapter 2 of this ESIA Scoping Report provides an

overview of the various Project components and activities to a level that
allows those activities with the potential to cause environmental, social and
health impacts to be identified (eg physical presence, noise, emissions, wastes
and discharges). Project planning, decision making and refinement of the
Project description will continue throughout the assessment process as a result
of the development of the Project and in response to the identified impacts.
Stakeholder Engagement
Project stakeholder engagement started at the ESIA Scoping stage and will
continue throughout the assessment and through operations to ensure that
legislative requirements are met, stakeholder concerns are addressed and that
sources of existing information are identified. The ESIA team has developed a
proposed process for engaging stakeholders (outlined in Chapter 8) to ensure
that engagement is undertaken in a systematic manner, improves the ESIA
process and builds relationships whilst managing expectations,
4.4.2 Stakeholder Engagement Visit
A series of consultation meetings with national stakeholders in the Accra and

key stakeholders in the Western Region (Takoradi and in the local
communities) were undertaken to provide Project information, collect baseline
data and understand key stakeholder concerns. Details of these consultations
and issues raised are provided in Chapter 5.
4.4.3 Preparation of the Scoping Report
This Scoping Report, including Terms of Reference, has been compiled as part
of the ESIA process in accordance with the regulatory requirements stipulated
in Regulation 11 of the Environmental Assessment Regulations (1999).
The Scoping Report and ToR will be submitted to the EPA for their
consideration for a thirty day period. The Scoping Report will also be made
available to stakeholders through the Project website, and hard copies
provided on request.

32
5 SCOPING STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
5.1 INTRODUCTION
This section explains the stakeholder engagement process followed during the
ESIA Scoping study to date. Stakeholder engagement activities planned for
the remainder of the ESIA are outlined in Chapter 8.
5.2 OBJECTIVES AND APPROACH
The scoping phase of the ESIA identified the potentially significant

environmental and social issues relating to the implementation, operation and
decommissioning of the proposed development to be addressed as part of the
ESIA. The key issues identified during scoping are used to define the ESIA
approach, to inform the design of the environmental and socio-economic
baseline studies and to ensure that there is sufficient information to address all
potential impacts and issues in the ESIA process (Chapter 8).
The objectives of stakeholder engagement during ESIA Scoping consultations

are to:
• identify potential key stakeholders;

• develop consultation tools (eg the stakeholder register);
• consult with key stakeholders and introduce the Project, obtain baseline
data and identify key issues;
• produce a Scoping Report and Terms of Reference;
• disclose the Scoping Report to Ministries and general public; and
• obtain comments on the Scoping Report to inform the ESIA.
5.3 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
To date, 26 stakeholder groups have been contacted and provided with

information on the Lonrho port development and the ESIA process.
In order to achieve the objectives of scoping consultation, the field trip

activities included the following:
• Stakeholder mapping;
• Notifications of key stakeholders; and
• Consultation meetings with national, state-level, local-level and traditional
authority stakeholders.

33
5.3.1 Stakeholder Mapping
As part of scoping, a stakeholder mapping exercise was undertaken to identify

key stakeholder groups and organisations, based on ERM’s experience in
similar ESIAs in Ghana and the Western Region and previous engagement
activities by Lonrho. These stakeholders were selected on the basis that they
would have an interest in the Project and would also have knowledge through
which to provide insight into possible issues and concerns related to the
Project.
In addition, further stakeholder groups were identified through the

consultation process. A list of stakeholders consulted to date is provided in
Annex A.
5.3.2 Notifications
The stakeholder mapping exercise identified those stakeholders that would be

best engaged through face-to-face meetings. A copy of a Background
Information Document (BID) and a covering letter requesting a meeting were
hand-delivered to these stakeholders and meetings confirmed through
subsequent telephone and email communication. A copy of the transmittal
letter and the BID is provided in Annex B.
The BID provided an overview of the Project and outlines the key
environmental and social issues that had been identified. It also outlined
ways through which additional issues and comments could be raised with
Lonrho and the ESIA team.
Additional stakeholders identified later were engaged with through written

communication that included the BID and an invitation to submit written
comment.
5.3.3 Consultation Meetings
During scoping, a total of 25 meetings were held with 28 stakeholder groups

or organisations (see Table 5.1). Stakeholders included national, regional and
district authorities, traditional leadership, Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGOs), the media, international organisations and fisher association.
A list of the scoping consultation meetings undertaken is provided in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1 Summary of scoping consultation meetings (February and March 2012)
No. Organisation’/Group Date Location Attendees

1 Fisheries Commission 14-Feb-12 Accra 1
2 EPA 15-Feb-12 Accra 4
3 Friends of the Earth 15-Feb-12 Accra 1
4 Oilwatch 15-Feb-12 Accra 1
5 National Fisheries Association 15-Feb-12 Accra 2
6 Ministry of Energy 15-Feb-12 Accra 2

34
No. Organisation’/Group Date Location Attendees
7 Ghana National Petroleum 16-Feb-12 Accra 2
Corporation (GNPC)
8 Interim Guinea Current 16-Feb-12 Accra 1
Commission
9 Wildlife Division of Forestry 16-Feb-12 Accra 1
Commission
10 Marine Fisheries Research 16-Feb-12 Tema 3
Division
11 Ricerca e Cooperazione 17-Feb-12 Accra 4
12 Community District Assembly 19-Feb-12 Atuabo 44
representatives, Atuabo
Traditional council
13 Nzema East Council of Chiefs 19-Feb-12 Atuabo As above
14 Chief Fisherman of Atuabo, 19-Feb-12 Atuabo As above
15 Anorkyi District Assembly 20-Feb-12 Anorkyi 23
representatives and chief
fisherman
16 Ellembelle District Assembly 21-Feb-12 Ellembelle 6
17 Western Region Coordinating 21-Feb-12 Takoradi 1

council (WRCC)
18 Friends of the Nation/ Coastal 21-Feb-12 Takoradi 4
Resources Centre (CRC)
19 Ghana Tourism Authority 22-Feb-12 Takoradi 1
20 Wildlife Department of the 22-Feb-12 Takoradi 1
Forestry Commission
21 EPA: Western Region 22-Feb-12 Takoradi 4
22 Ghana National Canoe Fishermen 22-Feb-12 Takoradi 2
Association - Western Region
23 Fisheries Commission 22-Feb-12 Takoradi 1
24 Ghana Navy 24-Feb-12 Accra 2
25 Ghana Maritime Authority 24-Feb-12 Accra 3
26 Hydrological Society 24-Feb-12 Accra 1
27 Ghana Wildlife Society 5-Mar-12 Accra 1
Each of the face-to-face meetings followed this general format:
• Introduction by the meeting facilitator;

• Introduction to Lonrho and a brief description of Lonrho operations;
• Description of the proposed port development and the components; and
• Discussion of the key issues and any information that may be relevant to
the Project.
The stakeholders that participated in each consultation meeting during

scoping signed an attendance register. The consultation team also included
translators who speak Fante and Nzema so that the key elements of the Project
and the main issues arising could be discussed with non English-speaking
stakeholders. Notes of the consultation meetings, attendance registers and
written comments received are provided in Annex C.
5.4 SUMMARY OF COMMENTS EMERGING FROM SCOPING CONSULTATIONS
A semi-quantitative method together with professional judgement and

experience was used to identify and extract the key issues raised by

35
stakeholders during the scoping phase. A summary of these comments raised
during the scoping consultations is provided in Table 5.2.
These comments have been recorded and considered in developing the Terms
of Reference for the ESIA (see Chapter 8). A full list of issues raised during
Scoping consultations is provided in an issues trail in Annex D.
Table 5.2 Summary of Issues
Issue Group Summary of issues

Project Benefits The majority of stakeholders voiced support for the Project as well as
expectations of employment and other opportunities that it would create
for local communities. A number of stakeholders noted the importance
of local content. Government stakeholders voiced support for a new
port facility in the region, especially as a new hub for other development.
Livelihoods and Stakeholders indicated that the proposed Project area is currently used
compensation for fishing, farming, grazing and sand mining and expressed concern
regarding the loss of livelihoods and the stressed the need for
compensation of any lost livelihood.
Cultural heritage Stakeholders expressed concern over the loss of local culture (including
language and traditional structures), the potential affect on sacred sites
and the rural sense of place of the community. Stakeholders identified
that any archaeological resources in the area need to be well-understood.
In-migration Stakeholders expressed concern that there would be in-migration of

people (especially job-seekers) into the area resulting in impacts to the
socio-economic structure, traditional values, demographics and cultural
heritage.
Tourism impacts Some stakeholders expressed concern regarding the conflicting proposed
industrial land use and activities with the plans for the development of
the Western Region coastline as an area for sustainable tourism.
Site selection Stakeholders queried the choice of Atuabo East as the best site for the
Project and requested details of the site selection process.
Access, security and While a number of stakeholders indicated that the people should be
port control allowed access for traditional fishing and tourism activities, others
stressed that the port would need to meet Ghanaian and International
Maritime Organisation control and security requirements.
Sensitive Stakeholders voiced concern regarding the impacts of the Project on

biodiversity sensitive biodiversity receptors such as the mangroves, benthic
environment and wetlands (especially the Amansuri wetland area). The
impacts on nesting turtles and other marine fauna (fish, marine
mammals) were raised as important aspects for consideration. Concerns
were also raised regarding the Project’s impacts on the annual algal
bloom, as well as impacts of the bloom on the Project.
Coastal erosion Stakeholders expressed concern with regard to potential coastal erosion
and the impacts of the Project on coastal sediment transport.
Stakeholders highlighted the importance of monitoring erosion during
operation.

36
Issue Group Summary of issues
Pollution and waste Stakeholders highlighted the importance of marine and onshore
management pollution control and ensuring responsible waste management at the
port
Community and Stakeholders voiced concern regarding community safety risks related to
worker Health and construction traffic and activities. Stakeholders also encouraged Lonrho
Safety (H&S): to ensure that occupational H&S would be addressed.
Fishing Apart from the livelihoods aspects (above), stakeholders indicated their
concerns regarding disturbance to fishing activities including damage to
fishing gear, access to fishing areas and potential catch reduction.
Air emissions Stakeholders were concerned about the potential air emissions from
waste management facilities (eg incinerator and waste storage) on site
and from vessels.
Noise Stakeholders expressed concerns regarding the noise generated from

aircraft using the airstrip and associated disturbance of local
communities.
ESIA process and A number of stakeholders requested that they receive copies of the
stakeholder Scoping Report and highlighted the need for consultation with the
engagement traditional authorities and the local communities. The EPA highlighted
the requirements for thorough stakeholder consultation process as part
of the ESIA.
Alignment with Stakeholders indicated that the planning and design for the Project
regional planning, should be integrated with other local and regional planning processes.
industrial growth Planning for the Project was encouraged to include and anticipate future
and other or other developments in the area.
developments
Cumulative impacts Stakeholders highlighted that cumulative impacts need to be thoroughly
assessed in the ESIA.

37
6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE
6.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides a brief description of the current environmental and

socio-economic baseline. It presents an overview of the aspects of the
environment relating to the surrounding area in which the development take
place (ie within the Project ‘footprint’) and which may be directly or indirectly
affected by the proposed Project. This includes the Project site, the area
surrounding the site, the three local communities of Atuabo, Anorkyi and
Asemdasuazo as well as the Ghana marine and socio-economic environment
at a wider scale.
The Project site and its regional setting are shown in Figure 6.1. The Project
site is approximately 100 km west of Takoradi and 25 km west of the town of
Axim within the Western Region of Ghana.
This chapter summarises information available from secondary sources and

previous reports on the coastal portions of the Western Region. The baseline
description will be updated during the ESIA with other more recent primary
and secondary data, including the Lonrho Environmental and Socio-economic
Baseline Surveys to be conducted during April and May 2012 (see Chapter 8).
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE
6.2.1 Climate
The regional climate is controlled by two air masses: one over the Sahara
desert (tropical continental) and the other over the Atlantic Ocean (maritime).
These two air masses meet at the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
During the boreal winter, the tropical continental air from the northern
anticyclone over the Sahara brings in north-easterly trade winds which are dry
and have a high dust load. During the boreal summer, warm humid maritime
air reaches inland over the region. In general, the region is characterised by
two distinct climatic periods, namely the dry and wet seasons. The peak of
the rainy season occurs from May to July and again between September and
November. The maximum northern location of the ITCZ, between July and
August, creates an irregular dry season over the region, whereby rainfall and
temperatures decline, while the main dry season occurs between December
and April.
The prevailing wind is from the south-west and the swell direction is
predominantly from the south to south west. The region experiences few
storms and moderate wave action.
Meteorological conditions in the western region are characterised by relatively

stable temperatures throughout the year. Daily maximum temperatures range

38
from an average of 27°C from July to September and between 30 and 31°C
between November and April. The mean daily temperature ranges between 21
and 23°C. Average relative humidity shows a consistent daily variation,
reaching 95 percent overnight and decreasing to 70 percent to 80 percent
during the day (HPI, 2009).
6.2.2 Hydrogeology and Oceanography
The Project site is located within on the coast of western Ghana, within the
Gulf of Guinea. The oceanography of the Gulf of Guinea is largely influenced
by the meteorological and oceanographic processes of the South and North
Atlantic Oceans, principally their oceanic gyral (circular) currents (Fontaine et
al., 1999; Merle and Arnault, 1985). Surface water is warm (24 to 29 ºC) with
the daily sea surface temperature cycle showing annual variability. The
thermal cycle occurs only in the upper two elements of the water column
which together comprise the tropical surface water mass. The oceanic gyral
currents of the North and South Atlantic Oceans create a counter current, the
Equatorial Counter Current (ECC) which flows in an eastward direction. This
ECC becomes known as the Guinea Current (Figure 6.2) as it runs from
Senegal to Nigeria
During upwelling, cold nutrient-rich water from depths rises to the surface,
resulting in increased biological productivity in the surface waters. The major
upwelling season along the Ghana coast occurs from July through to
September, while a minor upwelling occurs between December and January.
The rest of the year is characterised by a strong temperature thermocline (1),
which fluctuates in depth between 10 and 40 m. During early May the
thermocline is reportedly at a depth of 30 m (EAF Nansen, 2009). The major
and minor upwellings increase primary production and attract important
pelagic (living in the water column) species into the upper layers of the water
column, thereby increasing fish catches.
(1) Layer of water exhibiting a marked change in temperature

39
Figure 6.1 The Guinea Current
Source: http://oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/
6.2.3 Bathymetry, Seabed Topography and Sediments
The continental shelf (200 m water depth) off the coast of the Western Region
of Ghana is at its narrowest (20 km wide) off Cape St Paul in the east and at its
widest (90 km) between Takoradi and Cape Coast in the west (Armah and
Amlalo, 1998). The continental slope is steep and the depths increase sharply
from approximately 100 m on the shelf and drop to approximately 1,500 m at
the deepest part of the slope.
Ghana’s near shore area comprises various sediment types, varying from soft
sediment (mud and sandy-mud), sandy bottoms to hard bottoms (Martos et al,
1991). On the continental shelf, seabed sediments range from coarse sand on
the inner shelf to fine sand and dark gray mud on the outer shelf (Armah et al,
2004). Sediments on the shelf and upper continental slope are predominantly
terrigenous (derived from erosion of rocks from land), with smaller amounts
of glauconite-rich (iron silicate) sediments, and biogenic carbonate from
mollusc shells.
Geophysical and geotechnical surveys for the Project will provide site specific
information on bathymetry, seabed topography and sediments for the ESIA
Report.
6.2.4 Air Quality
There are no major industrial activities present in the region and most
emissions arise from the smoke of cooking fires, generators used for power
supply and bush clearing for clearing of lands for farming.

40
6.2.5 Noise, Vibration, Light
Noise, vibration and light levels in the Project region are currently minimal
due to the lack of industrial and other activities in the area. The construction
and operation of the port will increase the local noise, vibration and light
levels and this will need to be addressed in the ESIA process.
6.3 BIOLOGICAL BASELINE – TERRESTRIAL
6.3.1 Terrestrial Soils and Geology
Most of the coastal region of Ghana comprises of hard granites, granodiorites,

metamorphosed larva and pyroclastic rock. These formations would have
been created in the Cretaceous period (135 million years ago). In some cases
these coastal formations are covered by Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian
sandstone and shale (HPI, 2009).
With regards to seismic activity, southern Ghana is not considered a highly

active area; however it is capable of producing significant earthquakes (HPI,
2009).
The major soils of the area are forest and savanna ochrosols, which are usually
red and brown in colour and moderately well-drained. Fertile soils exist in
the low lying coastal regions as a result of the previous dominance of thick
coastal forests combined with high levels of rainfall (CRC-URI, 2010).
6.3.2 Topography
The coastline where the Project site is located is comprised of regular sandy
beaches with very few headlands or rocky out crops. The hinterland is
generally low lying and relatively flat. These costal low lying areas extend
inland after which the topography of the region becomes hilly. For these
reasons little land levelling or rock removal is expected to be necessary for the
port development.
6.3.3 Surface Water
Ghana’s western region experiences the country’s highest rainfall and as a

result many brackish and freshwater lagoons and wetlands occur in the low
lying coastal region of this province (Aggrey-Fynn et al. 2011, Yankson 1999).
An increasing number of these lagoon and wetland systems are becoming
degraded due to the influence of anthropogenic activities (Aggrey-Fynn et al.
2011, Karikari et al 2006). These regions are particularly important as they
serve as ecotones between freshwater, marine and terrestrial environments,
and as a result they exhibit high species diversity and heterogeneous habitat
types (Aggrey-Fynn et al. 2011, Basset et al. 2006). These areas are typically
surrounded by mangrove forests.

41
The largest rivers in the west of the country are the Ankobra, Bia and Pra
rivers, with the Tano River forming part of the Ghana’s western border. The
Amansuri river is situated approximately 3.5 km to the north west of the
Project site.
Lagoons and Wetlands
The largest lagoons in the region are the Domini Lagoon near Half Assini and
the Amansuri Lagoon near Esiama.
The Amansuri Lagoon is located approximately 3 km to the northwest of the

Project site. The Amansuri wetlands are seasonally flooded and have been
proposed (but not designated) as a RAMSAR wetland site. This is the largest
freshwater marsh in the western region. A second important wetland is the
system of Tano, Aby and Ehy lagoons on the south-western boarder with
Ivory Coast. Six RAMSAR wetlands exist in the country (World Bank 2006).
The low lying grasslands to the north of the community of Atuabo are
reportedly seasonally flooded and are considered to be a seasonal wetland
area.
6.3.4 Groundwater
A number of community wells are present in the local communities and the
groundwater is considered potable by local residents. The depth of the water
table seems to vary across the Project site, with seasonal wetland areas
reported to the northeast of Atuabo.
6.3.5 Flora and Fauna
Flora
Ghana is part of the Upper Guinea forest ecosystem, a region once

characterised by dense forests. Human influence and the growth of cities in
the region have resulted in the shrinking of these natural forests (CRC-URI,
2010, World Bank 2006). Deforestation is therefore a national problem and is
estimated to occur at a rate of approximately 65,000 ha per annum, at a cost of
3.5 percent of Ghana’s GDP as well as habitat and species losses (World Bank
2006). The natural vegetation in Western Region is primary rain forest but as
a result of anthropogenic disturbance to this habitat, secondary forest
comprising pioneer species and their successors, now dominates over the
naturally forested areas. As a result of continued collection of wood for
fuel/cooking and poor agricultural practices, disturbed areas are prone to
increasing rates of desertification (Allotey, 2007).
The coastal region is dominated by vegetation comprising of palm trees and

thorny shrubs (HPI, 2009). Previously forested land is now used for
plantations (coconuts, palm oil, rubber), forestry activities and farming.

42
The physical environment of the area has been affected by human activities
and no fully natural habitats were observed, although natural areas are
reported to occur to the north of Asemdasuazo (north of the Project site). No
rivers or other surface water features were observed on the site between
Atuabo and Anorkyi, although it is understood that the grassland area is
flooded during the wet season and that there are small waterways and
streams north of the community of Asemdasuazo, as well as the Amansuri
river and wetland system.
The vegetation in the Amansuri wetland area (closest portion located

approximately 3 km to the northwest of the Project site) is Wet Evergreen
Forest, with swamp-forest in wetter parts. The most common tree in the
wetland areas is the Raffia Palm (Raphia vinifera), which grows in stands along
with the large spiny aroid (Cyrtosperma senegalense). The drier portions
adjacent to the wetland areas comprise mainly sedges and grasses. The areas
around the Amansuri wetland experiences seasonal flooding. The resulting
difficulties to access these areas mean that large areas surrounding the
Amansuri wetlands are undisturbed.
Fauna
Terrestrial fauna include relatively small animals living in primary or

secondary vegetation in the region. These include frogs, toads, snakes and
mice as well as smaller antelope species such as duiker. Many bird species are
too present in the Project region, and may be of conservation significance
(HPI, 2009).
With the decrease in fish catches in recent years, the hunting of wild animals
for sale and consumption of bushmeat has increased sharply. As a result the
biomass of terrestrial wildlife species has dramatically declined (World Bank
2006, Brashares et al. 2004).
Specialist fauna and flora studies will be undertaken on the Project site to
determine whether there are any rare or endangered species present in the
proposed site area as well as the abundance and species composition of faunal
communities.
6.3.6 Birds
The west coast of Africa forms an important section of the East Atlantic
Flyway, an internationally-important migration route for a range of bird
species, especially shore birds and seabirds (Boere et al, 2006, Flegg 2004). The
highest concentrations of seabirds are experienced during the spring and
autumn migrations, around March and April, and September and October.
Waders are present during the winter months between October and March.
Seabirds known to follow this migration route include a number of tern
species (Sterna spp), skuas (Stercorarius and Catharacta spp) and petrels
(Hydrobatidae). Species of waders known to migrate along the flyway

43
include sanderling (Calidris alba) and knot (Calidris canuta) and are associated
also with the wetland areas in the Western Region.
Common species reported as occurring at the Amansuri wetlands close to the

Project site include the grey plover (Pluvialis squatarola), the ringed plover
(Charadrius hiaticula), the common sandpiper (Tringa hypoleucos) and the
ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres). The eurasian oystercatcher (Haematopus
ostralegus) are also sighted (up to 30 individuals) on the beaches close to the
Amansuri wetland area, the only location in Ghana where this species is
reported with some frequency. The royal tern, (Sterna maxima), sandwich
terns (S. sandvicensis), common tern (S. hirundo) and the black tern (Chlidonias
niger) also regularly roost on sandbanks in the estuary. Other species
occurring in the inland freshwater lagoon and swamp areas include gallinules,
crakes and jacanas.
The marine birds of Ghana include storm petrels (Oceanodroma castro) and
Ascension frigate birds (Fregata aquila). Records dating back to the 1960s
reveal only limited sightings of a few species (Elgood et al, 1994). The rarity of
oceanic birds may be attributable to the absence of suitable breeding sites (eg
remote islands and rocky cliffs) off the Ghana coast and in the Gulf of Guinea.
The black tern (Chlidonias niger), white winged black tern (Chlidonias
leucopterus), royal tern (Sterna maxima), common tern (Sterna hirundo),
Sandwich tern (Sterna sandvicensis), great black-back gull (Larus marinus),
lesser black-back gull (Larus fuscus), pomarine skua (Stercorarius pomarinus)
and great skua (Catharacta skua) have also been reported in the offshore
environment of Ghana (WAGP, 2004).
Bird sighting records from the environmental baseline study will be used to
update the description on avian fauna in the ESIA Report.
6.3.7 Designated and Protected Areas
The Ankasa reserve, located approximately 20 km to the north of the Project

site, is designated as a resource reserve, with the highest biodiversity in
Ghana. This reserve includes approximately 800 floral species, including
some a number of endemic species and is considered to be globally important
in terms of biodiversity (World Bank 2006, Burgess et al. 2005, Allotey 2007).
The Cape Three Points Reserve, is located to the is the last protected remnant
of the primary coastal forest that once extended along the major segments of
the coastline of the Gulf of Guinea (CRC-URI, 2010).
There are 40 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) designated by Birdlife International

within Ghana (Birdlife International, 2011); one of which, the Amansuri
wetland, is located 3 km to the north west of the Project site.
The Amansuri wetland is the largest stand of intact swamp-forest in Ghana,

with large portions of the wetland still in a relatively pristine condition. The
wetland is classified as a blackwater area, and as such, the fauna on the site is
species-poor, but distinctive. The Ghana Wildlife Society (with funding from

44
the Dutch government) is involved in the proposed designation as a RAMSAR
site (Birdlife International, 2012) and the establishment of the area as a
Community Nature Reserve. The area is used by local communities such as
the Nzulenso, a community living on stilt houses within the Amansuri Lake.
The Nzulenso community fishes within the freshwater lagoon and this is
regulated by well-enforced cultural practices to ensure sustainability and
pollution prevention (Birdlife International, 2012).
6.4 BIOLOGICAL BASELINE – MARINE
6.4.1 Plankton
Plankton community composition and abundance is variable and depends

upon water circulation into and around the Gulf of Guinea, the time of year,
nutrient availability, depth, and temperature stratification.
Information on plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) was sourced from

previously documented surveys in offshore areas within the Gulf of Guinea,
including ESIAs for the West Africa Gas Pipeline Project (WAGP, 2004) and
other research programmes (eg Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem
project Fisheries Resource Surveys, 2006-2007) and available published
sources (eg Wiafe, 2002).
Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton, grouped as diatoms, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores, are

microscopic and range between 30 µm and 60 µm in size. Primary production
is linked to the amount of inorganic carbon assimilated by phytoplankton via
the process of photosynthesis.
A range of 69 species of phytoplankton were identified between in the

nearshore area (15 to 65 m depth) between Nigeria and Ghana (WAGP, 2004)
and the phytoplankton community was dominated by Chaetoceros spp.
possibly a result of planktonic responses to seasonality of the hydrographic
regime (Wiafe, 2002). Other planktonic species included Dinophysis acuta, a
harmful microalgae with the potential to cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning
in bloom condition at high concentrations (Anderson et al, 2001). Distribution
of the species indicated that Penilia avirostris, a cladoceran, dominated the
community in terms of number of individuals. However, a dinoflagellate
species, Chaetoceros spp., occurred in high numbers at all locations sampled.
The diversity of phytoplankton species ranked highest compared to those
recorded offshore of Togo, Benin, and Nigeria (WAGP, 2004).
The primary production values obtained within the near shore areas indicate a
system of relatively high productivity. Primary production determined for
the Gulf of Guinea is about 4,305 to 5,956 mgC/m2/day. Typically,
productivity in the offshore ecosystems (100 to 200 m water depth) range from

45
10 mg C/m3/day to 100 mg C/m3/day in terms of volume, or from
75 mgC/m2/day to 1,000 mg C/m2/day in terms of area.
Zooplankton
Offshore zooplankton assemblages are dominated by copepods, followed by

Ostracods (1), Appendicularians (2) and Chaetognaths (3). Maximum
abundance is during the primary upwelling although they are also abundant
during the secondary upwelling (4). WAGP (2004) surveys in the nearshore
area (15-65 m depth) identified 52 zooplankton species with Penilia avirostris,
Temora stylifera and Para-Clausocalanus spp. dominating the zooplankton
community.
Species of zooplankton recorded in the nearshore environment in the Western

Region of Ghana included Cyclopoids: Oncaea, Corycaeus, Farranula; Calanoids:
Acartia, Clausocalanus, Calanoides, Temora, Centropages, cirripid nauplius, Podon,
Evadne, Penilia, Lucifer protozoa, Appendicularia/ Oikopleuara, Pontellia nauplius
and Sagitta.
Benthic decapod larvae and large crustacean numbers are at their highest
between February and June and October and December. Carnivorous species
dominate the plankton during the warm season and diversity is high but
abundance low. Herbivorous zooplankton, dominated by Calanoides carinatus
is highly abundant in upwelling conditions. These are later replaced by
omnivorous species (eg Temora turbinate and Centropages chierchise).
Algae
Green algae blooms occur seasonally and are expected to be a result of over-
fertilisation of soils alongside rivers draining into the sea, as well as the
outflow of untreated sewage into rivers and the sea (CRC-URI, 2010).
6.4.2 Molluscs and Crustaceans
A variety of molluscs and crustaceans are known to be found in the coastal

waters off Ghana. Species in these taxa are found on continental shelf and
slope areas to a maximum of 450 m. The following list comprises the species
known to be found in the area:
• common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis);

• pink cuttlefish (Sepia orbignyana);
• common squid (Loligo vulgaris);
• common octopus (Octopus vulgaris);
• green (spiny) lobster (Panulirus regius);
(1) Ostracoda is a class of the Crustacea, sometimes known as the seed shrimp because of their appearance.
(2) Larvaceans (Class Appendicularia) are solitary, free-swimming underwater saclike filter feeders found throughout the
world's oceans.
(3) Chaetognatha is a phylum of predatory marine worms that are a major component of plankton worldwide.
(4) The major upwelling begins between late June or early July when sea surface temperatures fall below 25°C and ends
between late September or early October. The minor upwelling occurs either in December, January or February and rarely
lasts for more

46
• deep-sea rose shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris);
• southern pink shrimp (Penaeus notialis);
• Caramote prawn (Penaeus kerathurus); and
• Guinea shrimp (Parapenaeopsis atlantica).
Of these species the highest catches are of the cuttlefish species, followed by
the crustaceans, particularly green (spiny) lobster.
6.4.3 Fish Ecology
The composition and distribution of fish species found in Ghanaian waters is

influenced by the seasonal upwelling that occurs between Nigeria and the
Ivory Coast mainly in July to September and to a lesser extent in December to
February. The transport of nutrient-rich deep waters to the nutrient-depleted
surface water stimulates high levels of primary productivity. This in turn
increases production in zooplankton and fish. The fish species found in
Ghanaian waters can be divided into four main groups, namely pelagic
species, demersal species and deepwater species.
Pelagic Species
The pelagic fish assemblage consists of a number of species that are exploited
commercially but are also important members of the pelagic ecosystem,
providing food for a number of large predators, particularly large pelagic fish
such as tuna, billfish and sharks. The most important pelagic fish species
found in the coastal and offshore waters of Ghana are round sardinella
(Sardinella aurita), flat sardinella (S. maderensis), European anchovy (Engraulis
encrasicolus) and chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus). These species represent
approximately 80 percent of the total catch landed in the country
(approximately 200,000 tonnes per annum). In terms of biomass, acoustic
surveys have shown that the two sardinella species and the European
anchovy represent almost 60 percent of the total biomass in Ghanaian waters
(FAO and UNDP, 2006).
Other commercially important pelagic species (1) found in Ghanaian waters

include horse mackerel (Trachurus sp), little tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus),
bonga shad (Ethmalosa fimbriata), African moonfish (Selene dorsalis), West
African Ilisha (Ilisha africana), largehead hairtail (Triciurus lepturus), crevalle
jack (Caranx hippos), Atlantic bumper (Chloroscombrus chrysurus), barracuda
(Sphyraena sp), long-finned Herring (Opisthopterus tardoore), kingfish / West
African Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus tritor) and frigate mackerel (Auxis
thazard).
Large pelagic fish stocks off the coast of Ghana include tuna and billfish.
These species are highly migratory and occupy the surface waters of the entire
tropical and sub-tropical Atlantic Ocean. They are important species in the
(1) ‘Other pelagic species’ include those listed in Jubilee Phase 1 ESIA Report and verified during consultations in Ghana in
April 2011 as part of the Fisheries study.

47
ecosystem as both predators and prey for sharks, other tuna and cetaceans as
well as providing an important commercial resource for industrial fisheries.
The tuna species are skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna
(Thunnus albacares) and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus). Billfish species occur in
much lower numbers and comprise swordfish (Xiphias gladius), Atlantic blue
marlin (Makaira nigricans) and Atlantic sailfish (Istiophorus albicans). Small, but
significant shark fishery in Ghana targets blue sharks (Prionace glauca) and
hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna sp).
Demersal Species
Trawl surveys have shown that demersal fish are widespread on the
continental shelf along the entire length of the Ghanaian coastline (Koranteng
2001). Species composition is a typical tropical assemblage including the
following families.
• Porgies or Seabreams (Sparidae) (eg bluespotted seabream Pagrus

caeruleostictus, Angola dentex Dentex angolensis, Congo dentex Dentex
congoensis, canary dentex Dentex canariensis and pink dentex Dentex
gibbosus);
• Grunts (Haemulidae) (eg bigeye grunt Brachydeuterus auritus and to a

lesser degree sompat grunt Pomadasys jubelini and bastard grunt Pomadasys
incisus);
• Croakers or drums (Sciaenidae) (eg red pandora Pellagus bellottii, Cassava

croaker Pseudotolithus senegalensis);
• Goatfishes (Mullidae) (eg West African goatfish/red mullet Pseudupeneus

prayensis);
• Snappers (Lutjanidae) (golden African snapper Lutjanus fulgens, Goreean

Snapper Lutjanus goreensis);
• Groupers (Serranidae) (eg white grouper Epinephelus aeneus);
• Threadfins (Polynemidae) (eg lesser African threadfin Galeoides

decadactylus);
• Emperors (Lethrinidae) (eg Atlantic emperor Lethrinus atlanticus); and
• Triggerfish (eg grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus).
The seasonal upwelling provokes changes in the geographical distribution of

many of the demersal fish species. During the upwelling season, the
bathymetric extension of the croakers is reduced to a minimum, while the
deep water porgies are found nearer the coast than at other times of the year.

48
The demersal species that are most important commercially (in terms of catch
volumes) are cassava croaker (Pseudotolithus senegalensis), bigeye grunt
(Brachydeuterus auritus), red pandora (Pellagus bellottii), Angola dentex (Dentex
angolensis), Congo dentex (Dentex congoensis) and West African Goatfish
(Pseudupeneus prayensis). The cassava croaker is considered the most
commercially important demersal fish in West African waters, although it is
reported that in recent years in Ghana their importance has declined (Froese
and Pauly, 2009). They are distributed along the west coast of Africa as far
south as Namibia and as far north as Morocco. They are a demersal species
occupying both marine and brackish water down to a depth of 70 m and are
found in coastal waters over muddy, sandy or rocky bottoms.
Deep Sea Species
Froese and Pauly (2009) lists 89 deep-sea fish species from 28 families
including Alepocephalidae, Gonostomatidae, Myctophodae and Stomiidae
that are likely to be found in Ghanaian waters. Information on the
distribution of specific deep water species is in Ghanaian waters is limited.
Protected or Endangered Species
The sensitive species in Ghanaian waters according to the International Union

for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list (IUCN, 2011) are presented in
Table 6.4. A number of these species are commercially important and are
subjected to heavy exploitation, particularly Albacore tuna and swordfish. It
should be noted that Albacore catches in Ghanaian waters are not currently
recorded (ICCAT Fish stat data).
In the global context there is concern about the bigeye tuna stocks. The
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) has
listed it as the species of greatest concern, after the bluefin, in terms of its
population status and the unsustainable levels of exploitation exacted on this
species.
Table 6.1 Threatened Fish Species in Ghanian Waters (IUCN, 2011)
Scientific name Common name Red List Category

Cephalopholis taeniops African Hind Data Deficient
Dasyatis margarita Ray species Endangered
Epinephelus aeneus White Grouper Near Threatened
Epinephelus caninus Dogtooth Grouper Data Deficient
Epinephelus costae Goldblotch Grouper Data Deficient
Epinephelus goreensis Dungat Grouper Data Deficient
Epinephelus haifensis Haifa Grouper Data Deficient
Epinephelus itajara Goliath Grouper Critically Endangered
Epinephelus marginatus Dusky Grouper Endangered
Hippocampus algiricus West African Seahorse Data Deficient
Pristis pectinata Wide Sawfish Critically endangered
Pristis perotteti Largetooth Sawfish Critically endangered
Raja undulata Undulate Ray Endangered
Rhinobatos cemiculus Blackchin Guitarfish Endangered
Rhinobatos rhinobatos Common Guitarfish Endangered
Rhynchobatus luebberti Lubbert’s Guitarfish Endangered

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Scientific name Common name Red List Category
Rostroraja alba Bottlenose Skate Endangered
Sphyrna lewini Scalloped Hammerhead Endangered
Thunnus alalunga Albacore Tuna Data Deficient
Thunnus albacares Yellowfin tuna Lower Risk
Thunnus obesus Bigeye Tuna Vulnerable
Xiphius gladius Swordfish Data Deficient
The fisheries component of the environmental baseline study will provide

additional information on fishing within the nearshore, inshore and Project-
affected areas. This information will be included in the ESIA Report.
6.4.4 Marine Mammals
The ecological significance of Ghana’s coastal waters for dolphins and whales
has only recently become the subject of scientific studies, which partially
explains the lack of population abundance estimates and why their natural
history in the region remains largely unknown. The conditions created by the
seasonal upwelling in the northern Gulf of Guinea are however considered to
be favourable for marine mammals.
Specimens derived from by-catches and stranding show Ghana to have

moderately diverse cetacean fauna, comprising at least 18 species belonging to
five families: 14 species of Delphinidae (dolphins) and one species each of
families Ziphiidae (beaked whales), Physeteridae (sperm whales), Kogiidae
(pygmy sperm whales) and Balaenopteridae (rorquals). These species and the
IUCN conservation status and sensitivity are set out in Table 6.5.
Table 6.2 Dolphins and Whales of Ghana and IUCN Conservation Status
Species IUCN Status

Delphinidae
Common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Least Concern
Clymene dolphin (Stenella clymene) Data Deficient
Spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) Data Deficient
Pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuate) Least Concern
Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis) (G. Cuvier, 1829) Data Deficient
Long-beaked common dolphin ( Delphinus capensis) Data Deficient
Fraser's dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei) Least Concern
Rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) Least Concern
Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) Least Concern
Melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra) Least Concern
Pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) Data Deficient
Short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus Data Deficient
Killer whale (Orcinus orca) Data Deficient
False killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) Data Deficient
Ziphiidae (beaked whales)
Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) Least Concern
Kogiidae (pygmy sperm whales)
Dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima) Data Deficient
Physeteridae (sperm whales)
Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus or Physeter catodon) Vulnerable
Balaenopteridae (rorquals)

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Species IUCN Status
Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Least Concern
6.4.5 Turtles
The Gulf of Guinea serves as an important migration route, feeding ground

and nesting site for sea turtles. Five species of sea turtles have been identified
within Ghanaian waters, namely the loggerhead (Caretta caretta), the olive
ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), the hawksbill (Erectmochelys imbricata), the green
turtle (Chelonia mydas), and the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) (Armah et al,
1997, Fretey, 2001). The olive ridley is the most abundant turtle species in
Ghana. All five of these sea turtle species are listed by the CITES and National
Wildlife Conservation Regulations under Schedule I (Table 6.6).
Table 6.3 Turtles in the Gulf of Guinea, IUCN Conservation Status
Species IUCN Status

Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) Endangered
Olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) Vulnerable
Hawksbill (Erectmochelys imbricata), Critically endangered
Green turtle (Chelonia mydas), Endangered
Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) Critically endangered
Marine turtles spend most of their life at sea, but during the breeding season
they go ashore and lay their eggs on sandy beaches. The beaches of Ghana
from Keta to Half-Assini are important nesting areas for sea turtle species. The
nesting period stretches from July to December, with a peak in November
(Armah et al, 1997).
Approximately 70 percent of Ghana’s coastline is found suitable as nesting

habitat for sea turtles, and three species, the green turtle, olive ridley and
leatherback turtles, have been recorded nesting along the Ghanaian coast
(Armah et al, 1997; Amiteye, 2002). Population estimates from four previous
surveys of these turtle species are provided in Table 6.7, with (86.3 percent)
being olive ridley turtles.
Table 6.4 Population of Sea Turtle Species that Nest on Beaches of Ghana
Author, year Leatherback Olive ridley Green Turtle

Amiteye, 2002 46 412 32
Agyemang, 2005 30 190 10
Allman, 2007 418 134 0
Agyekumhene, 2009 74 103 0
Average 142 210 21
Source: Armah et al (1997)

51
The sandy beaches close to the Project site are reportedly used by nesting
turtles. In addition there are a number of turtle nesting sites reported to be
near the Project site (CRC-URI, 2010).
6.5 FISHERIES BASELINE
This section provides an overview of fisheries offshore Ghana from previous

baseline descriptions. The fisheries component of the environmental baseline
study will provide more specific data on fishing activities within the Project
affected area.
6.5.1 Introduction
The fishing industry in Ghana is based on resources from both marine and
inland (freshwater) waters and from coastal lagoons and aquaculture
(Quaatey, 1997; NAFAG, 2007). The fisheries sector accounts for
approximately 5 percent of the agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
(agriculture accounts for 45 to 50 percent of total Ghanaian GDP). There is a
long tradition of both artisanal and distant-water fishing fleets, the latter a
unique feature amongst West African countries (Alder and Sumaila 2004).
Most commercial marine fishing undertaken by Ghanaian vessels takes place
within the Ghanaian 200 miles EEZ.
The traditional artisanal nearshore fishery in Ghana is well developed and

provides about 70 percent of the total marine fisheries production in the
country (Korateng 1998). Fishing occurs year round but shows some
seasonality. The fish landings from coastal lagoons or estuaries provide
reasonable quantities of fish products for subsistence. Inshore fishing involves
substantial number of fishers using small scale gear such as gill nets, throw
nets and weirs.
Marine fishing activity in Ghana is strongly linked with the two seasonal
upwellings (1) that occur in the coastal waters. The major upwelling begins
between late June or early July, when sea surface temperatures fall below
25°C, and late September or early October. The minor upwelling occurs either
in December, January or February and rarely lasts for more than three weeks.
During the upwelling periods, biological activity is increased due to greater
concentrations of nutrients in the water column that have been drawn up from
deeper waters. Most fish spawn during this period and stocks are more
readily available to the fishers. For the rest of the year, catches are lower and
more sporadic.
(1) An upwelling involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface,
replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-depleted surface water.

52
6.5.2 Fish Landings
Landing Facilities
There are three deep-water ports and harbours in Ghana at Tema, Sekondi
and Takoradi that provide berthing facilities for both industrial fishing vessels
and nearshore vessels. There are four other ports at Apam, Mumford, Elmina
and Axim that provide reasonably good landing facilities for nearshore
vessels.
Physical landing facilities for artisanal fishing crafts are not as well developed.
Canoes usually operate from open beaches. There are about 300 landing
centres along the coast for marine canoes. Each landing site is under the
control of a Chief Fisherman.
Total Landings
Overall landings in the last decade (1998 to 2007) have shown a declining
trend with a number of the most important species showing particularly
marked declines particularly the main pelagic resources such as anchovies
and sardinellas (see Figure 6.3). Declines in less important pelagic resources,
such as chub mackerel, Cunene horse mackerel and Crevelle jack have also
contributed to the overall downward trend. However, demersal species show
some increases, with grunts, Atlantic bumper, red pandora, crustaceans and
demersal resources in general showing marked increases over the last ten
years. From Figure 6.3 large pelagic species, namely bigeye tuna, yellowfin
tuna and skipjack tuna appear to have increased slightly. Landings of
molluscs and crustaceans have remained constantly low.
6.5.3 Fishing Fleets
Artisanal Fishery
The artisanal sector of the industry accounts for over 70 percent of annual
marine fish production and dominates the Ghanaian fishing industry (Mensah
and Koranteng, 1988). Artisanal fishing boats operate out of 304 landing
centres in 180 fishing villages located along the coast (Sarpong et al, 2005 and
FAO, 2011). These vessels use a wide variety of fishing gear and target a
number of different species. This sector provides employment in coastal
communities, engaging over 100,000 fishermen.

53
Figure 6.2 Total Landings of Major Target Groups by Ghanaian Fisheries 1998 to 2007
West African ilisha

450,000
Seabreams
Largehead hairtail
400,000
Red pandora
Cunene horse mackerel
350,000
Crevalle jack
300,000 Atlantic bumper
Landings (tonnes) Dentex
250,000 Chub mackerel
European anchovy
200,000 Sardinellas
Grunts
150,000 Elasmobranchs
Tuna
100,000
Billfish
Crustaceans
50,000
Cephalopods
Other demersal
0
Other pelagic
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Other fish
Source: FAO, 2007
The artisanal fishing community target a wide range of species from pelagic
and demersal fish species and molluscs and crustaceans. Small pelagic species
are mainly exploited by the artisanal purse seines and beach seines targeting
species such as Sardinella species, chub mackerel and anchovies. Hook and
line, and beach seines are the main artisanal gears used to exploit demersal
resources to around 80 m. The main species they target are porgies or
seabreams (Sparidae) (eg Dentex gibbosus, Pagrus caeruleostictus and Dentex
canariensis), snappers (Lutjanidae) (eg Lutjanus fulgens, Lutjanus goreensis) and
groupers (Serranidae) (eg Epinephelus aeneus). The beach seine fleet exploits
both adult and juvenile demersal fish but mainly juvenile fish. Some of their
target species include grunts (Haemulidae) (eg Brachydeuterus auritus),
goatfishes (Mullidae) (eg Pseudupeneus prayensis), mullets (Mugil spp) and
cutlassfish (Trichiuridae) (eg Trichiurus lepturus).
Some drift gill nets deployed by artisanal fishers are used to target the small
pelagic species, but other drift gill nets are used offshore to exploit mainly
large pelagic species such as tunas (eg Thunnus albacares, Thunnus obesus),
sailfish (Istiophorus albicans), swordfish (Xiphias gladius) and sharks
(Carcharhinus spp).
Artisanal gears are also used to exploit molluscs and crustaceans. Beach
seines are used to exploit shrimps, mainly adult and juvenile Guinea/white
shrimp (Parapaeneopsis atlantica) and tiger shrimp/camarote prawn (Penaeus
kerathurus) and juvenile pink/candied shrimp (Penaeus notialis) as they move
from the estuaries into marine waters. Lobster set nets target green (spiny)
lobster (Panulirus regius), on rocky bottoms and in depths of about 40 m.

54
The Nearshore and Inshore Fishery
There are approximately 300 semi-industrial vessels presently involved in the

inshore and nearshore fishing sector operating from seven landing centres.
The majority of these semi-industrial vessels are locally built using wood and
carry both purse seine and trawl gear. The semi-industrial fleet exploits both
small pelagic and demersal species.
Between July and September vessels use their purse seines target small pelagic
species including sardinella species, chub mackerel, sparids, big-eye grunt,
cassava croaker (Pseudotolithus senegalensis), lesser African threadfin (Galeoides
decadactylus) and common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). Trawling is carried out
for the remaining part of the year targeting demersal species when pelagic
resources are less numerous; targeted species include grey triggerfish (Balistes
capriscus), seabreams, snappers, grunts and croakers (FAO, 2010). Harbour
facilities for large trawlers are available at two landing sites located along the
coastline; Tema and Takoradi while mooring for smaller trawlers is available
at Winneba, Apam, Mumford, Elmina and Sekondi.
Offshore Trawling/ Distant Water Fleet
Fishermen of the industrial sector use imported steel fishing vessels. The fleet
consists of trawlers, shrimpers and tuna boats and fishing trips may last up to
one month. There are approximately 90 vessels in the industrial fleet, made
up of around 60 trawlers and about 29 tuna boats (FAO, 2010 and ICCAT,
2009).
The industrial trawlers target semi pelagic and demersal species including
porgies or seabreams, jacks (Carangidae) (eg Caranx rhonchus), groupers,
snappers, croakers (eg Pseudotolithus senegalensis), goatfish (eg Pseudupeneus
prayensis), sole and flounders (Soleidae) as well as cuttlefish (eg Sepia
officinalis). The industrial shrimpers operate in designated areas within
Ghanaian waters between Shama and Axim, to the east of the Project site. The
number of shrimp vessels was reduced to two in 2007 and neither have been
operational since 2009 (MFRD, 2011b).
The potential yield of demersal fishes on Ghana’s continental shelf is

estimated to be up to 55,000 tonnes annually. There has been a progressive
increase in demersal landings since 2000 with catches in the region of 70,000
tonnes in 2007 (FAO, 2007), above the estimated total yield of demersal fish
species of approximately 50,000 tonnes annually. This data represents the
total annual catches and does not indicate fishing effort which will influence
the total catches.
Tuna Fleet
The Gulf of Guinea is one of the most productive tuna fishing areas in the
Atlantic Ocean due to the presence of spawning areas for yellowfin and
bigeye tuna, high densities of prey and water temperatures that suit the tuna
species. The main tuna species targeted by the tuna boats of the industrial

55
fleet, are skipjack tuna (over 50 percent), yellowfin tuna and bigeye tuna.
Total annual landings of the three species are between 60,000 and 80,000
tonnes. Total Ghanaian annual landings of all these three species have
fluctuated between approximately 51,000 and 88,000 tonnes over that past
decade (see Figure 6.4).
ICCAT carry out regular population assessments of exploited populations

within their convention area and assess the status of the entire Atlantic
populations of each species. The most recent population assessments indicate
that yellowfin and bigeye tuna resources in the Atlantic are being fully
exploited and any increase in catches would be detrimental to the fish
populations. The status of skipjack tuna populations is difficult to assess with
traditional stock assessment models due to their particular biological and
fishery characteristics, but currently the stock is not thought to be being
overexploited (ICCAT, 2009).
Figure 6.3 Annual Landings of Three Tuna Species by Ghanaian Fleet (1998-2009)
Source: FAO, 2011
Shark Fishing
The exploitation of shark fins has become a widespread business in Ghana.

The sharks are caught using driftnet (locally known as Anifa-anifa or Nifa-
nifa) and species mostly comprise of silky shark (Carcharhinus falsiformis),
black tip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus), oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus
longimanus), sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) and night shark
(Carcharhinus signatus). In Ghana, shark fishing is a year-round operation with
a peak season in October and December (Ghana, Post Harvest Fisheries
Overview, 2003) and may involve as many as 150,000 fishermen (Mensah, et al,
2006).

56
6.5.4 Commercially Important Shellfish
A variety of invertebrate species known from the wider/coastal area include

cuttle-fish (Sepia officinalis), squid (Loligo vulgaris), octopus (Octopus vulgaris),
lobster (Panulirus regius), deep-sea rose prawn (Parapenaeus longistrostris) and
shrimps (mainly Penaeus notialis, Penaeus kerathurus, Parapeneopsis atlantica).
Catches are of cuttlefish species are highest, followed by the crustaceans,

particularly decapod crustaceans such as Panulirus regius. Prawns are of lesser
importance and catches in recent years have shown some decline. However,
these species are important food items for a number of fish species and other
predators within the Ghanaian coastal and marine ecosystem.
The cuttlefish species, the common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) and the pink
cuttlefish (Sepia orbignyana), are both caught in Ghanaian waters and are both
eastern Atlantic species. The deep-sea rose prawn (Parapenaeus longirostris) is
found on the continental shelf and upper slope, between 50 and 400 m depth
over sandy sea beds. The shrimp species, southern pink shrimp (Penaeus
notialis), Caramote prawn (Penaeus kerathurus) and Guinea shrimp
(Parapenaeopsis atlantica) constitute the majority of the shrimp catch in
Ghanaian waters. They are generally associated with sandy and muddy
bottoms on the continental shelf, southern pink shrimp to a depth of 100 m,
Caramot prawn to 75 m, and Guinea shrimp to 60 m.
6.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE
The following section summarises the baseline information available on the

Western Region. The socio-economic baseline studies to be conducted during
April and May 2012 will provide more specific detail on the current socio-
economic context in the communities neighbouring the Project site.
6.6.1 Administrative Structures
The government structure in Ghana is made up of ten administrative regions

subdivided into 170 metropolitan, municipal and districts areas, each with an
administrative assembly comprised of a combination of appointed (a third)
and elected (two-thirds) officials. Each District has a District Chief Executive
(DCE) who heads the local assembly. The DCE is nominated by the President
of the country and is confirmed by the assembly through balloting. The local
government is made up of the Regional Coordinating Council (RCC), four-tier
Metropolitan and three-tier Municipal/District Assemblies with Urban/
Town/ Area/ Zonal Councils. Each Electoral Area (EA) is represented at the
assembly by an elected assembly member and has a Unit Committee.
The Paramount Chiefs are the traditional heads of the people and carry great
influence.

57
The Western Region currently comprises 14 districts, two municipalities, and
one metropolis, the latter being Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly
(STMA). The STMA was established during restructuring in 2008. It was
formed when the former Shama Ahanta East Metropolitan Assembly
(SAEMA) was split into Shama District and STMA.
6.6.2 Demographics
The population of Ghana is approximately 23 million (July 2008 estimate) with

the Western Region having approximately 2.5 million people (Government of
Ghana 2010). The Western Region has experienced accelerated population
growth over the years likely linked to in-migration resulting from increased
economic activity, particularly between 1984 and 2000, when the region
experienced a boom in both the mining and the cocoa industries. Over one
third (36 percent) of the Western Region is urbanised and the remaining 64
percent is rural.
The population of Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis (STM) was reported as

approximately 370,000 in the year 2000. It is the most populated area in the
Western Region, comprising about 15 percent of the region’s total population
and approximately 80,000 people from neighbouring districts commute to the
area for work.
The population of the Western Region is relatively young, with approximately

43 percent of the population 15 years old or younger and 5 percent of the
population are more than 64 years old. STM has the largest proportion of the
population (58 percent) in the working age group (15 to 64 years) in the region
likely due to migration of young adults to the commercial and mining towns.
The Project site is located between the communities of Atuabo, Anorkyi and
Asemdasuazo approximately 20 km east of Axim. Further detail on the
demographics of the Project area will be described within the ESIA Report/
EIS.
6.6.3 Economic Activity
Overview
Ghana’s domestic economy currently revolves around agriculture (which

includes fishing). This accounts for about 45 to 50 percent of GDP and
employs about 55 percent of the work force, mainly small landholders and
fishers. Other major sources of employment include mining and quarrying
(employing approximately 15 percent of the population), and manufacturing,
employing approximately 11 percent of the population.
The major economic activities in the capital of the Western Region (STM) are
related to the port at Takoradi. The STM is the third largest industrialised
centre in the country and there are other significant industrial and commercial
activities in the manufacturing sector (food processing, spirits production,

58
textiles, metal fabrication) and resources sector (timber, clay). The area has a
large food and goods market which is a centre for small and medium size
trading enterprises. Fisheries and tourism are the two most important
activities in relation to the Project and are discussed in further detail below.
Other economic activities include agriculture, mining, forestry and coastal salt
production.
The poverty incidence in the Western Region of Ghana ranked third highest in
the country and contributed about 6.5 percent to the national poverty level.
The levels of unemployment in the Western Region are also considered to be
high.
Economic activities within the Project area include small-scale agriculture,

processing of coconut oil, fishing, trading and also more formal sources of
employment (teaching, health care). Small-scale silica sand-mining is also
known to occur within the Project site, to the north west of Anorkyi.
Agriculture and processing of agricultural products
In the Western Region both commercial and subsistence farming is practiced.

The Western Region is the country’s leading producer of vegetable oils as a
result of extensive oil palm and coconut plantations. The region also contains
the countries largest rubber plantations (CRC-URI, 2010) and its only rubber-
processing factory which processes the rubber into a semi finished product for
export. In addition, the region is the largest commercial producer of cocoa
and timber. Subsistence farming is also widely practiced to produce food
crops such as cassava, maize, rice, cocoyam, plantain, pepper and tomatoes,
and rice is grown in some low-lying areas.
The agricultural activities within the Project area reflect those described for
the Western Region. There is evidence of agricultural activities throughout
the site, including small plots were coconuts, cassava, palmnut, plantain, corn
and vegetables are grown. Machinery for the extraction of coconut oil was
also observed within the community of Atuabo. Livestock (goats and sheep)
were observed within the communities, along the coastal road and at locations
within the site. Small herds of cattle were observed grazing in the grassland
areas north of the coastal road.
Fishing
The communities reported extensive fishing activities along this stretch of

coast by members of all three communities. Fishing activities included beach
seining and purse-seine net fishing from canoes.
Mining
Mineral mining is extensively practiced in the Western Region. Minerals

mined, include gold, manganese and bauxite. The Western Region is the
second highest producer of gold in the country. There are five major gold
mines in the Region namely AngloGold Ashanti Iduaprem, Golden Star

59
Resources Prestea and Bogoso, Tarkwa Gold Fields and Aboso Gold Fields.
Mining is undertaken by multinational companies. There are also some
artisanal miners (termed gallamsey) operating in the region.
The country’s only bauxite mine currently in production is located at Awaso

in the Bibiani-Ahweaso-Bekwai District. There are other potential deposits in
the Region however these have not as yet been fully explored for exploitation.
Deposits of alluvial diamonds in the Bonsa River Basin were exploited by
small-scale miners in the 1940s and 1950s. There is, however, potential that
the river basin could still be prospected for diamonds in the future.
Small-scale silica sand-mining is also known to occur within the Project site, to
the north west of Anorkyi.
Salt Production
It is estimated that salt production occurs in approximately 14 coastal lagoons

along the Ghanaian coast and provides employment opportunities to coastal
villages. Salt is collected from lagoon flats in the dry season when salt
crystallises out of the super-saturated lagoon water. In addition, dedicated
man-made saltpans with low dikes are used (Armah et al, 2004). Salt
production is not widely practiced in the coastal Districts of the Western
Region.
Import/ Export
The deep-water port at Takoradi handles about 62 percent of total national

export and 20 percent of total national imports annually. The main exports
are manganese, bauxite, cocoa beans and forest products (mainly sawn
timber). The main imports are clinker (for cement production), containerised
cargo, lime products, petroleum products and wheat.
Tourism and Cultural Heritage
According to the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (2010), Ghana’s tourism

sector is expected to grow at an average rate of 4.1 percent per annum over the
next two decades. Since the late 1980s tourism has received considerable
attention in the economic development strategy of Ghana. The number of
tourist arrivals and amount of tourists’ expenditure has steadily increased,
while both public and private investment activity in various tourism sub-
sectors have expanded (GIPC, 2010).
Ghana has a wide range of natural, cultural and historical attractions, which
provides the basis for the growing tourism industry. The tourism potential in
the Western Region is related to the number and extent of pristine tropical
beaches as well as wildlife parks and forest and game reserves featuring
tropical rainforests, inland lakes and rivers. Some of the most popular
recreational beaches along the western coastline are located at Biriwa, Brenu
Akyinim, Busua, Butre, Cape Coast, Egyembra, Elmina, Komeda, Sekondi and

60
Takoradi (GTB, 2010). Hotels are generally located at popular beach
destination and at commercial centres.
6.6.4 Overview of Local Communities
Atuabo
The community of Atuabo is located on either side of the coastal road. The
community stretches from the northern side of the coastal road to the beach
and is bounded by coconut plantations to the east. The community comprises
many permanent houses, a number of schools (with sports fields), community
boreholes, at least two churches and one mosque. There are no tarred or
graded roads within the community. There is a town hall building at the
centre of the community close to the Paramount Chief’s residence. A
cemetery is located on the outskirts of the community to the east.
Anorkyi
Anorkyi is a smaller community also located on both sides of the coastal road
to the east of Atuabo. The community comprises a group of permanent
structures, a number of boreholes and at least one school.
Asemdasuazo
The community of Asemdasuazo is located north of the coastal road and is

accessed along a track, intersecting with the coastal road close to Atuabo. The
track is in poor condition and runs through the grassland/seasonal wetland
area. This community is the smallest of the three visited and comprises
permanent houses, a school and at least two boreholes.
6.7 MARINE INFRASTRUCTURE AND SHIPPING
Ports and Harbours
The Port of Takoradi was built as the first commercial port of Ghana in 1928 to
handle imports and exports to and from the country. The port currently has a
covered storage area of 140,000 m2 and has an open storage area of 250,000 m2.
It has a wide range of vessels supporting its operations including tugboats,
lighter tugs, a water barge and a patrol boat. The port handles both domestic
and transit cargoes and currently handles about 600 vessels annually, which is
37 percent of the total national seaborne traffic, 62 percent of total national
export and 20 percent of total national imports annually. Almost 160,000
tonnes of cargo are handled annually at the port. The Port of Takoradi also
has a fishing harbour located at Sekondi, which has an ice plant that can
accommodate vessels with up to 3 m draft.

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Shipping and Navigation
Figure 6.5 presents data from commercial vessel movements off West Africa
during 2005 showing the general shipping lanes.
Figure 6.4 Shipping Lanes off West Africa
Source: http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/GlobalMarine/impacts
Oil and Gas
Exploration and appraisal drilling activities in the Deepwater Tano and West
Cape Three Points concession blocks are ongoing during 2011. In the Jubilee
Field subsea equipment (wellheads, manifolds, umbilicals and flow lines) has
been installed since January 2010 and the FPSO Kwame Nkrumah is currently
located on site at 4°35’47.930’ north, 2°53’30.934’ west. Production started in
November 2010 and by November 2011, Phase 1 well completions should
have finished, comprising a total of 17 wells. Crude oil stored on the FPSO is
transferred to an export tanker approximately every five to seven days at peak
production. A 1 km safety exclusion zone centred at the FPSO turret and a
further 10 km radius advisory zone covers the entire Jubilee Unit operational
area.
Pipelines and Cables
There are several existing and planned submarine cables and pipelines
offshore Ghana although none are in the vicinity of the Project site at Atuabo.

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7 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Scoping in ESIA serves principally to identify those impacts most likely to be

significant and therefore need to be addressed in the ESIA. Scoping also
includes elements of consultation with stakeholders to identify specific
sensitivities and key issues, resources and receptors that may be affected by
the Project.
In undertaking the ESIA scoping phase, the ESIA team has drawn upon:
• its knowledge of sources of potential impact associated with port

developments;
• an identification of the main environmental and social resources and

receptors from the preliminary baseline data collection work; and
• the results of the initial scoping consultation.
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RESOURCES AND RECEPTORS
For this Project the following main resource / receptor types were identified.
• Physical Environment: including the seabed, marine and terrestrial

sediment/ soil quality, marine, surface and groundwater water quality,
hydrodynamics, air quality and noise emissions.
• Natural Environment: including plankton, benthic communities, pelagic

and demersal fish, marine mammals, turtles, birds, marine, coastal,
terrestrial and wetland ecosystems as well as terrestrial habitats and fauna
and flora.
• Human Environment: including coastal communities, fishing (artisanal),

agricultural activities, small-scale mining, land use, infrastructure/
services, navigation/shipping, tourism/recreation, the economy,
including employment and business opportunities and occupational and
community health and safety.
7.3 IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS
Based on the interactions between Project activities outlined in Chapter 2 and

the environmental receptors or resources listed above, the development of the
Project will result in potential impacts.

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As per standard methodology for the scoping phase, the potential impacts
have been identified without consideration of mitigation and management
actions that Lonrho will need to undertake. This was to be able to identify the
full scope of potential impacts and these may be further ‘screened out’ from
the ESIA process, as the design and ESIA processes progress. The impacts
that will be assessed in detail in the ESIA can be grouped as follows.
• Terrestrial soils and geology;

• Surface and groundwater;
• Terrestrial ecology;
• Air emissions;
• Noise and vibration;
• Waste management;
• Marine fauna, including benthos and fisheries;
• Coastal processes;
• Livelihoods and resettlement impacts;
• Macroeconomic benefits;
• Demographics and in-migration;
• Cultural resources;
• Socio-cultural institutions and cohesion;
• Social infrastructure;
• Tourism;
• Visual and lightspill;
• Transportation and access;
• Community and occupational health and safety (H&S);
• Marine traffic; and
• Cumulative and transboundary impacts.
At this stage of the ESIA process, no importance should to be given to the

grouping of the issues into these categories or to the order in which they are
presented.
Also please note that impacts are evaluated with consideration of routine
operations. Potential impacts due to accidents and upset conditions will be
evaluated separately in the Impact Assessment phase to follow.
7.3.1 Terrestrial Soils and Geology
The key impacts identified include the following:
• Soil properties at the site could be permanently altered due to site

clearance and preparation activities;
• Soil quality and properties could be altered through compaction created

by construction, operations, and demolition activities;
• Clearing and grading activities could alter local topography; and

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• Clearing, grading, and restoration could cause instability of soil at the site.
7.3.2 Surface and Groundwater
• Clearing and grading activities during construction could alter surface

water drainage patterns and destroy or disturb the wetland areas;
• Surface water quantity and quality could be affected by construction

activities;
• Surface water and wetland areas could be affected should water

abstraction be required for the Project;
• Water quality could be degraded due to erosion and surface water runoff;
• Surface water and groundwater could be contaminated through accidental

fuel spills and waste storage and disposal activities; and
• Groundwater levels and groundwater users could be impacted should

groundwater need to be abstracted for the Project.
7.3.3 Terrestrial Ecology
• Site clearing will result in removal of vegetation and habitat;
• Noise and vibrations during operations have the potential to disturb local
fauna; and
• Increased vehicular movements, particularly during construction and

decommissioning, could impact fauna.
7.3.4 Air Emissions
• Dust and engine emissions created by construction activities could impact

air quality; and
• Impacts caused by the release of exhaust emissions to the atmosphere from

the aircraft using the airstrip, the port support vessels, supply vessels, rigs
using the port as well as waste management activities (incinerator) could
have impacts on air quality.

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7.3.5 Noise and Vibration
• Equipment and activities will create noise and vibration during marine
and terrestrial construction and operations that could impact the sensitive
receptors close to the site;
• The noise generated by the aircraft using the airstrip could cause a
disturbance to local sensitive receptors; and
• Truck traffic during construction and additional vehicular traffic during

operation will create noise and vibration along access routes.
7.3.6 Waste Management
Waste from the construction and operational activities may arise from a range
of sources including excavated material (eg rock, sand, vegetation, trees) and
waste from construction workers, equipment, materials and vehicles.
Waste during operations will result from general operation activities at the
port (workshops, repair facilities, offices and accommodation) as well as solid
waste, effluent and bilge water and drilling wastes from the vessels and rigs
offshore.
Depending on the method of waste storage, treatment and disposal, impacts

could be felt on surface or groundwater, flora and fauna and/ or local
communities.
7.3.7 Marine Fauna, including Benthos and Fisheries
• The marine engineering works (construction of the breakwater and

groyne) could result in the covering of the seabed and disturbance of
marine fauna;
• The dredging (and the associated turbidity and sedimentation) to create

the entrance channel, turning circle and berths as well as the planned
maintenance dredging will destroy and disturb benthic fauna in these
areas;
• The disposal of the dredged material will cover the seabed would disturb
the benthos and marine fauna within the plume; and
• The modification of the beach area between Atuabo and Anorkyi will
result in the modification of turtles nesting habitat.

66
7.3.8 Coastal Processes
The key impacts identified relate to the changes in sediment transport will
result in a modified accretion and erosion patterns along the coastline around
the port and the potential impacts on marine and coastal fauna and local
communities.
7.3.9 Livelihoods and Resettlement Impacts
• The acquisition of the land for the Project site will result in the disturbance
of farming, animal rearing and small-scale agricultural processing
activities currently undertaken by local communities;
• The acquisition of the land for the Project site will result in potential for
disturbance to the commercial silica sand mining activities known to have
been undertaken to the north west of Anorkyi;
• Site clearing and grading activities could affect farming, the informal
collection of food products and other livelihood activities in the area;
• The construction of the port and the exclusion zones will prevent access to
current fishing grounds and boat landing areas used by the local fishers;
• The increased shipping activities near the coast could result in the
disruption of fishing activities and nets;
• Procurement of goods and services has the potential to result in positive

impacts by stimulating local small and medium sized business
development and generation of profits. During construction, the presence
of construction workers in the Project area may enhance the local economy
through their purchase of local goods;
• Direct employment by the Project and indirect employment in the supply

chain by contractors and suppliers will have a positive impact on those
people employed, their families and their local communities from wages
and other benefits. Similarly, skills development and training in the oil
and gas sector will benefit those involved;
• The procurement and employment process, which will result in some

people directly benefitting from the Project while others may not, may
create conflict between local residents;
• Construction traffic related to transport of materials and equipment by

road may disrupt local livelihoods;

67
• Project demands for goods and services have the potential to lead to
shortages and price increases placing greater financial pressure on the
local population; and
• Positive impacts will include the provision and upgrading of

infrastructure (especially roads).
7.3.10 Macroeconomic Benefits
• The establishment of the port in Ghana (and the rig repair and
recertification facilities in particular) will draw vessels and rigs in the
region to the port, resulting in increased revenues as well as large capital
investments in local infrastructure and the training of local personnel,
therefore adding to Ghana’s GDP; and
• Revenue generated by the Project as a shareholder in the port Project will

be a source of income for the government.
7.3.11 Demographics and In-migration
The perceived employment and other opportunities could result in in-

migration to the Project area, thereby changing the demographics of the local
communities, with a number of secondary impacts on cultural practices and
social cohesion.
7.3.12 Socio-cultural Institutions and Cohesion
• The presence of workers in the Project area and the money they earn and
spend may cause changes to local customs and norms causing social
tensions and impacting on social institutions;
• Impacts on local livelihoods (eg farming, fishing) from Project construction

and operation activities could also impact on social institutions and
cohesion of the local communities since livelihoods and social institutions
are often closely bound with each other;
• An influx of people to the area could threaten existing cultural and

traditional structures and create conflict between those wanting to maintain
the status quo and those eager for the changes; and
• The development of the Project could change the remote, rural nature of
the area and with that, alter residents’ sense of place and identity which has
been established over generations.

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7.3.13 Cultural Resources
• Land acquisition for the port could impact on cultural sites;
• Site clearing and grading could have an impact on local cultural sites; and
• The presence of workers in the Project area, transportation of materials

and equipment to the construction sites may impact on cultural areas.
7.3.14 Social Infrastructure
• The presence of workers in the Project area could have an impact on local
social amenities (water, electricity, roads, schools, health centres) although
the Project site will be self sufficient and will establish water supply and
electricity facilities ;
• There may be increased strain on the capacity of the public infrastructure

(eg roads) and services (eg hospitals) due to Project related activities; and
• While there might be a temporary pressure on these amenities in the short

term, there may also be a positive impact on infrastructure development in
the medium to long term as a result of development in the Project area.
7.3.15 Visual and Lightspill
• Facility lighting may impact local people and terrestrial fauna (especially
the position of the tank farm); and
• Presence of facilities may impact visual character of the rural environment

and have impacts on the sense of place.
7.3.16 Tourism
The development of the port, and increased industrial activity in the area may
have a negative impact on the tourism development potential of the area.
7.3.17 Transportation and Access
• Site clearing and grading could have an impact on local transport routes
and footpaths and access to the area;

69
• Access to water and water quality impacts could negatively affect local
communities;
• The presence of workers in the area and their use of local buses and taxis,
may impact negatively on access to local transport (increases prices and
overcrowding) but also may provide an opportunity for the development
of additional of transport services in the area;
• Transportation of waste from the site and materials and equipment to the
Project area may impact on local transport and access; and
• The development of the airstrip will provide easier access for people to
travel to the Western Region.
7.3.18 Community and Occupational H&S
• The presence of non-local workers and other Project-related workers could

introduce communicable diseases and sexually transmitted diseases;
• The may be health impacts to nearby communities from onshore

operations if unmanaged Project discharges or emissions result in reduced
local air or water quality;
• There is the potential for increased risks to fishers on small boats in the
vicinity of large ships;
• The presence of non-local workers and other Project-related workers may

lead to an increase in social pathologies such as prostitution and the
potential influx of job seekers and associate unemployment may lead to an
increase in crime levels;
• Dust and engine emissions created by construction activities could impact

air quality and hence community health;
• Water quality could be degraded due to potential accidental spills, erosion

and surface water runoff from contaminated hardened surfaces;
• Shallow and deep groundwater could be contaminated through accidental

releases of fuels or product;
• Equipment and activities will create noise and vibration during

construction, operations and demolition that could impact human health;
• Movement of materials and workers during construction could impact

public safety;

70
• The presence of workers in the Project area could result in a change in the
disease profile of the local population particularly of STDs and HIV/AIDS;
and
• Hazardous activities during construction and operation could impact

worker safety.
7.3.19 Marine Traffic
The key impacts identified is additional vessel movements associated with the
Project in the area has the potential to disrupt existing commercial shipping
traffic.
7.3.20 Cumulative and Transboundary Impacts
An ESIA requires consideration of the direct effects and any indirect,

secondary and cumulative effects of a project. A cumulative impact is defined
as an impact that results from incremental changes caused by other past,
present or reasonably foreseeable actions together with the proposed Project.
The following categories of cumulative impacts will be addressed in the ESIA:
• livelihoods and fishing;

• biodiversity;
• environmental quality;
• coastal processes; and
• socio-economic effects.
The Project is located near the border with Cote d’Ivoire and ecological
systems are connected so some interaction may occur. Transboundary
impacts will therefore also be addressed in the ESIA.

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8 TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR ESIA
8.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides the proposed Terms of Reference for the ESIA and in
structured as follows.
• Next steps required to complete the ESIA process;

• Proposed baseline studies;
• Stakeholder engagement;
• Outline structure of the ESIA Report (or EIS); and
• Provisional schedule for the ESIA process.
8.2 NEXT STEPS TO COMPLETE THE ESIA PROCESS
Following submission of the Scoping Report to EPA, the ESIA team will
undertake the following tasks.
• The Project description will be updated and finalised as further

engineering details become available from the engineering design process.
The ESIA team will work with Lonrho’s engineering contractors and
confirm parameters for the modelling studies and impact assessment;
• Baseline data collection and specialist studies (including modelling

studies) will be completed and reported in an environmental and social
baseline chapter as part of the ESIA Report (see Section 8.3 below);
• Impact assessment will be undertaken to determine significance ratings

according to predefined impact assessment methodology. The proposed
impact assessment methodology is attached in Annex E;
• Mitigation and monitoring measures will be developed and an outline

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will be prepared as part of the
ESIA;
• Stakeholder engagement will continue throughout the ESIA process (see

Section 8.4 below); and
• The findings of the ESIA will be reported in a comprehensive ESIA Report

will be ESIA Report for regulator review and public comment. A Final
ESIA Report/ EIS will be submitted addressing regulator and public
comments.

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8.3 PROPOSED BASELINE STUDIES
During the ESIA, information will be collated and reviewed and studies will
be undertaken to provide additional information on the current
environmental and socio-economic baseline against which the identified
potential impacts will be assessed. Apart from further desktop research,
specialist studies will also be undertaken to assess key issues identified during
the ESIA Scoping study. Specialists with qualifications in the particular
resource area and knowledgeable of the local conditions will be used. The
scope of these specialist studies are presented below in Table 8.1.
Spatial data collected or created during the ESIA will be stored in a

Geographical Information System (GIS) for subsequent combination and
analysis and the graphical presentation of the results in the ESIA Report/ EIS.
8.3.1 Environmental Baseline
The ESIA team will be conducting an environmental baseline study for both
wet and dry seasons. Primary biophysical baseline data will collected by
various environmental specialists within ERM and ESL Consulting (Table 8.1),
on behalf of Lonrho.
Seasonal Variations
For the ESIA, sampling will be conducted during both the wet and dry
seasons. ERM, is planning to undertake the dry season baseline sampling
during April/May 2012. Due to the timing imperatives for the completion of
the ESIA process, ERM intends to proceed with the impact assessment and
determination of the mitigation measures based on the results of primary data
collected during the dry season, and using secondary data to describe the
biophysical conditions during the wet season. ERM will then submit the ESIA
Report/ EIS to EPA for their consideration.
ERM, on behalf of Lonrho, is then planning to undertake primary data

collection during the wet season (estimated as June/ July 2012) to confirm and
substantiate the secondary data used and the conclusions of the ESIA Report/
EIS. These results would be submitted to EPA for their consideration as a
supplement to the ESIA Report/ EIS.
8.3.2 Socio-economic Baseline
Socio-economic data collection will be undertaken by ERM and SRC and

supported by Lonrho. Data will be collected using a range of methods,
including review of secondary data and supplemented with primary data
collection through key informant and focus group interviews within the three
communities of Atuabo, Anorkyi and Asemdasuazo.
The primary baseline data will be used to ground-truth available secondary

data and characterise the communities, as well as to contextualise the socio-
economic, socio-cultural, political environment and overall quality of life. The

73
data collection process will focus on gathering information based around
several data categories outlined in Table 8.1,
The data collection work will focus on providing a description of the socio-
economic status and condition of potentially affected communities and
stakeholders. Findings of the consultation process will also inform the
assessment of socio-economic impacts. The study area will focus on the three
communities of Atuabo, Arorkyi and Asemdasuazo.

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Table 8.1 Overview of Scope of Baseline Studies
Resource Potential Area of Approach Parameters

Influence
Terrestrial Soils and Soils in the immediate A geologist/ sediment scientist will undertake For field and laboratory testing of soil samples:
Geology area of the proposed sites study of:
• grain size
• soil physico-chemical characteristics; • total organic matter
• regional geology; • hydrocarbons
• existing soil contamination; • heavy metals
• soil capability for agricultural use • soil microbiology
• land use (present and historic). • soil permeability, texture, particle size
distribution, porosity, bearing capacity
Investigation will include observations, test pits
(for soil profiling), and laboratory analysis of
three surface soil samples on and around the
Project site for each season. Sample locations will
be selected to represent the various soil types
identified.
Surface water Surface water bodies A specialists will carryout a study to: For field and laboratory testing of surface water
within the zone of samples:
influence • determine surface water conditions;
• determine quality of surface • pH
• identify public and private surface water use • salinity
sources in the potential area of influence. • biological oxygen demand
• carbon oxygen demand
Investigation will include observations as well as • turbidity
laboratory and field analysis of samples from • dissolved and suspended solids
three surface water bodies. Sample locations will • hydrocarbons
be selected to represent the various surface water • heavy metals
bodies identified • microbiology
Geohydrology Groundwater within the A groundwater specialists will carryout a study For field and laboratory testing of groundwater
zone of hydrological to: samples:
influence, both shallow
and deep • determine groundwater characteristics and • pH
conditions; • salinity

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Influence
• determine quality of groundwater with • biological oxygen demand
respect to use for process water and potable • carbon oxygen demand
water; and • turbidity
• identify public and private water use sources • dissolved and suspended solids
(eg boreholes, shallow wells) in the potential • hydrocarbons
area of influence. • heavy metals
• microbiology
Investigation will include analysis of three
samples from existing community boreholes or
shallow well.
Terrestrial Ecology Terrestrial species within An ecologist will conduct a survey of the Based on desktop study and field survey:
the footprint of the Project terrestrial environment to:
as well as in the connected • habitat types
bioregion • describe the existing vegetation and habitat • plant types and distribution
types • animal types and distribution
• identify plants and wildlife • sensitive habitats
• threatened or endangered species
Marine and Intertidal Marine species that occur An ecologist will conduct a survey of the Based on desktop study and field survey:
Ecology near Project and in intertidal and nearshore environment to:
transportation routes • habitats
• describe the existing habitats • marine vegetation types and distribution
• identify plant and wildlife • animal types and distribution
• sensitive habitats
For the marine environment, fauna will be • threatened or endangered species
identified using desktop information and
interviews with local people knowledgeable of
the marine environment (eg fishermen).
Marine Water Quality Near shore environment A specialist will describe the physico-chemical Based on desktop study and available secondary
characteristics of the marine water at the data.
proposed Project site.
Marine Sediment Marine sediment A specialist will describe the physico-chemical Based on secondary data available for offshore
characteristics and benthic characteristics of the marine sediment at the Western Ghana. Sampling will be done within
composition proposed Project site. the offshore port area to determine the sediment

76
Influence
size distribution and other physical and chemical
characteristics.
Noise, Vibration, Light Noise and light levels at A specialist will conduct a study of ambient noise • To determine existing background noise
sensitive receptors levels. The study will identify locations of levels, acoustical measurements will be
sensitive receptors. Study will include analysis of collected using a Type I or Type II integrating
three samples on and around the Project site to be sound level meter.
located near sensitive receptors (eg in the nearby
communities). Both short term and long term
measurements will to be collected. Measurements
are to be taken during the day and the night time.
For light spill, a specialist shall identify locations

of potential sensitive receptors and view points.
Air Quality Air quality near the A specialist will conduct a study to determine the Based on desktop study and field survey
construction activities and status of local air quality using existing including sampling and analysis. The following
during operations at the monitoring data and by conducting parameters will be described:
port measurements.
• suspended particulate matter (SPM)
The study will include confirmation of regional • carbon monoxide (CO)
wind patterns as well as any localised patterns. • sulphur dioxide (SO2)
• nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Investigation will include analysis of three • hydrocarbon (volatile organics)
sampling points on and around the Project site to
be located near sensitive receptors (eg in the
nearby communities).
Visual and Landscape Visual characteristics of A specialist will undertake a visual survey of the • landscape characteristics
the area to be affected by site and surroundings to characterise the area.
the proposed port Photographs will be taken of key viewsheds so
that the impact of the development can be
assessed.
Fisheries Understanding local and The fishing areas, patterns and species will be • species fished
regional fishing activities, identified using desktop information and • fishing grounds
species, fishing areas and interviews with fishermen in the directly affected

77
Influence
livelihoods communities. • seasonal activities
Demographics, Directly the communities A specialist will conduct a study to determine the • population, population trends, ethnic groups,
Population, Ethnicity close to the Project demographics within the potential area of languages, migration and demographics
Language, Vulnerable footprint. influence.
Groups, Education
Indirectly communities in The study will include both desktop research and
the LGA of the Project primary data collection (surveys, focus group
footprint and along discussions, and interviews) in the three
transportation routes communities.
Socio-Cultural Directly the communities A specialist will conduct a study to determine the • government structure
Institutions, Leadership close to the Project structure of socio-cultural organisations of the • land use
Patterns, Government footprint. potential area of influence. • land and sea tenure
Administration, and • traditional land title
Other Institutions Indirectly the LGA and The study will include both desktop research and • settlement patterns and mapping
(NGOs/CBOs) State primary data collection (focus group interviews) • safety, security, law and order
in the three communities.
Livelihoods and Micro- Directly the communities A specialist will conduct a study to determine • means of livelihood, economic base
Economy, Key close to the Project livelihoods in the potential area of influence. • economic importance of aquatic ecosystem
Livelihoods, and footprint. • income distribution
Employment The study will include both desktop research and • occupation and employment structure
Indirectly communities in primary data collection (interviews, observations) including proponent’s employment plan
the LGA of the Project in the three communities.
footprint and along
transportation routes
Transport and Access Communities close to the A specialist will conduct a study to determine • transportation practices
Project footprint and transportation practices and access routes in the • access routes
along transportation potential area of influence.
routes
The study will include both desktop research,
primary data collection (interviews, observations)
in the three communities and observations along
the proposed transport route.

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Influence
Social Infrastructure and Directly the communities A specialist will conduct a study to determine • settlement and man made features
Cultural Sites close to the Project status of social infrastructure and cultural sites in
• social organisations and institutions
footprint. the potential area of influence. • economic, culture and historical sites
• recreational facilities
Indirectly communities in The study will include both desktop research and • cultural, religious recreational facilities
the LGA of the Project primary data collection (interviews, observations) • marine and terrestrial cultural heritage,
footprint and along in the three communities. archaeological sites or customs
transportation routes • determination of animals used for worshiping
• cultural traditions
• sites of cultural and religious significance
Community Health Communities close to the A specialist will conduct a study to determine • host community health status
Project footprint. community health status in the potential area of • health determinants
along transportation influence. • community health needs and concerns of host
routes communities
The study will include both desktop research and
Receptors that could be primary data collection (interviews, observations)
affected by accidents and in the three communities.
upset conditions

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8.3.3 Baseline Reporting
Following completion of the baseline studies, the ESIA team report the
findings in the ESIA Report. This will provide a description of the existing
environmental and social conditions in the main ESIA Report supported by
more detailed information in annexes as required. The aim of the baseline
reporting will be to provide sufficient information to undertake the following
tasks.
• Identify the key environmental and social conditions in areas potentially

affected by the Project and highlight those that may be vulnerable to
aspects of the Project;
• Describe their characteristics (nature, condition, quality, extent, etc) now

and in the future in the absence of the Project; and
• Provide sufficient data to inform judgments about the importance, value

and sensitivity/ vulnerability or resources and receptors to allow the
prediction and evaluation of potential impacts.
8.3.4 Quantitative Specialist Studies
Modelling studies will be undertaken to provide quantitative information on

the operations of the port to inform the ESIA. These studies will include the
following.
• Noise: using modelled noise emissions resulting from the aircraft landing
on the airstrip to understand the noise impacts on the local communities;
• Sediment transport: sediment transport modelling to show the changes in

sediment transport with the construction of the port; and
• Dredging: aquatic dispersion modelling of sediments as a result of

dredging and disposal of dredged materials.
8.3.5 Fisheries Impact Assessment
Section 93 of the Fisheries Act stipulates that if a proponent plans to undertake

an activity which is likely to have a substantial impact on the fisheries
resources, the Fisheries Commission should be informed of such an activity
prior to commencement. The Commission may require information from the
proponent on the likely impact of the activity on the fishery resources and
possible means of preventing or minimising adverse impacts. As such, the
Fisheries Commission has been consulted as a key stakeholder in the ESIA
and potential impacts on fisheries resources will be assessed as part of the
Lonrho ESIA. The fisheries study will provide a more localised baseline on
fish ecology and fisheries activities against which potential fisheries impacts
can be assessed. Potential impacts that will be assessed are outlined in
Chapter 7.

80
8.4 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
Having completed scoping consultation, as discussed in Chapter 5, further

consultation will be undertaken during the following stages:
• Disclosure of Scoping Report;

• Baseline Studies; and
• Draft ESIA Report/ EIS Disclosure, Public Hearings and Final ESIA
Report/ EIS Disclosure.
Disclosure of Scoping Report
The Scoping Report has been submitted to the EPA for review. Following
approval of the Scoping Report the EPA will issue a letter to inform Lonrho
that the process can proceed to the ESIA phase. The letter will also include
comments on the Scoping Report and proposed Terms of Reference for the
ESIA.
The Scoping Report will be disclosed by EPA to Ministries and by Lonrho to

other stakeholders subsequent to the EPA’s approval. An advertisement
announcing the release of the Scoping Report for comment will be published.
Copies of the Scoping Report will also be placed at central locations for public
review. Copies of the Scoping Report will likely be placed at the following
locations (subject to EPA advice):
• EPA library, Accra;

• Sekondi Public Library;
• Ellembelle District Assembly offices, Western Region; and
• With Paramount Chief at Atuabo.
Copies of the Scoping Report and BID will be available for download from the
Project website (http://www.erm.com/Lonrho-Oil-Services-ESIA).
Baseline Studies
Further, local level engagement activities, will be undertaken during the socio-
economic baseline studies. This will involve focus group meetings with
representatives of coastal communities and consultation with district
leadership. These interactions will involve focus group discussions with
women’s groups, the youth, the traditional leadership and fisher groups.
The aim of these consultations will be data collection for the socio-economic
baseline, and stakeholder views and concerns will continued to be gathered
during these engagements.
ESIA Report/ EIS Disclosure, Public Hearings and Final ESIA Report/ EIS
Disclosure

81
Disclosure of the Draft ESIA Report/ EIS will provide detailed information
about the proposed Project activities, an assessment of the potential impacts
and the planned mitigation and monitoring measures. The ESIA Report/ EIS
will be issued to EPA and advertised. Copies of the ESIA Report/ EIS will be
made available at a number of locations for public review and comment. The
ESIA Report/ EIS will include a non-technical summary which will present
the ESIA findings in a non-technical format. Lonrho will support the
distribution process as required and directed by the EPA.
Given the nature and scale of the proposals it is expected that Public Hearings
will be required which will be organised by the EPA and attended by Lonrho
and members of the ESIA team as required. EPA may grant provisional
approval for commencement of the Project following their review and the
Public Hearing. The comments received on the ESIA Report/ EIS from EPA
will be addressed and a Final ESIA Report/ EIS will be submitted to EPA.
8.5 OUTLINE STRUCTURE OF THE ESIA REPORT/ EIS
An outline of the proposed contents of the main volume of the ESIA Report is
provided in Annex F. The proposed contents follow previous EPA guidance
on ESIA Report/ EIS structure. The content may altered slightly during the
evolution of the Project or based on the findings of on-going consultation,
however it is anticipated that the contents of the ESIA Report/ EIS will align
broadly within the suggested framework.
8.6 PROVISIONAL SCHEDULE FOR THE ESIA PROCESS
A provisional schedule for the ESIA is provided in Table 8.2.
Table 8.2 ESIA Schedule
Activity Timing
Start Finish
EPA Review of Scoping Report End March 2012 April 2012
Disclosure of Scoping Report April 2012 April 2012
Dry Season Baseline and Specialist March 2012 April 2012
Studies
Compile Draft ESIA Report/ EIS April 2012 May 2012
Submission of Draft ESIA Report/ EIS June 2012
EPA review of Daft ESIA Report/ EIS June 2012 June 2012
Disclosure of ESIA Report/ EIS and June 2012 July 2012
Public Hearings
Wet Season Baseline Studies July 2012 August 2012
EPA provisional decision July 2012 August 2012
Decision on Final ESIA Report/ EIS September 2012 October 2012

82
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86

Final Scoping Report Lonrho

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Ghana Oil Services

Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world

Ghana Oil Services Terminal:

For and on behalf of

Approved by: Henry Camp

Date: 4 April 2012

This report has been prepared by Environmental Resources

We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of

This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility

1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

3 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

4 ESIA PROCESS AND SCOPING

4.1 THE ESIA PROCESS

5 SCOPING STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

LONRHO GHANA PORTS LIMITED DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE

7 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

8 TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR ESIA

Annex A Stakeholder List

LONRHO GHANA PORTS LIMITED DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

ABS American Bureau of Shipping

LONRHO GHANA PORTS LIMITED DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

LONRHO GHANA PORTS LIMITED DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

To meet the infrastructure development requirements related to Ghana’s

The MOU provides Lonrho 12 months to conduct site selection, feasibility

Following an extensive site selection survey, Lonrho proposes to situate the

(1) C as cited in Lonrho, 2011

LONRHO GHANA PORTS LIMITED DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

Under the Ghanaian Environmental Assessment Regulations (1999), the

1.3 THE PROPONENT

Proponent: Lonrho Ghana Ports Limited

LONRHO GHANA PORTS LIMITED DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

Table 1.1 The ESIA team

Name Role Qualifications, Experience

Andrew Bradbury (ERM) Project Manager BSc (Hons), MSc, 18 years

ESIA team contact details are provided below.

Assistant Project manager Karen Opitz

1.5 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT

The structure of the remainder of this Scoping Report is as follows.

Chapter 2 Project Description

The main report is supported by the following annexes.

Annex A Stakeholder list

LONRHO GHANA PORTS LIMITED DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

LONRHO GHANA PORTS LIMITED DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

Lonrho is proposing the construction of a port at Atuabo, in the Western

• Construction of a port with a breakwater to the west and a smaller groyne

• An airstrip located within the site boundary, as well as associated roads

2.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS

The proposed Project comprises the following main components:

• Rig repair facility;

These are described in further detail below.

LONRHO GHANA PORTS LIMITED DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

2.2.2 Offshore Fabrication Yard

A fabrication yard is positioned onshore and manufactures steel piping to pre-

2.2.3 Spool Base

2.2.4 Marine Offshore Supply Facilities

Offshore Project activities require the supply of various cargoes/goods such

2.2.5 Waste Management Facilities

2.2.7 Facilities for the Storage of Hydrocarbons (ie a tank farm);

LONRHO GHANA PORTS LIMITED DRAFT SCOPING REPORT