LINGUISTICS

“PSYCHOLINGUISTICS : SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUSITION”

Lecturer : Agus Hidayat, M.Pd

Created by :

Group 8 :
 Listhia Everina Ratih (1811040462)
 Masrifah Nurlaili (1811040463)
 Melina Ayu Pratiwi (1811040404)
 Rora Almaida (1811040367)

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY OF RADEN INTAN LAMPUNG
2020
 PREFACE

Praise be to Allah SWT. Almighty for the blessings of his grace, and that we were given
the opportunity to be able to compile a working paper entitled “Psycholinguistics: Second
Language Acqusition” is property and correctly and on time.
This paper is structured so that the readers can understand about Psycholinguistics:
Second Language Acqusition. This paper was compile with help from various parties. Both
parties come from outside as well as from parties concerned itself. And because the aide and help
of Allah SWT., these paper can be finally resolved.
This is a paper about “Psycholinguistics: Second Language Acqusition” to complete the
task of Linguistics subject. The compiles also thanked to Mr. Agus Hidayat, M.Pd as the lecture
in Linguistics subject, who help us in order to complete this paper.

Hopefully this paper can give a broader insight to the reader. We realize that this paper is
far from perfect, therefore critism and suggestion from all the readers that are built for the
perfection we always hoped this paper.

Bandar Lampung, April 22th 2020

Authors
 TABLE LIST OF CONTENT

PREFACE i

TABLE LIST OF CONTENT ii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background 1

B. Problem Formulation 1

C. Objective Problem 2

CHAPTER II CONTENT

A. Definition Psycholinguistic

B. The Second Language

C. The Acquisition

D. The Second language Acquisition

E. Factors Affecting The Second Language Acquisition

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION

Conclusion 9

REFERENCES 10
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Psycholinguistic is an integration of psychology ana linguistic. Psychology is the study of

the mind and how it influences behaviour and linguistic is the scientific study of the language.
As for Psycholinguistic, it is the study of how individuals comprehend, produce ana acquire
language. That is to say, Psycholinguistic deals with how people use language.
Mother language is the first language we mastery after we gave birth so it is often called
by the first language. First Language acquisition surely occurs in childhood. Another language
after first language that we mastery called the second language, third language and next after.
The second language acquisition and more than it occur in several ranks of ages and generally
undergone when we had mastered the first language fluently. Therefore, some scientist state that
the second language acquisition process is different from the first language acquisition, thus
there is second language acquisition focus knowledge. But in the bilingual society or
multilingual there is an acquisition of two languages or more than it in the same time, so mother
language or first language can be more than one languages.
SLA (second language acquisition focus knowledge) understands about second language
acquisition process not only as a process in a linguistic knowledge but also psychology,
sociology, anthropology and culture. In the real live there are a lot of chase about difficult people
in learning second language or there is one who could not acquired language without his first
language or the language which is acquired from his family (mother language).1

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the background of the above problems, the authors formulate the problems as
follows:

1
Emmy Indah Priyanti, http:// Psicolinguistic/Pemerolhan Bahsa/index.php.htm. Applied Japanese Linguistics,
Tohoku University, Japan. 2011
 1. What is the definition of Psycholinguistics?

2. What is the Second Language?

3. What is the Acquisition?

4. What is the Second language Acquisition?

5. What is the Factors Affecting The Second Language Acquisition?

C. Objective Problem

In line with the above formulation of the problem, the paper is organized with the aim to
identify and describe:

1. Knowing definition of Psycholinguistics.

2. Knowing the second language.

3. Knowing the Acquistion.

4. Knowing the Factors Affecting The Second Language Acquistion.

CHAPTER II
 CONTENT

A. Definition of Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguistics is the branch deals with the relationship between language and the
mind, focusing mainly on how language is learned, stored, and occasionally lost. The
relationship between language and mind has two aspects, acquisition and performance, and the
two are intimately linked.
The field of psycholinguistics attempts to answer questions about how language is
represented and processed in the brain and what areas of the brain are used for language
processing. Psycholinguistics is an experimental discipline that tests assumptions about
processing and the learning of language. The brain is divided into two nearly symmetrical halves,
the right and the left hemispheres, each of which is responsible for processing certain kinds of
information concerning the world around us.
There are three major areas of study in the domain of psycholinguistics, so far we have
considered how language is represented in the mind and how language is acquired. But another
area is how people use their knowledge of language. How do they understand what they hear.
How do they produce message that others can understand it turn.2

B. Second Language
Second language refers to any language learned in addition to a person's first language;
although the concept is named second language acquisition, it can also incorporate the learning
of third, fourth or subsequent languages. Second-language acquisition refers to what learners do;
it does not refer to practices in language teaching.3

2
http://alansileo.blogspot.com/2012/06/psycho-linguistics-papers.html?m=1

3
http://Second-language_acquisition.htm.
C. Language Acquisition

Krashen and others,”… Acquisition is the unconscious process that occurs when language
is used in real conversation. Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the
capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words to
communicate. 
According to Marjusman Maksan (1993:20), language acquisition is the process of
language acquisition by a person (not just the children) is not conscious, implicit, and
informal. This means that the process does not know a teacher or someone like that who is
responsible for the achievement of learning outcomes. Nor is there any sort of curriculum or
specific lesson plans, seta not there is also a special time and place provided for learning the
language.
The process of children begins to recognize verbal communication with its environment
is called the child's language acquisition. At the time of child language acquisition, children lead
to the communication functions of the form language.
            There are two senses of language acquisition. First, language acquisition has a sudden
onset, sudden. Second, language acquisition has a gradual onset that arises from motor
achievements, social and cognitive paralinguistic. Marjusman Maksan (in Psycholinguistics,
I/1993 Edition) states on language acquisition as follows: At least there are two theories about
language acquisition.4
The first theory is, the theory of Behaviorism flow, stating that the development of
children's language by adding little by little. So as if that language acquisition is a linear or
straight line. Increasing also increases until complete as adult language.
 According to the second theory, that is the theory of flow of rationalism which states that
the child's language development follows a certain pattern of development. Every human has
similarities potential to master the language. Process and the nature of language acquisition take
place dynamically and every person through the stages of tiered. In case there are two terms that
is the acquisition and language learning. Kridalaksana (2001: 159) defines language acquisition
(language learning) is defined as a process mastered their own language or another language by a
4
Wikipedia,http:// Language_acquisition.htm. Pemerolehan Bahasa.  (06/01/12/21.00 WIB)
 human. It is supported by Krashen (in Johnson & Johnson, 1999: 4) acquisition qualifies as a
natural process that takes place without any conscious attention to linguistic forms, obtaining a
minimum condition is that participation in natural communication situations.
D.    Second language Acquisition
Second-language acquisition or second-language learning is the process by which people
learn a second language. Second-language acquisition (often abbreviated to SLA) is also the
name of the scientific discipline devoted to studying that process.
Second-language acquisition can incorporate heritage language learning, but it does not
usually incorporate bilingualism. Most SLA researchers see bilingualism as being the end result
of learning a language, not the process itself, and see the term as referring to native-like fluency.
Writers in fields such as education and psychology, however, often use bilingualism loosely to
refer to all forms of multilingualism. Second-language acquisition is also not to be contrasted
with the acquisition of a foreign language; rather, the learning of second languages and the
learning of foreign languages involve the same fundamental processes in different situations.5

E. Factors Affecting The Second Language Acquisition

In second language acquisition, students had to master a first language well and the
development of second language acquisition is not a procession with his physical and psychic
development. Second language acquisition is not same with first language acquisition. This is
because the second language acquisition is done formally and student motivation is generally not
very high as a second language is not used to daily communicate in the student society.
There are several aspects that must be considered when deciding to learn a second language:
1.      Language skills.
Usually when someone decides to learn a second language formally, he will go through the test
language ability or language aptitude tests conducted by the agency to assess proficiency
language courses / language talents possessed by that person. This test proved effective enough
to predict which students will succeed in learning a second language. Nevertheless there are still
differences of opinion regarding the ability of language or language aptitude itself.
2.      Age

5
http://Second-language_acquisition.htm.
 Most of the general public still believe that to learn a second language would be better done
when still a child. Learning a second language as an adult will feel more difficult. But studies
have been conducted on this subject failed to prove the truth of the general public confidence.
They who begin learning a second language as an adult can still achieve the success rate
which is quite high. The research conducted on this subject is only able to show that most people
who learn a second language as an adult not able to change their accent as a native speaker’s
accent. Adults’ accent is the first language that is difficult to change. Adults tend to acquire a
second language is faster than children. Because the adult’s brain has function more perfect than
the brains of children and adults have more language knowledge rather than the children.
The issue about the relevance of age and in acquiring second language ranged: (1) the
assumption that children learn language more successful than adults and (2) the critical period in
second language learning.6

3.      Strategies used.
The using of effective strategies is essential for learning a second language can be success. In
general, second language acquisition strategy is divided into two, namely learning strategies and
communication strategies.
a.       Learning strategy is the strategy used to enhance second language learning outcomes, such as
the use of a dictionary or use cable TV to catch the TV broadcasts that use a second language.
b.      Communication strategy is a strategy used by students second language classes and native
speakers can understand each other when the problem  occurred in communications between
them due to lack of access to the correct language, for example by using facial and hand
gestures.

4.      Motivation.
Motivation can be interpreted as why someone decides to do something, how long he was willing
to perform the activity and how effort which is striven. The research have been done on
motivation suggests that motivation is closely related to one's level of success in learning a
second language.

6
Arif Rahman, http:/ /Psicolinguistic/faktor-faktor-yang-mempengaruhi/Pemerolhan Bahsa.htm.posted. 17/06/2011.
(06/01/12/21.00 Wib)
 Oversimplify result in underestimating the least attention to the language to be learned, just a
little outpouring and eventually led to the failure to learn a second language.
5.      Individual Cognitive
Individual cognitive assessed the individual to use language. Children whose high cognitive will
be more proficient in using language than the children have problems substitutions.
According to Baradja (1994:3-12) states six factors that need to be carefully considered in
affecting second language acquisition, namely:
a.       Objectives or purpose
b.       Learners language
c.       Instructor
d.      Materials
e.       Method
f.       environment factors
However, objective factors, learners, and teachers are the three main factors. From these three
factors of acquiring second language concentrate on matters relating to the learner and the
learning process.
Learners are as the most important factor, knowing exactly why he studied the second
language. The answer to the question 'why' is the purpose or objective of learning second
language. Instructor is a party that helps learners. In the certain conditions, his presence can be
replaced by the text books, tape recorders, film, or the other.
Another literature states several factors that affect second language acquisition, such as:
a. Intellectual IQ
According to old parameter which states that there is a correlation between IQ and second
language acquisition has been abandoned by Gardner (1983) In Baradja (1994). He divided
person’s intellectual IQ into seven intelligences, namely: (1) linguistic, (2) think logically and
mathematically, (3) spatial (ie ability to find their way in an environment, the ability to form
mental images of reality and can quickly be transformed), (4) musical (the ability to say and the
ability to accept a certain tone and rhythm patterns, (5) bodily-kinesthetic (agility in athletics,
dance), (6) interpersonal (ability to understand others, how tolerant), (7) intrapersonal (ability to
conduct introspection, to see himself, to develop what is called a sense of identity.
b. Personality
 Personality is a factor that determines second language acquisition which characteristic is
abstract. The one personality here is like one who has high self confidence, risk taking, and
extroversion.
c. Extroversion
In the community, developing belief that children who have personality extroverts tend to
be more successful in his attempt second language learning than an introverted child. This
opinion is based on the rationalization that children are more sociable extrovert, more adaptable,
and have a higher language aptitude. Swain and Burnaby (1976) and Rossier (Baradja, 1994).
d. Interaction active
In the second language acquisition process, an interaction with native speaker of
second language is needed to get many of input and output target language or second
language. In basically, one function of language is to communicate and communicate done by
human with one another. Therefore, an interaction between users of language is very important
in processing of understanding a language and interaction with the native speaker can make
faster process of second language acquisition.7

CHAPTER III

CONCLUSSION

7
Emmy Indah Priyanti, http:// Psicolinguistic/Pemerolhan Bahsa/index.php.htm. Applied Japanese Linguistics,
Tohoku University, Japan. 2011
 REFERENCES

Emmy Indah Priyanti, http:// Psicolinguistic/Pemerolhan Bahsa/index.php.htm. Applied Japanese

Linguistics, Tohoku University, Japan. 2011

http://alansileo.blogspot.com/2012/06/psycho-linguistics-papers.html?m=1
http://Second-language_acquisition.htm.

Wikipedia,http:// Language_acquisition.htm.  Pemerolehan Bahasa.  (06/01/12/21.00 WIB)

http://Second-language_acquisition.htm.

Arif Rahman, http:/ /Psicolinguistic/faktor-faktor-yang-mempengaruhi/Pemerolhan

Bahsa.htm.posted. 17/06/2011. (06/01/12/21.00 Wib)

Emmy Indah Priyanti, http:// Psicolinguistic/Pemerolhan Bahsa/index.php.htm. Applied Japanese

Linguistics, Tohoku University, Japan. 2011