Salt Sample 1

Object: To detect Anion and Cation present in given sample of salt.

Detection of Anion:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
SALT + DIL H2SO4 COLOURLESS, ODOURLESS GAS CO32- MAY BE PRESENT
EVOLVED,
BRISK EFFERVESCENCE OBSERVED
ON ADDING ABOVE GAS IN LIME WATER IT TURNS MILKY AND MILKINESS CO32- CONFIRMED.
DISAPPEARS ON ADDING EXCESS OF
GAS.
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
CO32- + H2SO4 CO2↑ + H2O+ SO4-2
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3+ H2O
MILKINESS
CaCO3+ H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 (SOLUBLE)
Detection of Cation
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat Ammonia like smell observed Zero group present
(NH4+ may be present)
Take a rod dipped In dil HCl to the White fumes observed NH4+ confirmed
mouth of the test tube
Add above gas in Nessler’s Brown precipitate NH4+ confirmed
reagent(K2[HgI4])
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
NH4+ + NaOH NH3 + Na+ + H2O
NH3+ HCl NH4Cl
2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO. HgI↓+ 7KI+ 2H2O
Brown ppt

Result: The given sample of salt contains CO32- as anion and NH4+ as cation.
*************************************************************************************

Salt Sample 2
Object: To detect Anion and Cation present in given sample of salt.
Detection of Anion:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
SALT + DIL H2SO4 NO CHANGE CO32- , S2-, SO32-, NO2- ABSENT
SALT + CONC. H2SO4+ HEAT NO CHANGE Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3- , CH3COO- absent
Separate test for SO42- White precipitate formed which is SO42- confirmed
Barium chloride test: insoluble in dil HCl.
Salt+ water + BaCl2 Solution
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
SO42- + BaCl2  BaSO4↓+ 2Cl-

Detection of Cation
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat Ammonia like smell observed Zero group present
(NH4+ may be present)
Take a rod dipped In dil HCl to the White fumes observed NH4+ confirmed
mouth of the test tube
Add above gas in Nessler’s Brown precipitate NH4+ confirmed
reagent(K2[HgI4])
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
NH4+ + NaOH NH3 + Na+ + H2O
NH3+ HCl NH4Cl
2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO. HgI↓+ 7KI+ 2H2O
Brown ppt

Result: The given sample of salt contains SO42- as anion and NH4+ as cation.

1
 Salt Sample 3
Object: To detect Anion and Cation present in given sample of salt.
Detection of Anion:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
SALT + DIL H2SO4 NO CHANGE CO32- , S2-, SO32-, NO2- ABSENT
SALT + CONC. H2SO4+ HEAT PUNGENT SMELL OBSERVED Cl- may be present
Add MnO2 in above test tube and heat Greenish yellow gas evolved Cl- present
Silver nitrate test: White precipitate formed which is Cl- present
Salt+ distilled water+ Dil HNO3+ heat+ soluble ion ammonium hydroxide
AgNO3 solution solution(NH4OH)
Chromyl chloride test:  Yellow vapours evolved -
 Salt+ potassium
dichromate(K2Cr2O7)+ conc.
H2SO4+ heat
 Add vapours in NaOH solution  Solution turns yellow
 Add CH3COOH and lead -
acetate(CH3COO)2Pb in above  Yellow ppt formed Cl- confirmed
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
Cl-+ H2SO4 HCl + HSO4-
pungent smell

MnO2 Test:
MnO2+ 2Cl-+ 3H2SO4 2NaHSO4 + MnSO4+ 2H2O + Cl2↑
Greenish yellow gas
Silver nitrate test:
Cl- + AgNO3  AgCl+ NO3-
(white Precipitate)

Chromyl chloride test:

4NaCl+K2Cr2O7+ 3H2SO4 2Na2 SO4 + K2SO4+ 2CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O
CrO2Cl2+ 4NaOH Na2CrO4+ 2H2O + 2 NaCl
Na2CrO4+ (CH3COO)2Pb PbCrO4 + 2CH3COONa
Yellow ppt
Detection of Cation
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat Ammonia like smell observed Zero group present
(NH4+ may be present)
Take a rod dipped In dil HCl to the White fumes observed NH4+ confirmed
mouth of the test tube
Add above gas in Nessler’s Brown precipitate NH4+ confirmed
reagent(K2[HgI4])
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
NH4+ + NaOH NH3 + Na+ + H2O
NH3+ HCl NH4Cl
2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO. HgI↓+ 7KI+ 2H2O
Brown ppt

Result: The given sample of salt contains Cl- as anion and NH4+ as cation.
*************************************************************************************
Salt Sample 4
Object: To detect Anion and Cation present in given sample of salt.
Detection of Anion:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
SALT + DIL H2SO4 NO CHANGE CO32- , S2-, SO32-, NO2- ABSENT
SALT + CONC. H2SO4+ HEAT VINEGAR LIKE SMELL OBSERVED CH3COO- may be present
Palm test: Vinegar like smell CH3COO- present
Salt+ oxalic acid + few drops of water+
rub vigorously over the palm
Ferric chloride test: CH3COO- confirmed
Salt + water + neutral FeCl3 solution Reddish colour formed which disappears
on adding dil.HCl
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
CH3COO- + H2SO4 CH3COOH+ HSO4-

2
 Vinegar like smell
Palm test or oxalic acid test:
2CH3COO- + H2C2O4C2O42- + 2CH3COOH
Ferric chloride test:
3CH3COO- + FeCl3 (CH3COO)3Fe+ 3Cl-
Detection of Cation
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat Ammonia like smell observed Zero group present
(NH4+ may be present)
Take a rod dipped In dil HCl to the White fumes observed NH4+ confirmed
mouth of the test tube
Add above gas in Nessler’s Brown precipitate NH4+ confirmed
reagent(K2[HgI4])
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
NH4+ + NaOH NH3 + Na+ + H2O
NH3+ HCl NH4Cl
2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO. HgI↓+ 7KI+ 2H2O
Brown ppt

Result: The given sample of salt contains CH3COO- as anion and NH4+ as cation.

Salt Sample 5
Object: To detect Anion and Cation present in given sample of salt.
Detection of Anion:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
SALT + DIL H2SO4 NO CHANGE CO32- , S2-, SO32-, NO2- ABSENT
SALT + CONC. H2SO4+ HEAT VINEGAR LIKE SMELL OBSERVED CH3COO- may be present
Palm test: Vinegar like smell CH3COO- present
Salt+ oxalic acid + few drops of water+
rub vigorously over the palm
Ferric chloride test: CH3COO- confirmed
Salt + water + neutral FeCl3 solution Reddish colour formed which disappears
on adding dil.HCl
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
CH3COO- + H2SO4 CH3COOH+ HSO4-
Vinegar like smell
Palm test or oxalic acid test:
2CH3COO- + H2C2O4C2O42- + 2CH3COOH
Ferric chloride test:
3CH3COO- + FeCl3 (CH3COO)3Fe+ 3Cl-
Detection of Cation
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat No change Zero group absent
(NH4+ absent)
Original solution of salt(salt + distilled White precipitate of PbCl2 formed first group present
water)+ dil HCl solution (Pb2+ may be present)
Filter the precipitate and dissolve in
hot water and divide the hot solution in
two parts;
 First part + K2CrO4 solution Yellow precipitate of PbCrO4 observed Pb2+ confirmed
 Second part + KI solution
Yellow precipitate of PbI2 observed Pb2+ confirmed
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
Pb2+ + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2H+
PbCl2+ KI PbI2↓ + KCl
PbCl2+ K2CrO4 PbCrO4↓ + KCl

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Result: The given sample of salt contains CH3COO- as anion and Pb2+ as cation.

Salt Sample 6

Object: To detect Anion and Cation present in given sample of salt.

Detection of Anion:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
SALT + DIL H2SO4 NO CHANGE CO32- , S2-, SO32-, NO2- ABSENT
SALT + CONC. H2SO4+ HEAT NO CHANGE Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3- , CH3COO- absent
Separate test for SO42- White precipitate formed which is SO42- confirmed
Barium chloride test: insoluble in dil HCl.
Salt+ water + BaCl2 Solution
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
SO42- + BaCl2  BaSO4↓+ 2Cl-

Detection of Cation
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat No change Zero group absent
(NH4+ absent)
Original solution of salt(salt + distilled No change first group absent
water)+ dil HCl solution (Pb2+ absent)
Add H2S gas in above test tube No change Second group absent
( Cu2+ absent)
Boil off H2S and add NH4Cl and NH4OH Gelatinous precipitate formed III group present, Al3+ may be
in excess present

LAKE TEST: Filter the precipitate and Blue precipitate floats in colourless solution Al3+ confirmed
dissolve in dil HCl and add 2 drops of
blue litmus solution and NH4OH

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
AlCl3 + 3NH4OH 3NH4Cl+ Al(OH)3↓
Gelatinous white precipitate
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl  AlCl3 + 3H2O
4FeCl3 + 3NH4OH  3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3 ↓
Blue colour absorbs on this precipitate

Result: The given sample of salt contains SO42- as anion and Al3+ as cation.

Salt Sample 7
Object: To detect Anion and Cation present in given sample of salt.
Detection of Anion:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
SALT + DIL H2SO4 NO CHANGE CO32- , S2-, SO32-, NO2- ABSENT
SALT + CONC. H2SO4+ HEAT PUNGENT SMELL OBSERVED Cl- may be present
Add MnO2 in above test tube and heat Greenish yellow gas evolved Cl- present
Silver nitrate test: White precipitate formed which is Cl- present
Salt+ distilled water+ Dil HNO3+ heat+ soluble ion ammonium hydroxide
AgNO3 solution solution(NH4OH)
Chromyl chloride test:  Yellow vapours evolved -
 Salt+ potassium
dichromate(K2Cr2O7)+ conc.
H2SO4+ heat
 Add vapours in NaOH solution  Solution turns yellow
 Add CH3COOH and lead -
acetate(CH3COO)2Pb in above  Yellow ppt formed Cl- confirmed
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
Cl-+ H2SO4 HCl + HSO4-

4
 pungent smell

MnO2 Test:
MnO2+ 2Cl-+ 3H2SO4 2NaHSO4 + MnSO4+ 2H2O + Cl2↑
Greenish yellow gas
Silver nitrate test:
Cl- + AgNO3  AgCl+ NO3-
(white Precipitate)

Chromyl chloride test:

4NaCl+K2Cr2O7+ 3H2SO4 2Na2 SO4 + K2SO4+ 2CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O
CrO2Cl2+ 4NaOH Na2CrO4+ 2H2O + 2 NaCl
Na2CrO4+ (CH3COO)2Pb PbCrO4 + 2CH3COONa
Yellow ppt

Detection of Cation
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat No change Zero group absent
(NH4+ absent)
Original solution of salt(salt + distilled No change first group absent
water)+ dil HCl solution (Pb2+ absent)
Add H2S gas in above test tube No change Second group absent
( Cu2+ absent)
Boil off H2S and add NH4Cl and NH4OH No change III group absent
in excess
Add H2S in the above solution No change IV group absent

Boil off H2S and add Ammonium White ppt formed V group present , Ba+2/ Sr+2/Ca+2
carbonate solution may be present
Dissolve the precipitate in acetic acid
and heat and divide the solution in
three parts:
 I Part + K2CrO4 solution Yellow ppt formed. Ba+2 confirmed
 Flame test( make the of salt Green flame Ba+2 confirmed
in conc.HCl and burn in blue
flame
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH  (CH3COO)2Ba + CO2 + H2O
(CH3COO)2Ba+ K2CrO4 2CH3COOK+ BaCrO4 (yellow ppt)
Result: The given sample of salt contains Cl- as anion and Ba+2 as cation.
*************************************************************************************

Salt Sample 8
Object: To detect Anion and Cation present in given sample of salt.
Detection of Anion:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
SALT + DIL H2SO4 NO CHANGE CO32- , S2-, SO32-, NO2- ABSENT
SALT + CONC. H2SO4+ HEAT Reddish brown gas ( Br2) OBSERVED and Br- may be present
becomes dense when MnO2 is added
Silver nitrate test: Pale yellow precipitate formed which is Br- present
Salt+ distilled water+ Dil HNO3+ heat+ partially soluble ion ammonium
AgNO3 solution hydroxide solution(NH4OH)
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
Br- + AgNO3  AgBr+ NO3-
(Pale yellow Precipitate)

Detection of Cation
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat No change Zero group absent
(NH4+ absent)
Original solution of salt(salt + distilled No change first group absent
water)+ dil HCl solution (Pb2+ absent)

5
 Add H2S gas in above test tube No change Second group absent
( Cu2+ absent)
Boil off H2S and add NH4Cl and NH4OH No change III group absent
in excess
Add H2S in the above solution No change IV group absent

Boil off H2S and add Ammonium White ppt formed V group present , Ba+2/ Sr+2/Ca+2
carbonate solution may be present
Dissolve the precipitate in acetic acid
and heat and divide the solution in
three parts:
 I Part + K2CrO4 solution No change. Ba+2 absent
 II part + ammonium sulphate White precipitate formed Sr+2 confirmed
solution
 Flame test( make the of salt
in conc.HCl and burn in blue
flame Crimson red flame Sr+2 confirmed
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
SrCO3 + 2CH3COOH  (CH3COO)2Sr + CO2 + H2O
(CH3COO)2Sr+ (NH4)2SO4 CH3COO NH4+ SrSO4 (White ppt)

Result: The given sample of salt contains Br- as anion and Sr+2 as cation.
*************************************************************************************

Salt Sample 9
Object: To detect Anion and Cation present in given sample of salt.

Detection of Anion:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
SALT + DIL H2SO4 NO CHANGE CO32- , S2-, SO32-, NO2- ABSENT
SALT + CONC. H2SO4+ HEAT PUNGENT SMELL OBSERVED Cl- may be present
Add MnO2 in above test tube and heat Greenish yellow gas evolved Cl- present
Silver nitrate test: White precipitate formed which is Cl- present
Salt+ distilled water+ Dil HNO3+ heat+ soluble ion ammonium hydroxide
AgNO3 solution solution(NH4OH)
Chromyl chloride test:  Yellow vapours evolved -
 Salt+ potassium
dichromate(K2Cr2O7)+ conc.
H2SO4+ heat
 Add vapours in NaOH solution  Solution turns yellow
 Add CH3COOH and lead -
acetate(CH3COO)2Pb in above  Yellow ppt formed Cl- confirmed
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
Cl-+ H2SO4 HCl + HSO4-
pungent smell

MnO2 Test:
MnO2+ 2Cl-+ 3H2SO4 2NaHSO4 + MnSO4+ 2H2O + Cl2↑
Greenish yellow gas
Silver nitrate test:
Cl- + AgNO3  AgCl+ NO3-
(white Precipitate)

Chromyl chloride test:

4NaCl+K2Cr2O7+ 3H2SO4 2Na2 SO4 + K2SO4+ 2CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O
CrO2Cl2+ 4NaOH Na2CrO4+ 2H2O + 2 NaCl
Na2CrO4+ (CH3COO)2Pb PbCrO4 + 2CH3COONa
Yellow ppt

Detection of Cation
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat No change Zero group absent
(NH4+ absent)

6
 Original solution of salt(salt + distilled No change first group absent
water)+ dil HCl solution (Pb2+ absent)
Add H2S gas in above test tube No change Second group absent
( Cu2+ absent)
Boil off H2S and add NH4Cl and NH4OH No change III group absent
in excess
Add H2S in the above solution No change IV group absent

Boil off H2S and add Ammonium White ppt formed V group present , Ba+2/ Sr+2/Ca+2
carbonate solution may be present
Dissolve the precipitate in acetic acid
and heat and divide the solution in
three parts:
 I Part + K2CrO4 solution No change. Ba+2 absent
 II part + ammonium sulphate No change Sr+2 absent
solution
 III part + ammonium oxalate
solution White ppt Ca+2 confirmed
 Flame test( make the of salt Brick red flame Ca+2 confirmed
in conc.HCl and burn in blue
flame
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH  (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O
(CH3COO)2Ca + (NH4)2C2O4  2CH3COO NH4 + CaC2O4 (White ppt)

Result: The given sample of salt contains Cl- as anion and Ca2 as cation.

Salt Sample 10
Object: To detect Anion and Cation present in given sample of salt.
Detection of Anion:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
SALT + DIL H2SO4 NO CHANGE CO32- , S2-, SO32-, NO2- ABSENT
SALT + CONC. H2SO4+ HEAT VINEGAR LIKE SMELL OBSERVED CH3COO- may be present
Palm test: Vinegar like smell CH3COO- present
Salt+ oxalic acid + few drops of water+
rub vigorously over the palm
Ferric chloride test: CH3COO- confirmed
Salt + water + neutral FeCl3 solution Reddish colour formed which disappears
on adding dil.HCl
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
CH3COO- + H2SO4 CH3COOH+ HSO4-
Vinegar like smell
Palm test or oxalic acid test:
2CH3COO- + H2C2O4C2O42- + 2CH3COOH
Ferric chloride test:
3CH3COO- + FeCl3 (CH3COO)3Fe+ 3Cl-
Detection of Cation
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat No change Zero group absent
(NH4+ absent)
Original solution of salt(salt + distilled No change first group absent
water)+ dil HCl solution (Pb2+ absent)
Add H2S gas in above test tube No change Second group absent
( Cu2+ absent)
Boil off H2S and add NH4Cl and NH4OH No change III group absent
in excess
Add H2S in the above solution No change IV group absent

Boil off H2S and add Ammonium No change V group absent

carbonate solution

7
  Above solution + ammonium White precipitate formed VI group present, Mg+2 confirmed
phosphate solution
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
MgCl2 + (NH4)HPO4 + NH4OH Mg(NH4)PO4↓+ 2NH4Cl + H2O
Whit ppt

Result: The given sample of salt contains CH3COO- as anion and Mg+2 as cation.

Salt Sample 11
Object: To detect Anion and Cation present in given sample of salt.
Detection of Anion:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
SALT + DIL H2SO4 COLOURLESS, ODOURLESS GAS CO32- MAY BE PRESENT
EVOLVED,
BRISK EFFERVESCENCE OBSERVED
ON ADDING ABOVE GAS IN LIME WATER IT TURNS MILKY AND MILKINESS CO32- CONFIRMED.
DISAPPEARS ON ADDING EXCESS OF
GAS.
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
CO32- + H2SO4 CO2↑ + H2O+ SO4-2
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3+ H2O
MILKINESS
CaCO3+ H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2
SOLUBLE
Detection of Cation
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat No change Zero group absent
(NH4+ absent)
Original solution of salt(salt + distilled No change first group absent
water)+ dil HCl solution (Pb2+ absent)
Add H2S gas in above test tube No change Second group absent
( Cu2+ absent)
Boil off H2S and add NH4Cl and NH4OH No change III group absent
in excess
Add H2S in the above solution white precipitate formed IV group present, Zn2+ may be
present.

Filter the precipitate and dissolve it in

dil HCl and divide the solution in two
parts:
 I part + K4[Fe(CN)6]  Bluish white ppt formed Zn2+ confirmed
 II part + NaOH  White precipitate formed which is Zn2+ confirmed
soluble in excess
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
Zn(OH)2 + H2SZnS(White ppt) + 2H2O
2ZnCl2+ K4[Fe(CN)6] Zn2[Fe(CN)6]↓+ 4KCl
Bluish white ppt
Result: The given sample of salt contains CO32- as anion and Zn2+ as cation.

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