2-An NaHw al WaDiH

Division of the verb into the sound in) ِ‫ﺗﻘْﺴِﻴْﻢُ اﻟْﻔِﻌْﻞِ إﻟﻰ ﺻﺤِﻴْﺢِ اﻵْﺧِﺮِ واﻟْﻤُﻌْﺘﻞﱢ اﻵْﺧِﺮ‬
91 (ending and the defective in ending

The ِ‫( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣُﻌْﺘﻞّ اﻵﺧﺮ‬fi’l with a defective ending) is a ‫ ﻓِﻌْﻞ‬whose ending is

one of the three letters, ‫ا – و – ي‬, and these letters are called ‫أﺣْﺮُف اﻟﻌِﻠّﺔ‬
(“defective letters”)

The ِ‫( ﻓِﻌﻞ ﺻَﺤِﻴْﺢ اﻵﺧِﺮ‬fi’l with a sound ending) is a ‫ ﻓِﻌْﻞ‬whose ending is not one
of the ِ‫أﺣْﺮَف اﻟﻌِﻠﱠﺔ‬

95 (The inflexible and flexible) ُ‫اﻟْﻤَﺒْﻨِﻲﱡ وَاﻟْﻤُﻌْﺮَب‬

Words divide into two sections: (1) Whatever’s ending is firmly upon one
condition in all constructions (and is called ّ‫ )ﻣَﺒْﻨِﻲ‬and (2) whatever’s
ending changing (and is called ‫)ﻣُﻌْﺮَب‬

All ‫’ﺣَﺮْف‬s are ّ‫ ﻣَﺒْﻨِﻲ‬words, and likewise for the ‫ ﻓِﻌْﻞ ﻣﺎض‬and ِ‫ﻓِﻌْﻞ اﻷﻣْﺮ‬

98 (Kinds of inflexibility) ِ‫أَﻧْﻮَاعُ اﻟْﺒِﻨَﺎء‬

The conditions that force the endings of ّ‫ ﻣﺒْﻨِﻲ‬words are four: – ‫ﺳُﻜُﻮْن – ﻓﺘْﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺿَﻤﱠﺔ – ﻛَﺴْﺮَة‬, and they are called ِ‫( أﻧْﻮاع اﻟﺒِﻨﺎء‬the types of fixated-ness)

The words whose endings are forced to one of these four

are said to be ِ‫“( ﻣَﺒْﻨِﻴﱠﺔٌ ﻋَﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﱡﻜُﻮنِ أوِ اﻟْﻔَﺘْﺢِ أوِ اﻟﻀﱠﻢﱢ أوِ اﻟْﻜَﺴْﺮ‬Fixed
upon sukoon, fathah, dhammah or kasrah“)

101 (Kinds of states) ِ‫أﻧْﻮَاعُ اﻹﻋْﺮَاب‬

The states that befall the ending of a ‫ ﻣُﻌْﺮب‬word are four: (1) ‫– رﻓْﻊ‬ raf’,
(2) ‫– ﻧَﺼْﺐ‬ nasb, (3) ّ‫– ﺟَﺮ‬ jarr and (4) ‫– ﺟَﺰْم‬ jazm, and they are called ‫أﻧْﻮاع‬
‫( اﻹﻋْﺮاب‬the kind of status)

The primary indicator of status are four, and they are (1) dhammah,
(2) fathah, (3) kasrah and (4) sukoon.  Other indicators of status can
substitute for them
only ‫ ﺟﺰْم‬s and’‫ اﺳْﻢ‬only applies to ّ‫ ﺟﺮ‬,s’‫ ﻓِﻌْﻞ‬s and’‫ اﺳﻢ‬share in ‫ ﻧﺼﺐ‬and ‫رﻓْﻊ‬
s’‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ‬applies to

106 (Situations when building the past tense verb) ْ‫أﺣْﻮالُ ﺑِﻨﺎءِ اﻟْﻔِﻌْﻞِ اﻟْﻤﺎﺿِﻲ‬

The ‫ ﻓِﻌْﻞ ﻣﺎض‬is fixed upon fathah…

except if the ‫ و‬of the plural is attached to it (it would then be fixed
upon dhammah) or if a voweled َ‫ت‬, the ‫ ن‬of the feminine plural or the
‫ ﻧﺎ‬used for the doer is attached to it (in those cases it would be fixed
upon sukoon)

110 (Situations when building the command) ِ‫أﺣْﻮالُ ﺑِﻨﺎءِ اﻷْﻣْﺮ‬

The ‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ اﻷﻣﺮ‬is fixed upon sukoon if it is ‫ ﺻﺤِﻴْﺢ اﻵﺧِﺮ‬and nothing is attached

to the end of it and likewise if the ‫ ن‬of the feminine plural comes at the
end.

It is fixed upon fathah if a ‫( ﻧﻮن اﻟﺘَﻮْﻛِﻴﺪ‬a ‫ ن‬of emphasis) is attached to the

end

If it ِ‫ ﻣُﻌْﺘَﻞّ اﻵﺧِﺮ‬, it is fixed upon dropping the final defective letter.

If the ‫ ا‬of the dual, ‫ و‬of the plural or ‫ ي‬of the feminine second person is
attached, then it’s fixed upon dropping the ‫ن‬

116 (Situations when building the present tense verb) ِ‫أﺣْﻮالُ ﺑِﻨﺎءِ اﻟْﻤُﻀﺎرِع‬

The ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬is fixed upon fathah if the ‫ ن‬of emphasis is attached to it,
and fixed upon sukoon if the ‫ ن‬of the feminine plural is attached and it is
‫( ﻣُﻌْﺮَب‬given status) besides that

122 (Positional status) ‫اﻹْﻋْﺮَابُ اﻟْﻤَﺤَﻠﱢﻲﱡ‬

When a ّ‫ ﻣﺒْﻨﻲ‬word falls in one of the states of ‫رﻓﻊ – ﻧﺼﺐ – ﺟﺮ – ﺟﺰم‬, its
ending does not change, and it’s said: ‫“( ﻓﻲ ﻣَﺤَﻞﱢ رﻓﻊ أو ﻧﺼﺐ أو ﺟَﺮّ أو ﺟﺰم‬in the
position of raf’/nasb/jarr/jazm“)

The present tense verb with a defective) ِ‫اﻟْﻔِﻌْﻞُ اﻟْﻤُﻀَﺎرِعُ اﻟْﻤُﻌْﺘَﻞﱡ اﻵْﺧِﺮُ وَأَﺣْﻮَالُ إِﻋْﺮَاﺑِﻪ‬
125 (ending and the situations of its status

The ‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ ﻣُﻀﺎرع‬with a defective ending is:

raf’-ized using an implied dhammah on all three of the ‫ا‬, the ‫ و‬and the ‫ي‬

nasb-ized using a fathah that’s implied on ‫ ا‬and visible on the ‫ و‬and ‫ي‬

jazm-ized by dropping the end

130 (The noun with a defective ending) ُ‫اﻻِﺳْﻢُ اﻟْﻤُﻌْﺘَﻞﱡ اﻵْﺧِﺮ‬

130 (The shortened noun and the situations of its status) ِ‫اﻟْﻤﻘْﺼُﻮْرُ وأﺣْﻮالُ إِﻋْﺮاﺑِﻪ‬

The ‫ ﻣَﻘْﺼُﻮْر‬is any ‫ اﺳﻢ‬that is ‫ ﻣُﻌْﺮَب‬and ends with a mandatory (i.e. not
additional) alif

All the three vowels are implied on the end of a ‫ ﻣﻘﺼﻮر‬word

(The decreased noun and the situations of its status) ِ‫اﻟْﻤﻨْﻘُﻮْصُ وأﺣْﻮالُ إِﻋْﺮاﺑِﻪ‬
133

The ‫ ﻣَﻨْﻘُﻮص‬is any ‫ اﺳﻢ‬that is ‫ ﻣُﻌْﺮب‬and ends with a mandatory ‫ي‬, and the
letter before it has a kasrah on it

The dhammah and kasrah are implied on the ending of a ‫ﻣﻨﻘﻮص‬

word in the states of raf’ and jarr.  As for nasb, it’s done using an
apparent fathah on the end

p. (‫ أنﱠ‬Nasb of the present tense verb using a hidden) ِ‫ﻧﺼْﺐُ اﻟْﻤُﻀﺎرِعِ ﺑِﺄنْ اﻟْﻤُﻀْﻤﺮة‬
137

137  (of causation ‫ ل‬After the) ِ‫ﺑﻌْﺪ ﻻمِ اﻟﺘﱠﻌْﻠِﻴْﻞ‬

After a ‫ﻻم اﻟﺘَﻌْﻠِﻴﻞ‬, the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬is nasb-ized using a permissively hidden ‫أن‬

138 (of denial ‫ ل‬After the) ِ‫ﺑَﻌْﺪَ ﻻَمِ اﻟْﺠُﺤُﻮْد‬

After a ‫ﻻم اﻟﺠﺤﻮد‬, the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬is nasb-ized using a forcibly hidden ‫أن‬
p. 140 (‫ أو‬After) ْ‫ﺑﻌْﺪ أو‬

After a ‫ و‬that comes with the meaning of ‫ إﻟﻰ‬or ّ‫إﻻ‬, the ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬
is nasb-ized using a forcibly hidden ‫أن‬

p. 141 (‫ ﺣﺘﱠﻰ‬After) ‫ﺑﻌْﺪ ﺣﺘﱠﻰ‬

After ‫ﺣَﺘّﻰ‬, the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬is nasb-ized using a forcibly hidden ‫أن‬

p. 142 (‫ ف‬After the causative) ِ‫ﺑﻌْﺪ ﻓﺎءِ اﻟﺴﱠﺒﺒِﻴﱠﺔ‬

After a ‫ ﻓﺎء ﺳَﺒَﺒِﻴﺔ‬that is preceded by a negation or request, the ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬

is nasb-ized using a forcibly hidden ‫أن‬

143 (of accompaniment ‫ و‬After the)  ِ‫ﺑﻌْﺪ واوِ اﻟْﻤﻌِﻴﺔ‬

After a ‫واو ﻣﻌﻴﺔ‬  that is preceded by a negation or request, the ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬

is nasb-ized using a forcibly hidden ‫أن‬

148 (The Jazm-izers of the present tense) ِ‫ﺟَﻮَازِمُ اﻟْﻔِﻌْﻞِ اﻟْﻤُﻀَﺎرِع‬

148 (The tools that jazm-ize a single verb) ً‫اﻷدواتُ اﻟﱠﺘِﻲْ ﺗﺠْﺰمُ ﻓِﻌْﻼً واﺣِﺪا‬

From the tools that jazm-ize a single ‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬are ‫ ﻟﻤﱠﺎ‬and the ‫( ﻻم اﻷﻣﺮ‬the
‫ ل‬used for commands).  The former offers the meaning of negation like
ْ‫ﻟَﻢ‬, except that this negation has lasted until the present time.  The latter
makes the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬offer the meaning of a command

151 (The tools that jazm-ize two verbs) ِ‫اﻷدَوَاتُ اﻟﱠﺘِﻲْ ﺗَﺠْﺰِمُ ﻓِﻌْﻠَﻴْﻦ‬

The tools that jazm-ize two ‫’ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬s are 12:

(s’‫ ﺣﺮف‬both are) ‫ إذْﻣﺎ‬and ْ‫إن‬

(s’‫ اﺳﻢ‬all are) ّ‫ أﻧﱠﻰ – ﺣَﻴْﺜُﻤﺎ – ﻛَﻴْﻔَﻤﺎ – أَي‬ – َ‫ﻣَﻦْ – ﻣﺎ – ﻣَﮫْﻤﺎ – ﻣَﺘﻰ – أﻳﱠﺎن – أَﻳْﻦ‬

156 (The 5 Verbs and their status) ‫اﻷَْﻓْﻌَﺎلُ اﻟْﺨَﻤْﺴَﺔُ وَإِﻋْﺮَاﺑُﮫَﺎ‬

of the dual or ‫ ا‬of the plural, the ‫ و‬that has the ‫ ﻣُﻀﺎرع‬are any ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺨﻤْﺴﺔ‬
of the feminine second person attached to the end of it ‫ ي‬the

and are nasb-ized and jazm-ized by ‫ ن‬are raf’-ized using ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺨﻤْﺴﺔ‬

dropping it

Division of the noun into the singular, dual) ٍ‫ﺗﻘْﺴِﻴْﻢُ اﻻﺳْﻢِ إِﻟﻰ ﻣُﻔْﺮدٍ وﻣُﺜﻨﻰ وﺟﻤْﻊ‬
162 (and plural

The ‫ اﺳﻢ‬divides into three branches: ٌ‫( ﻣُﻔْﺮد‬singular), ‫( ﻣُﺜﻨﻰ‬dual) and ٌ‫ﺟﻤْﻊ‬
(plural).  The ‫ ﻣﻔﺮد‬indicates a single entity, the dual indicates two entities
(by adding ِ‫ ان‬or ِ‫ ﻳْﻦ‬to the end) and the plural indicates more than two

165 (Division of the plural) ِ‫ﺗَﻘْﺴِﻴْﻢُ اﻟْﺠَﻤْﻊ‬

The ‫( ﺟﻤﻊ‬plural) divides into three:

Indicates more than two by altering the form – (broken plural) ِ‫ﺟﻤْﻊ اﻟﺘﱠﻜْﺴِﻴْﺮ‬
of the singular

Indicates more than two by – (sound masculine plural) ‫ﺟﻤْﻊ اﻟْﻤُﺬﻛﱠﺮِ اﻟﺴﱢﺎﻟﻢ‬
to the end َ‫ ﻳْﻦ‬or َ‫ وْن‬adding

Indicates more than two – (sound feminine plural) ‫ﺟﻤْﻊ اﻟْﻤُﺆﻧﱠﺚِ اﻟﺴﱢﺎﻟﻢ‬
to the end ‫ ات‬feminine objects by adding

168 (The status of the dual) ‫إِﻋْﺮابُ اﻟْﻤُﺜﻨﱠﻰ‬

The ‫ ﻣُﺜَﻨﻰ‬is raf’-ized using ‫ ا‬and nasb-ized and jarr-ized using ‫ي‬

172 (The status of the sound masculine plural) ِ‫ﺟَﻤْﻊِ اﻟْﻤُﺬَﻛﱠﺮِ اﻟﺴﱠﺎﻟﻢ‬ ُ‫إِﻋْﺮَاب‬

The ‫ ﺟﻤْﻊ اﻟْﻤﺬﻛّﺮ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﻢ‬is raf’-ized using ‫ و‬and nasb-ized and jarr-ized using

‫ي‬

176 (The status of the sound feminine plural) ِ‫ﺟﻤْﻊِ اﻟْﻤُﺆﻧﱠﺚِ اﻟﺴﱠﺎﻟﻢ‬ ُ‫إِﻋْﺮاب‬

The ‫ ﺟَﻤْﻊ اﻟْﻤُﺆﻧﱢﺚ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﻢ‬is raf’-ized using dhammah and nasb-ized

and jarr-ized using kasrah
p. 180 (‫ ﻣُﻀﺎف إﻟﻴﻪ‬and ‫ ﻣُﻀﺎف‬The) ِ‫اﻟْﻤُﻀﺎفُ واﻟْﻤُﻀﺎفُ إِﻟﻴْﻪ‬

The ‫ ﻣُﻀﺎف‬is an ‫ اﺳﻢ‬that is associated to an ‫ اﺳﻢ‬after it, so it becomes a

definite noun because of this association, or it becomes specific

If the ‫ ﻣﻀﺎف‬had a tanwin before this association was made, it drops it.  If

it’s a ‫ ﻣُﺜﻨﻰ‬or a ‫ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﻢ‬, then it drops it ‫ ن‬at the end

The ِ‫ ﻣُﻀﺎف إﻟﻴْﻪ‬is an ‫ اﺳﻢ‬that comes after the ‫ ﻣُﻀﺎف‬and is jarr-ized

185 (The 5 Nouns and their status) ‫اﻷَْﺳْﻤَﺎءُ اﻟْﺨَﻤْﺴَﺔُ وَإِﻋْﺮَاﺑُﮫﺎ‬

ْ‫ ذُو‬-ْ‫ أبٌ – أخٌ – ﺣﻢٌ – ﻓُﻮ‬:are (The 5 Nouns) ‫اﻷﺳْﻤﺎء اﻟْﺨﻤْﺴﺔ‬

,‫ ي‬and jarr-ized using ‫ ا‬nasb-ized using ,‫ و‬are raf’-ized using ‫اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ‬

‫ ﻣُﻀﺎف‬and the condition for giving them status this way is that they are
of the first person ‫ ي‬to something that is not the

189 (The signs of feminization in verbs) ِ‫ﻋَﻼَﻣَﺖُ اﻟْﺘﱠﺄْﻧِﻴْﺚِ ﻓِﻲْ اﻷَْﻓْﻌَﺎل‬

If the ‫ ﻓﺎﻋِﻞ‬of the ‫ ﻓِﻌْﻞ‬is feminine, the ‫ ﻓِﻌْﻞ‬is feminine

The sign of feminization in the ‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ ﻣﺎض‬is a silent ْ‫ ت‬at the end

The sign of feminization in the ‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬is a voweled ‫ ت‬at its beginning

192 (The signs of feminization in nouns) ِ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖُ اﻟْﺘﱠﺄْﻧِﻴْﺚِ ﻓِﻲْ اﻷْﺳْﻤﺎء‬

The signs of feminization in an ‫ اﺳﻢ‬are three: (1) A ‫ ت‬that is voweled, (2)

‫( ى‬alif maqsurah) or (3) ‫( اء‬alif mamdoodah)

A feminine noun could be devoid of signs of feminization

195 (The indefinite and definite nouns) ُ‫اﻟﻨﱠﻜِﺮةُ واﻟْﻤﻌْﺮِﻓﺔ‬

The ‫( ﻧﻜِﺮة‬indefinite noun) is an ‫ اﺳﻢ‬that does not indicate a specific entity

The ‫( ﻣَﻌْﺮِﻓَﺔ‬definite noun) is an ‫ اﺳﻢ‬that does indicate a specific entity

197 (The proper name) ُ‫اﻟْﻌﻠﻢ‬

The ‫ ﻋﻠﻢ‬is a definite noun by which a person, place, animal or anything else
is named with

p. 200 (‫ ال‬The noun that is made definite using) ِ‫اﻟْﻤُﻌﺮﱠفُ ﺑِﺎﻷْﻟِﻒِ واﻟﻼم‬

When ‫ ال‬enters an indefinite noun, it makes it a definite noun

202 (The pronoun) ُ‫اﻟﻀﱠﻤِﻴْﺮ‬

The ‫ ﺿَﻤِﻴﺮ‬is a definite noun that indicates the ‫( ﻣُﺘَﻜَﻠﱢﻢ‬first person), ‫ﻣُﺨﺎﻃَﺐ‬
(second person) or ‫( ﻏﺎﺋِﺐ‬third person)

204 (The detached pronoun) ُ‫اﻟﻀﱠﻤِﻴْﺮُ اﻟْﻤُﻨْﻔﺼِﻞ‬

The ‫ ﺿَﻤِﻴْﺮ ﻣُﻨْﻔَﺼِﻞ‬is what’s possible to utter by itself without being attached
to another word

The detached pronouns in ‫ رَﻓْﻊ‬form are:

First person: ‫( أﻧﺎ‬singular) and ُ‫( ﻧﺤْﻦ‬dual and plural)

Second person (masculine): ‫( أﻧْﺖ‬singular), ‫( أﻧْﺘُﻤﺎ‬dual) and ْ‫( أﻧْﺘُﻢ‬plural)

Second person (feminine): ِ‫( أَﻧْـﺖ‬singular), ‫( أَﻧْﺘُﻤﺎ‬dual) and ‫( أَﻧْﺘُﻦﱠ‬plural)

Third person (masculine): ‫( ھُﻮ‬singular), ‫( ھُﻤﺎ‬dual) and ْ‫( ھُﻢ‬plural)

Third person (feminine): َ‫( ھِﻲ‬singular), ‫( ھُﻤﺎ‬dual) and ‫( ھُﻦﱠ‬plural)

The detached pronouns in ‫ ﻧَﺼْﺐ‬form are:

First person: ‫( إِﻳﱠﺎي‬singular) and ‫( إِﻳﱠﺎﻧﺎ‬dual and plural)

Second person (masculine): َ‫( إِﻳﱠﺎك‬singular), ‫( إِﻳﱠﺎﻛُﻤَﺎ‬dual) and ْ‫( إِﻳﱠﺎﻛُﻢ‬plural)

Second person (feminine): ِ‫( إِﻳﱠﺎك‬singular), ‫( إِﻳﱠﺎﻛُﻤﺎ‬dual) and ‫( إِﻳﱠﺎﻛُﻦﱠ‬plural)

Third person (masculine): ُ‫( إِﻳﱠﺎه‬singular), ‫( إِﻳﱠﺎھُﻤﺎ‬dual) and ْ‫( إِﻳﱠﺎھُﻢ‬plural)

Third person (feminine): ‫( إِﻳﱠﺎھﺎ‬singular), ‫( إِﻳﱠﺎھُﻤﺎ‬dual) and ‫( إِﻳﱠﺎھُﻦﱠ‬plural)

208 (The attached pronoun) ْ‫اﻟﻀﱠﻤِﻴْﺮُ اﻟْﻤُﺘﱠﺼِﻞ‬

The ‫ ﺿﻤِﻴْﺮ ﻣُﺘﱠﺼِﻞ‬is not uttered by itself and is always attached to another
word

The pronouns attached to verbs and that are in ‫ رﻓْﻊ‬are:

‫ت‬

for the dual ‫ا‬

for the plural ‫و‬

of the feminine plural ‫ن‬

the ‫ ي‬of the singular feminine second person

The ‫ ي‬of the singular first person, the ‫ ك‬of the 2 second person and the
‫ ه‬of the third person: When they are attached to a ‫( ﻓِﻌْﻞ‬verb) they are in
the position of ‫ﻧَﺼْﺐ‬, and when they are attached to an ‫( اِﺳْﻢ‬noun) or the
َِ‫( ﺣُﺮُوْف اﻟْﺠَﺮ‬the particles of jarr) they are in the position of ّ‫ﺟَﺮ‬

The pronoun ‫ ﻧﺎ‬is sometimes in the position of ‫رﻓْﻊ‬, sometimes in ‫ﻧﺼْﺐ‬,

sometimes in ّ‫ﺟَﺮ‬

213 (The hidden pronoun) ُ‫اﻟﻀﱠﻤِﻴْﺮُ اﻟْﻤُﺴْﺘﺘِﺮ‬

without being apparent in ‫ ﻓِﻌْﻞ‬is a pronoun that attaches to a ‫اﻟﻀَﻤِﻴْﺮ اﻟﻤُﺴْﺘَﺘِﺮ‬

pronunciation

The hidden pronoun in the ‫ ﻓِﻌْﻞ ﻣﺎض‬has the implication of َ‫( ھُﻮ‬masculine
third person) or َ‫( ھِﻲ‬feminine third person)

The hidden pronoun in the ‫ ﻓِﻌْﻞ ﻣُﻀﺎرِع‬varies in implication varies along with
ُ
letter used to start the ‫ﻣُﻀﺎرع‬

The hidden pronoun in the ‫ ﻓﻌْﻞ اﻷﻣْﺮ‬always implies ‫( أﻧْﺖ‬the second person)

217 (The relative pronoun) ُ‫اﻻﺳْﻢُ اﻟْﻤَﻮْﺻُﻮْل‬

The ‫ اﺳْﻢ ﻣﻮْﺻُﻮْل‬is a definite noun whose intent is signalled using a sentence
after it that is called the ‫( ﺻِﻠَﺔ‬link)

The ‫ ﺻِﻠﺔ‬must contain a pronoun in it that goes back to the ‫ﻣﻮْﺻُﻮْل‬, and this
pronoun is called the ‫( ﻋﺎﺋِﺪ‬returner)

The ‫( أﺳﻤﺎء ﻣﻮْﺻُﻮْﻟﺔ‬relative pronouns) are:

Masculine singular – ْ‫اﻟﱠﺬِي‬

Feminine singular – ْ‫اﻟﱠﺘِﻲ‬

Masculine dual – ِ‫اﻟﱠﺬان‬

Feminine dual – ِ‫اﻟﱠﺘَﺎن‬

Masculine plural – َ‫اﻟﱠﺬِﻳْﻦ‬

Feminine plural – ْ‫اﻟﱠﻼﺗِﻲ‬

Intelligent beings – ْ‫ﻣَﻦ‬

Non-intelligent beings – ‫ﻣﺎ‬

222 (The demonstrative pronoun) ِ‫اﺳْﻢُ اﻹِﺷﺎرة‬

are nouns that indicate something (Demonstrative pronouns) ِ‫أﺳْﻤﺎء اﻹِْﺷَﺎرَة‬

specific that is pointed to

The ‫ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻹﺷﺎرة‬are:

Masculine singular – ‫ذا‬

Feminine singular – ِ‫ذِه‬

Masculine dual – ِ‫ذَان‬

Feminine dual – ِ‫ﺗﺎن‬

Intelligent plurals (masculine or feminine) – ِ‫أُوﻻء‬

The ‫ اﺳﻢ إﺷﺎرة‬for the masculine dual or feminine dual is treated like duals,
such that it’s with ‫ ا‬in the state of ‫ رﻓﻊ‬and with ‫ ي‬in the states of ‫ﻧَﺼﺐ‬
and َ‫ﺟﺮ‬

227 (The substitute for the doer) ِ‫ﻧﺎﺋِﺐُ اﻟْﻔﺎﻋِﻞ‬

The ِ‫ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ اﻟﻔَﺎﻋِﻞ‬is a raf’-ized ‫ اﺳﻢ‬that occupies the place of the ‫ ﻓﺎﻋِﻞ‬after
it’s been dropped

When the ‫ ﻓِﻌْﻞ‬is attached to the ‫ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬and it’s a ‫( ﻣﺎض‬complete action),
its beginning takes a dhammah and the letter before the end takes
a kasrah.  If the ‫ ﻓِﻌْﻞ‬is ‫ﻣُﻀﺎرِع‬, its beginning takes a dhammah and the
letter before the end takes a fathah.  The ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬that these changes occur
in is called ِ‫( ﻣَﺒْﻨِﻲﱞ ﻟِﻠْﻤَﺠْﮫُﻮل‬built for the passive)

If the ‫ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ اﻟﻔﺎﻋِﻞ‬is feminine, the ‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ‬is feminine

‫ ﻣُﺒْﺘَﺪأ‬The verbs of continuity that abrograte the) َ‫أَﻓْﻌَﺎلُ اﻻﺳْﺘِﻤْﺮَارِ اﻟﻨﱠﺎﺳِﺨَﺔُ وَﻣﺎ دام‬
p. 231 (َ‫ ﻣَﺎ دَام‬and

Like َ‫ ﻛﺎن‬in effect are َ‫( ﻣﺎ زال‬maa zaala), َ‫( ﻣﺎ ﺑَﺮِح‬maa bariha), ‫ﻣﺎ اﻧْﻔَﻚﱠ‬
(maa-nfakka), َ‫( ﻣﺎ ﻓَﺘِﺊ‬maa fati’a), and َ‫( ﻣﺎ دام‬maa daama).  They enter
upon both the ‫ ﻣُﺒْﺘَﺪَأ‬and ‫ ﺧَﺒَﺮ‬and raf’-ize the first (which is then called their
‫ )اﺳﻢ‬and nasb-ize the second  (which is called their ‫)ﺧَﺒَﺮ‬

indicates the length of the interval of what’s before it.  The َ‫ﻣﺎ دام‬
to the ‫ ﺧَﺒَﺮ‬following give the meaning of continuity in the ascription of the
(verbs of continuity) ِ‫ أﻓْﻌَﺎل اﻻِﺳْﻤِﺮار‬and are called the ‫اﺳﻢ‬

َ‫ﻣﺎ زال‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮِح‬

‫ﻣﺎ اﻧْﻔَﻚﱠ‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻓﺘِﺊ‬

The ‫ أﻓْﻌﺎل اﻻﺳْﺘِﻤْﺮار‬must be preceded by a tool used for negation and َ‫ دام‬must
be preceded by the ‫ ﻣﺎ‬that gives the meaning of time

236 (The absolute object) ُ‫اﻟْﻤﻔْﻌُﻮْلُ اﻟْﻤُﻄْﻠﻖ‬

The ‫ ﻣَﻔْﻌُﻮْل ﻣُﻄْﻠَﻖ‬is a nasb-ized noun that agrees with the ‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ‬in its
pronunciation and it comes after the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬to emphasize it or to clarify its
kind or number

241 (The object of reason) ِ‫اﻟْﻤﻔْﻌُﻮْلُ ﻷِﺟْﻠِﻪ‬

The ِ‫ ﻣَﻔْﻌُﻮْل ﻷِﺟْﻠِﻪ‬is a nasb-ized noun that clarifies the reason for the action
and the cause for its occurrence

245 (The frame of time and the frame of place) ِ‫ﻇَﺮْفُ اﻟﺰﱠﻣﺎنِ وَﻇَﺮْفُ اﻟْﻤﻜَﺎن‬

The ِ‫ ﻇَﺮْف اﻟﺰﱠﻣﺎن‬is a nasb-ized noun that clarifies the time that the action
occurred in

The ِ‫ ﻇَﺮْف اﻟْﻤَﻜﺎن‬is a nasb-ized noun that clarifies the place that the action
occurred in