Exhaust Temperature

Related terms:

Compressors, Gas Turbines, Steam Turbines, Turbines, Hydrogen, Turbocharger,

Exhaust Gas, Gas Temperature

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Steam turbine cycles and cycle design

optimization
R.W. Smith, in Advances in Steam Turbines for Modern Power Plants, 2017

4.3.2.2 Steam generation pressure levels

If gas turbine exhaust temperature is lower than the value for peak exergetic capture
of exhaust exergy to steam exergy in Fig. 4.6, the cycle can be improved by adding
one or more additional steam generation pressures. This is depicted in Fig. 4.7 which
superimposes a second dashed line representing the heat-recovery behavior when
steam is generated at two pressures as well as a third dotted line representing a three
pressure system. In these cases, the exergetic heat-recovery performance improves
because the additional steam generation at lower pressure allows a stepwise ap-
proximation of the cooling gas turbine exhaust temperature versus heat transferred
profile. This results in lower heat transfer exergy destruction downstream of the
high-pressure (HP) evaporator. Introduction of the second pressure level also shifts
the optimum HP steam pressure upwards which further reduces HP evaporator and
superheater heat transfer exergy losses.
Figure 4.7. Heat recovery exergetic efficiency versus heat source temperature, one,
two, and three pressure steam Rankine.

As heat source temperature increases above the value for peak heat recovery ef-
ficiency with a single-pressure steam cycle, exergy losses increase both because the
gap between gas temperature and peak steam temperature increases (a techno-
logical constraint), and because there is no longer enough exhaust energy to heat
all of the feedwater without compromising steam generation. This is addressed by
addition of extraction feedwater heaters in conventional fossil-fired steam Rankine
systems as seen in Fig. 4.12 versus Fig. 4.11.

Figs. 4.8–4.12 illustrate sample heat recovery cases used to construct Fig. 4.7. Fig.
4.8 shows an optimized one (single) pressure non-reheat cycle with 500°C gas
turbine exhaust temperature. Fig. 4.9 shows the significant improvement available
from additional steam generation pressures versus the optimized single-pressure
design of Fig. 4.8, both at 500°C exhaust gas temperature. Fig. 4.10 at 800°C
exhaust gas temperature shows how the heat transfer exergy losses in the econ-
omizing sections approach zero, and the possibility to generate steam at multiple
pressures disappears. Fig. 4.11 takes exhaust gas temperature up to 1650°C. So
much high-temperature energy is now available to evaporate, superheat, and reheat
steam that some high-level energy must be reserved to fully economize all of the
steam being generated. The solution to this problem is to add feedwater heaters as
shown in Fig. 4.12. Now instead of reserving high-temperature exhaust energy to
economize much colder water, all of the high-temperature energy can be utilized
for steam generation since the shortfall in economizing energy is addressed by
extraction feedwater heating (which has the added benefit of reducing exergy lost
in the condenser). Note that in all of these cases with reheat cycles the jagged
appearance of the superheating and reheating sections is purely a matter of how
the heat transfer surfaces are sequenced. Changing their sequence has little impact
on heat-transfer exergy losses but is important for minimizing heat transfer surface
required and hence the cost of the HRSG. Also worth noting is that HRSG stack
temperature naturally falls as heat source temperature increases. This is a byproduct
of higher specific steam generation (kg/kg GT exhaust) which increases economizing
duty.

Figure 4.8. Heat recovery example 1, 500°C Tx, one pressure nonreheat.

Figure 4.9. Heat recovery example 2, 500°C Tx, three pressure reheat.
Figure 4.10. Heat recovery example 3, 800°C Tx, three pressure reheat.

Figure 4.11. Heat recovery example 4, 1650°C Tx, one pressure reheat, no feedwater
heaters.
Figure 4.12. Heat recovery example 5, 1650°C Tx, one pressure reheat, with feedwater
heaters.

> Read full chapter

Advances and Innovations in LNG In-

dustry
In Handbook of Liquefied Natural Gas, 2014

10.2.13 Gas turbine exhaust duct firing

With duct firing, the gas turbine exhaust temperature can be increased; subse-
quently increasing the steam production from the steam generator. During high
ambient temperatures, the power plant output will drop and may not meet the
power requirement of the LNG plant. The additional steam can be used to increase
power to meet the power demands. The additional power may also be used to
increase LNG production rate or liquefy a lower pressure feed gas. Alternatively, the
additional steam can be used to supply heating to the process units, such as the
amine regeneration and reboilers in the NGL fractionation unit.

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Thermal Efficiency, Measurement of

Heat, and Mechanical Losses
A.J. Martyr, M.A. Plint, in Engine Testing (Fourth Edition), 2012

Measurement of Heat Losses: Heat to Exhaust

If air and fuel flow rates, along with exhaust temperature, are known, this may be
calculated approximately (see H2 above). For an accurate measurement of exhaust
heat, use can be made of an exhaust calorimeter. This is a gas-to-water heat ex-
changer in which the exhaust gas is cooled to a moderate temperature and the heat
content measured from observation of cooling water flow rate and temperature rise.
The expression for H2 becomes:

(21.3)

The rate of flow of cooling water through the calorimeter should be regulated so that
the temperature of the gas leaving the calorimeter, Tco, does not fall below about 60
°C (333 K). This is approximately the dew point temperature for exhaust gas: at lower
temperatures the steam in the exhaust will start to condense, giving up its latent
heat (see section on “Calorific Value of Fuels” in Chapter 20).

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On-line Monitoring of Gas Turbines to

Improve Their Availability, Reliability,
and Performance Using Both Process
and Vibration Data
Osama Ashour, ... Alberto Ceccherini, in Proceedings of the 3rd Gas Processing
Symposium, 2012

4.2 Combustion Rules

The most important parameter to monitor here is the exhaust temperature spread,
which is defined as the maximum thermocouple reading minus the minimum.
Traditional monitoring systems compare this value (at steady state conditions) to
a constant threshold and monitor it over time. However, this approach has proven
fruitless, as it is prone to false alarms or alarms that appear too late. The main reason
for this is that for hybrid premixed combustors, such as GE DLN (dry low NOx)
combustors, the spread depends on the combustion mode and load and is not a
constant value. Hence, a more robust approach is to monitor the combustion mode
and the main thermodynamic parameters of the unit, and then set the threshold
accordingly. Figure 7 shows how this spread changes with combustion mode and
load for a multi-can DLN machine.

Figure 7. Exhaust Temperature Spread vs. Combustion Mode and Load

By better monitoring this spread, we can warn against burner issues (i.e., plugged
fuel nozzles), faulty combustors or bad thermocouples within an appropriate period
of time. This will reduce the likelihood of deterioration of the combustion system.
Figure 8 shows a typical output of the rule for a typical gas turbine, where the exhaust
temperatures are plotted on-line. To achieve a reliable rule output, many checks
must be performed to prevent false alarms and report a real spread event. Exam-
ples of these checks include thermocouple cross-checks to identify faulty sensors
and adjacency checks to confirm a real spread, where adjacent thermocouples are
compared to the one showing the minimum reading.

Figure 8. Exhaust Gas Temperature Plot

When a spread is detected on a multi-can gas turbine, it is not straightforward to

judge the source of the problem (faulty combustor). This is the case, because the
thermocouples are not placed adjacent to the combustor cans. Hence, a rule is
developed to trace back the anomaly at the exhaust to the faulty combustor. This
was done using an experiment during a shut-down period to simulate faults in one
combustor and record the thermocouple readings at different speeds and discharge
pressures. A correlation was obtained, which can be used in the rule engine to
identify the faulty combustor in the event of a real spread.

> Read full chapter

Repowering steam plants
Eric Jeffs, in Generating Power At High Efficiency, 2008

The difference in the nuclear case is that the high exhaust temperature of the modern
gas turbines enables some of the nuclear-generated steam to be superheated in the
heat recovery boiler to achieve further output. The fully-fired combined cycle 40 years
ago used a 25 MW gas turbine with a 100 MW steam turbine. The nuclear case in
North America would use a 190 MW air-cooled gas turbine with a once-through
heat recovery boiler and a separate low-pressure section. Effectively it borrows an
equivalent volume to the steam used for feed heating, which it superheats before
returning it to the reactor through a low-pressure preheater section that replaces
the feedwater heaters of the nuclear steam turbine.

> Read full chapter

Advanced diesel valvetrain system de-

sign
Qianfan Xin, in Diesel Engine System Design, 2013

Improved aftertreatment performance

Intake or exhaust throttling may reduce air–fuel ratio and increase the exhaust
temperature for the aftertreatment system (e.g., DPF regeneration, SCR, LNT).
Exhaust throttling generally produces less BSFC penalty than the pre-compressor
intake throttling. However, any throttle valves placed in any part of the engine air
system increase BSFC significantly, and their use should be avoided or minimized in
engine system design. Although all the air control valves can achieve a wide range of
controls of exhaust temperature and space velocity by adjusting the air flow rate, only
VVA (e.g., early or late IVC, or cylinder deactivation) can achieve them without BSFC
penalty. Early EVO and the valve events to obtain internal EGR may also increase
the exhaust temperature. The benefit of exhaust temperature increase by VVA is
especially important at light loads and during warm-up.

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Medium and heavy duty diesel fuel in-
jection system requirements to meet fu-
ture emissions legislation
S. Daum, ... H. Theissl, in Fuel Systems for IC Engines, 2012

THERMAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

As has been stated previously, it is important to maintain an exhaust temperature
level at which the aftertreatment system can work satisfactorily not only throughout
the test cycles, but also during engine operation. This can be done by:

• Air path management (VGT, waste gate, air flaps, cooler bypass, etc.)

• Exhaust path management (exhaust flap, EGR cooler bypass, HC doser, etc.)

• Fuel system management (retarded timing, post injections, injection pressure,

etc.)

The goal of these strategies is to increase the exhaust temperature level in a region
where under normal conditions the exhaust temperature would be too low for
the catalytic reactions to take place in the aftertreatment system without adversely
affecting the fuel consumption or exhaust emissions.

For DPF regeneration, the use of a hydrocarbon doser spraying fuel into the exhaust
in front of a DOC is a common method of raising the temperature of the exhaust in
medium and heavy applications. However, it adds cost and complexity to the engine.
A similar effect can be produced by the use of late post injections, however one of
the disadvantages of late post injection is the risk of oil dilution as the injections take
place when the piston is towards the bottom of the stroke and the sprayed fuel can
reach the cylinder liners and cause fuel to mix with the engine oil. In cases where
the engine out soot emissions are low enough and the DPF regeneration is a rare
occurrence, late post injection is a possibility. In order to minimise cylinder liner wall
wetting, the late injection could be split into several short injections, if the injector
is capable of accurate control of small quantities.

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Some early schemes

Eric Jeffs, in Generating Power At High Efficiency, 2008
By 1974, Brown Boveri had uprated the GT13D gas turbine to 76.5 MW which with
an exhaust temperature of 491 °C could be the basis of a 120 MW combined cycle.
The first order for a combined cycle based on this gas turbine was from the Dutch
utility PNEM at their Donge site which went into service in 1975. With an efficiency
of 45.6% and with an unfired heat recovery boiler, it was the most efficient
combined-cycle plant so far built and pointed to further improvements over the fully
fired units with which it then competed.

> Read full chapter

Major Process Equipment Mainte-

nance and Repair
In Practical Machinery Management for Process Plants, 1997

Clearances
The inside diameters of new carbon rings are selected to match to the maximum
expected turbine exhaust temperature (Refer to Table 8-7). The inside diameters of
used carbon rings may be slightly larger than new rings. Measuring the carbon rings
is difficult, however, an inside micrometer or snap gauges may be used with a fair
degree of accuracy.

Table 8-7. Minimum/Maximum Carbon Ring Dimensions* For Operating Exhaust

Temperatures to 750° (400°C)

OPERATING EXHAUST CARBON RING IN- INCHES MILLIMETRES

TEMP. SIDE DIA.
UNDER 300°F (150°C)
Min.Max. 2.2522.253 57.2057.23
301° TO 400°F (131° TO
204°C) Min.Max. 2.2542.255 57.2357.28
401° TO 500°F (205° TO
260°C) Min.Max. 2.2562.257 57.3057.33
501° TO 600°F (261° TO
315°C) Min.Max. 2.2582.259 57.3557.38
601° TO 700°F (316° TO
370°C) Min.Max. 2.2602.261 57.4057.43
701° TO 750°F (371° TO
400°) Min.Max. 2.2622.263 57.4557.48

* Assumes a shaft diameter of 2.500 in.

The cold clearances may be determined by measuring the inside diameter of the
assembled rings and the diameter of the rotor shaft at sealing areas. The difference
between the measurements is the cold diametral clearance.

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Prime Movers
MA Laughton M A BASC, PhD, DSc(Eng), FIEE, FEng, ... LLJ Mahon CEng, FIEE,
FIQA, FIBM, in Electrical Engineer's Reference Book (Sixteenth Edition), 2003

26.2.1.6 Combined cycle

The ideal engine has a high inlet thermodynamic (absolute) temperature T1 and a
low exhaust temperature T2. The highest attainable Carnot efficiency is (T1 − T2)/T1.
The steam turbine has only a moderate T1 but a very low T2, so that its efficiency
is normally higher than that of the gas turbine, for which T1 is high but so is T2.

The combined cycle aims to optimise conditions with a cycle that uses the high T1 of
the gas turbine and the cool exhaust of the steam turbine, Figure 26.4( f ). The cycle
works as follows.

Fuel is burnt in the combustion chamber of a gas turbine, which generates electricity
and exhausts to a heat exchanger. Here the hot gases boil water to raise steam
which then drives a steam turbine which also generates electricity. The steam turbine
exhaust is changed to boiler feed water in a condenser.

A number of such plants are in service and more are being built because of their high
efficiency. They also have the quick-starting ability that the straight steam turbine
lacks. Also they can offer power early in the building programme by installing the
gas turbine first and the steam turbine later.

They have as yet a reliability somewhat lower than that of simple steam plant, and
the gas turbine has a shorter life. The availability is more acceptable if natural gas
is used rather than oil. A common arrangement is to take about two-thirds of the
power output from the gas turbines and one-third from the steam turbine; say, two
gas turbines and one steam turbine per unit.

While this cycle is as yet limited to gas and carefully prepared oil, there are prospects
of its use with coal. The pollution problem is creating so strong an emphasis on clean
burning that new combustion methods are being developed for coal. Pressurised,
fluidised bed combustion is one; gasification is another. Such arrangements promise
to produce a gas clean enough for gas turbines to use. So there is a prospect of using
 the combined cycle to give thermal efficiencies of around 45% using coal, which
is the most profuse fossil fuel.

Combined cycles are not necessarily arranged as in Figure 26.4( f ). For instance, fuel
can also be burnt in the gas-turbine exhaust to raise more steam (see also Section
26.3.3).

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