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Review
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What is a Biosensor?
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines biosensor
as a “device that uses specific biochemical reactions mediated by isolated
enzymes, immunosystems, tissues, organelles or whole cells to detect
chemical compounds usually by electrical, thermal or optical signals”.
in : Biosensor (www.google.com) 4
INTRODUCTION
What Is a Biosensor?
Biosensor = bioreceptor + transducer
Enzyme is a Bioreceptor
in : Biosensors (www.egtoget.com) 5
Block Diagram of a Biosensor
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Sample Signal
Biorecognition
(Analyte or Transducer Processing
Element
Substrate) Device
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•Specificity
With biosensors, it is possible to measure specific analytes with great accuracy.
•Speed
analyte tracers or catalytic products can be directly and instantaneously measured
• Simplicity
receptor and transducer are integrated into one single sensor& the measurement of
target analytes without using reagents is possible
in : Biosensors (www.egtoget.com) 8
Applications of Biosensor
Health Care
Measurement of Metabolites
Market Potential
Diabetes
Insulin Therapy
Artificial Pancreas
Military Application
Environmental Monitoring
Air and Water Monitoring
in : Biosensors (www.egtoget.com) 9
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Affinity analyte
reaction
Signal BM
transducer
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The ability to determine the occurrence of food contamination
due to foodborne pathogens at every stage
of food production, processing, and distribution is
crucial to improving the safety of our food supply.
There are more than 250 known food borne diseases
caused by bacterial and viral infections in the United
States. Annually, these foodborne diseases result in an
estimated 76 million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations,
5,000 deaths, and 6 billions dollars in unneeded
expenditure. Bacterial contamination accounts for 91%
of total foodborne diseases. Salmonella sp.,
Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus
aureus, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli
and Bacillus cereus were found to be main source of
bacterial contaminations in our food supply.
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A microbial biosensor consists of a transducer in conjunction with
immobilised viable or non-viable microbial cells. Non-viable cells
obtained after permeabilisation or whole cells containing
periplasmic enzymes have mostly been used as an economical
substitute for enzymes. Viable cells make use of the respiratory
and metabolic functions of the cell, the analyte to be monitored
being either a substrate or an inhibitor of these processes.
Bioluminescence-based microbial biosensors have also been
developed using genetically engineered microorganisms
constructed by fusing the lux gene with an inducible gene
promoter for toxicity and bioavailability testing (7).
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Advantages
• able to metabolise a wide range of chemical compounds
• have a great capacity to adapt to adverse conditions and to develop
the ability to degrade new molecules with time.
• are also amenable for genetic modifications through mutation or
through recombinant DNA technology and serve as an economical
source of intracellular enzymes.
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انواع عناصر بیولوژیکی
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آنزیم های خالص شده
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سلولهای
کامل
سللولهای کاملل هلم در فرم زنده و هم غیرزنده
مورد ا ستفاده قرار میگیرند .سلولهای زنده اهمیت
قابلل ملحظله ای در سلاخت بیوسنسورها دارند.
میکروبهای زنده ترکیبهای ارگانی للک مختلفی را
متابول یز میکنند .ب صورت هوازی یا غیرهوازی منجر
به تولیلد محصلولتی از جملله آمونیاک ،دی اکسید
کر بن ،ا سیدها و ...میشود که با استفاده از مبدل
های مخت لف مونیتور میشوند .سلولهای زنده زمانی
اسلتفاده میشونلد کله ظرفیلت جذب ه مه سوبسترا
توسلط میکروارگانیسلم بعنوان شاخلص فعالیت
متابولیکلی تنفسلی در نظلر گرفته شود .در مواردی
از جمله محاسبه نیاز اکسیژن بیولوژیکی .
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محدودیتهای
سلولهای کامل
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یکلی از روشهای غلبله بر ایلن مشکلل استفاده از .1
سلولهای نفوذپذی لللر اس لللت که از روشهای
فیزیکللی) انجماد( ،شیمیایللی) حللهای ارگانیک( و
آنزی می) لیزوزوم یا پاپای ین( ا ستفاده میشود .را یج ترین
روش اسلتفاده حللهای ارگانیلک از جملله تولوئن،
کلروفرم ،اتانول و بوتانول میباشد .ا ین تیمار شیمیایی
باع للث ایجاد منفذهای کوچک للی بوس للیله جداسازی
لیپیدهلا از سلطح سللول میشود کله باعلث نفوذ سریع
سوبسترا یا مح صولت از ا ین منفذهای کو چک غشایی
شده و از خروج آنزیلم های درون سلولی جلوگیری
میشود .هر چنلد انجام ایلن فراینلد باعلث مرگ سلول
میشود املا بعنوان یلک منبلع از آنزیم های درون
سلولی عمللل میکند .برای عملکردهای ساده
بیوسنسورها مورد استفاده قرار میگیرند.
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.2روشها یی برای کا هش ا ین واکنش ها برر سی شده است.
نفوذپذیری سلللول باعث خارج شدن تعدادی از
کوفاکتورهلا بلا وزن مولکوللی کلم شده کله ایلن عمل
واکنشهای ناخوا سته را کا هش میدهد .گر چه یک سلول
کامل مخمر شامل بتاگلکتوزیداز داخل سلولی لکتوز را
به اتانول و co2تبدیل میکند در حالی که همان سلول در
شرایلط نفوذپذیرلکتوز را فقلط بله گلوکز و گالکتوز
بعلت از دست رف تن کوفاکتورها تبد یل میکند .یکی دیگر
از روشهای غیرفعال کردن آنزیم ها استفاده از روشهای
فیزیکلی بوده زمانیکله از سللولهای مرده استفاده
شود .روش دیگلر در کاهلش واکنشهای ناخواسته در
سلولهای زنده بلو که کردن راههای متابولی کی ناخواسته
یا سیستم انتقال است.
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تثبیت مواد
بیولوژیکی
پیوند روشهای شیمیایی
کووالنسی
اتصالت
عرضی
تله اندازی
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پیوند
کووالنسی
پیو ند کووالن سی یک تکن یک را یج برای تثب یت آنزیم
ها و آنتلی بادی هلا اسلت کله برای تثبیلت سلول
روش منا سبی نی ست .ی کی از مشکلت ا ساسی این
تکنیلک اینسلت کله سلولها در معرض گروههای
عا مل واک نش دهنده قوی و شرا یط سخت واکنش
قرار گرفتله کله باعلث آسلیب رسلیدن بله سلولهای
زنده شده و همینطور آنزیمهای درون سلولی
کاهش پیدا میکند.
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روشهای فیزیکی
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تله اندازی
پلیمرهای سنتزی
پلی آکریل آمید -هیدروژلهای بر اساس پلی اورتان و پلی وینیل الکل
میباشد .یکی از مهمترین محدودیتهای این ترکیبات احتمال آسیب
رسیدن به سلولهای زنده است.
پلیمرهای طبیعی
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کاربردهای بیوسنسورهای میکروبی در
غذا
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کنترل کیفیت شیر
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تعیین ویتامینها
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کاربردهای بیوسنسورهای میکروبی
در محیط
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Biosnsors for detection of:
L. monocytogenes
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Salmonella
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Salmonella
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Salmonella
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Magnetoelastic biosensor for the detection of
Salmonella typhimurium in food products
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Salmonella(2)
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Salmonella
Fig. Schematic drawing illustrating the wireless nature of the magnetoelastic biosensors and the
basic principle for detecting bacterial cells. The fundamental resonant frequency of the
biosensor is f0 without antigen binding, which shifts (decreases) to fanalyte due to the increased
mass of antigen binding to antibody immobilized on the sensor surface(2).
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Bacterial binding measurements
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When the test temperature and humidity are constant, the resonant
frequency change of the magnetoelastic sensor depends only on
the mass change (Δm) on its surface. If the mass increase is small
compared to the mass of the sensor the shift in the resonant
frequency is given by:
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Sensor surface bacterial densities of 0.105, 0.075 and 0.105
cells/µm2 were observed on the samples which were exposed to S.
typhimurium suspensions in water, fat-free milk, and apple juice
respectively at the highest bacterial concentrations(2).
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E. Coli (2)
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E. coli O157:H7 is most well known to both microbiologists
and general public. This organism was first recognized in 1982,
and has the ability to cause life threatening complications
hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in
humans(6). Illness due to E. coli O157:H7 infection is often
misdiagnosed and generally needs invasive and expensive medical
tests before it is correctly diagnosed. Primary sources for exposure
to E. coli O157:H7 are consumption of ground beef, sprouts
lettuce, salami, unpasteurized milk, and juice contaminated by
pathogens. Since the loss caused by E. coli O157:H7 is enormous
in terms of medical cost and product recall, it is extremely urgent
to develop some rapid and sensitive methods to detect the bacteria
in food or water supplies(6).
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As to the selectivity, DNA is an ideal target for specific detection
of pathogenic bacteria. The DNA probe, which is an
oligonucleotide sequence immobilized on a fixed support and able
to hybridize the complementary strand present in solution, is a
powerful molecular tool for monitoring and detecting specific
microorganisms in the environment or in food. It is well known
that QCM is a very sensitive mass-measuring sensor, and the
crystal resonance frequency decreases with a mass increase on the
Au electrode surface.
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Nanoparticles are a new class of materials, which has been
adopted for improving the detection limit and sensitivity of the DNA
biosensors. In order to form a more effective and sensitive system,
we adopted the gold nanoparticles in the construction of E. coli
O157: H7 DNA biosensor for the goal of signal amplification,
because (i) colloidal Au has a good biocompatibility; (ii) gold
nanoparticle has a larger surface area, and helps to immobilize
more biofunctional molecules onto the surface of the sensor; (iii)
avidin-conjugated Au nanoparticle could be used as “mass
enhancer” to amplify the frequency change depending on its
relatively large mass compared to DNA target.
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The whole detection course of this QCM DNA sensor mainly included
two parts: sensor fabrication and detection. During the process of sensor
fabrication, how to immobilize more ssDNA probes was pivotal for the
following bacteria DNA detection, so two important routes for DNA
probes immobilization were introduced to this part, which were:
• Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs).
• Au-thiol binding.
A stepwise decrease of Δf was observed in each fabrication step(6).
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E. coli
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E. coli
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L. monocytogenes
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SPR biosensor technology is one of the most promising detection methods
currently in use for rapid pathogenic identification. It is sensitive to changes
in the thickness or refractive indices of biomaterials at the interface between
a thin gold film and an ambient medium, & is thus capable of characterizing
biomolecular interactions in real time without the need for labeling.
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As SPR sensors are capable of detecting changes in a refractive index of several
hundred nanometers over the sensor surface, bacterial cell particles specifically
bound to an antibody can induce a large SPR angle shift, as compared with
biomolecules covering an identical surface area(4). The direct detection of
microbial cells is often difficult, owing principally to their large size. In order to
assay whole L.monocytogenes cells with an SPR biosensor, it is first necessary to
find a high-affinity antibody [monoclonal anti- L.monocytogenes mouse antibody]
for the cell and to optimize the detection surface.
In this study, a specific monoclonal antibody against L.monocytogenes was
screened using an SPR biosensor. Monoclonal antibodies were bound to protein
L, after which the L.monocytogenes cells were subjected to an affinity assay.
Protein L was immoblized on a carboxymethyl dextran surface via an amine
coupling method, and utilized repeatedly by regeneration. The monoclonal
antibody, ‘A 18’, was selected and employed for the high sensitivity detection of
L.monocytogenes. specific antibodies were screened via direct binding to cells
using an SPR biosensor. It was determined that the screened antibody evidenced a
high degree of sensitivity for the direct detection of L.monocytogenes.
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In a study that was done in year 2007 by Joung Hyou- Arm et al.,
they selected a specific monoclonal antibody (mouse IgG1) against
L. monocytogenes , and also attempted to detect it directly. The
direct detection of microbial cells is often difficult, owing to
principally large size. In order to assay whole L. monocytogenes
cells with a SPR biosensor, it is first necessary to find a high-
affinity antibody for the cell & to optimize the detection surface
(4).
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References
Maria N. Velasco-Garcia; Toby Mottram (2003). Biosensor Technology
addressing Agricultural Problems. Biosystems Engineering , 84 (1), 1–12
e Guntupalli, R., Lakshmanan, Ramji S., Johnson, Michael L., Hu, J., Huang,
Tung-Shi., Barbaree, James M., Vodyanoy, Vitaly J., Chin, Bryan A. (2007).
Magnetoelastic biosensor for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium in food
products. Sens. & Instrumen. Food Qual. 1:3–10 DOI
10.1007/s11694-006-9003-8
0 SKLADAL, P., SYMERSKA, Y., POHANKA, M., SAFAR, B., MACELA, A.
(2005). ELECTROCHEMICAL IMMUNOSENSOR FOR DETECTION OF
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o Joung, H., et al. (2007). Screening of a Specific Monoclonal Antibody against
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Resonance Biosensor. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 12 : 80-85.
d Nayak, M., Kotian, A., Marathe, S., Chakravortty, D. (2009). Detection of
microorganisms using biosensors—A smarter way towards detection techniques.
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i LiJiang, W., QingShan, W., ChunSheng, W., ZhaoYing, H., Jian, J. & Ping, W.
(2008). The Escherichia coli O157:H7 DNA detection on a gold nanoparticle-
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B D’Souza, S.F.(2001). Microbial biosensors. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 16, 337–
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Any Questions???
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The End
Thanks
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