Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
2015;32(6):2409-2420
ISSN 0212-1611 • CODEN NUHOEQ
S.V.R. 318
Revisión
Endurance training in fasting conditions: biological adaptations and body
weight management
Néstor Vicente-Salar1, Aritz Urdampilleta Otegui2,3 y Enrique Roche Collado1
1
Biochemistry and Cell Therapy Unit, Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, Elche. 2Researcher University
Isabel I. Performance and Sport Nutrition Research Group. 3ELIKAESPORT Nutrition, Innovation & Sport. Spain.
2409
Table I
Protocols and duration in the different fasting endurance exercise studies
5, 6, 7, 9, 12,
1-2 days Fasting Exercise Meal
13, 16
state protocol post-exercise
2 days with
8 glycogen depletion Glycogen Meal pre-exercise Exercise Meal
in one limb depletion (1 leg) (fat rich) protocol post-exercise
(CHs rich)
Fig. 1.—Scheme about the different changes in metabolic pathways involved in the fasting-based endurance exercise studies analyzed in
the present review. An.P.: protein anabolic pathways; Ct.P.: protein catabolic pathway. (Prepared by the authors).
Results in fasting
Study N Subjects Activity and intensity Study Design
conditions
5 6 Healthy and active males Cicloergometre (60min) a) Fed (CHs or CHs+Triglycerides)↑ Glycerol, FFA,
26.5 + 3.8 yr. 44% VO2peak b) Fasting fat oxidation
75.0 + 3.3 kg
6 8 Healthy and active males Cicloergometre (100min) a) Fed (CHs at 50min exercise) ↑ Glycerol, FFA,
42.9 + 3.0 yr. 50% HR b) Fasting adrenaline
BMI 22.5 + 0.4 kg/m2
7 6 Moderately trained males Cicloergometre (120min) a) Fed (CHs during exercise) ↑ Glycerol, FFA,
25.0 + 2.0 yr. 25% VO2peak b) Fasting fat oxidation
75.1 + 7.3 kg ↓ Insulin
Cicloergometre (120min) a) Fed (CHs during exercise) ↑ Glycerol, FFA
68% VO2peak b) Fasting ↓ Insulin
8 6 Physically active males Cicloergometre (150min) a) High Fat meal before exercise ↑ UCP3, LPL,
22 to 33 yr. 45% VO2max b) High CHs meal after exercise PDK4
BMI 23.6 kg/m2
9 9 Physically active males Cicloergometre (120min) a) Fed (mixed meal) ↑ Glycerol, FFA,
22.8 + 0.4 yr. 75% VO2max b) Fasting fat oxidation,
74.0 + 2.3 kg adrenaline, UCP3
↓ Insulin, RER,
IMTG (TIF)
10 20 Physically active males Cicloergometre a) Fed (CHs during exercise) ↑ UCP3, CD36,
21.2 + 0.4 yr. (60 to 120min) b) Fasting βHAD, CPTI,
74.8 + 2.0 kg 171 + 4 W SDH (TIIF)
↓ PDK4
11 23 Physically active males Running (38 min) a) 1 session/day (4/week) ↑ SDH (in c)
a) 2 0.0 + 1.0 yr. and 90-25%VO2max b) 2 sessions/day (2/week)
79.0 + 7.5 kg (CHs during exercise)
b) 2 1.1 + 1.0 yr. and c) 2 sessions/day (2/week)
74.5 + 7.8 kg
c) 2 0.0 + 1.0 yr. and
77.0 + 10.7 kg
12 8 Healthy and active males Cicloergometre (60min) After exercise in fasting state: ↑ FFA, MRF4
25.0 + 1.0 yr. 70% VO2max a) CHs ↓ MURF1
74.0 + 3.0 kg b) placebo
13 9 Sedentary males Treadmill/ Cicloergometre After fasting state: ↓ TAG, glycogen
29.0 + 1.0 yr. (45min/ 45min) a) Sedentary + isocaloric + (in c)
75.2 + 1.1 kg 60-65%/ 60-65% VO2peak balanced diet
BMI 23.6 + 0.3 kg/m2 b) Exercise + isocaloric +
balanced diet
c) Exercise + isocaloric +
low CH
d) Exercise + hypocaloric +
low energy
14 14 Untrained (m) and (f) Cicloergometre a) Fed (mixed meal) ↑ CS (in m),
(m): 29.3 + 4.5 yr. (25 to 100 min) b) Fasting glycogen
(f): 24.6 + 6.1 yr. 65% VO2peak ↓ CS (in f)
15 28 Healthy and active males Cicloergoemtre/ Treadmill Hypercaloric fat rich diet: ↑ CD36, CPTI,
21.2 + 0.3 yr. (60min/ 90min) a) Sedentary CS (in b and c),
71.5 + 1.9 kg 70-75% VO2max / 85% HRmax b) Fasting state glycogen, AMPK-P
c) Fed ↓ FFA (in b and c)
16 8 Trained males Treadmill (36min) a) Fed (mixed meal) ↑ RER
27 + 6 yr. 65% HRres b) Fasting
91.3 + 10.8 kg
intensities (68-75% VO2max) after 90-95 min of exer- the amount administered to fed individuals. Meanwhi-
cise (15 and 12 mmol/kg/min for fast and fed respec- le in one study carbohydrates were administered 1h
tively)7, reaching at the end of the activity (120 min) before starting the exercise routine5, in the other, car-
the most significant differences (522 and 144 mmol/l bohydrates were ingested during protocol execution7.
of glycerol for fast and fed respectively)9. In contrast, In the meantime, at moderate or high intensity exercise
in the same study7, exercise performed at low inten- performances, plasma FFA in fasting conditions start
sities (VO2max = 25%) reaches significant differences to be significantly higher than in fed conditions after
between fed and fast individuals after 60 min. In ano- 90 min of exercise: 0.45 mM vs 0.36 mM respecti-
ther study, the changes in plasma glycerol after 100 vely7. High levels of FFA are maintained immediately
min of exercise intensity at 140 w (lower than 65% post-exercise (1.3-1.7 mM)6,9 and during the subse-
of VO2max9) were not significant between fast and fed quent 2-4 h of recovery (1.8 mM) with no consump-
states6, although the interstitial glycerol levels in adi- tion of carbohydrates12. In this context, it is important
pose tissue were elevated at this time during fasting as to mention that consumption of a carbohydrate-rich
well as in the 30 min subsequent to recovery. These meal following 1h of an exercise bout could also lower
results contrast with those previously obtained5,7 at low plasma glycerol levels to normal levels or lower in the
intensities of exercise. One of the differences between first 4h of recovery9, while volunteers that only con-
both studies was the age of the participants: 42.9 ± sumed water after a similar exercise bout, maintained
3.0 years6 vs 26.5 ± 3.8 and 25.0 ± 2.0 years5,7. In this elevated glycerol levels longer6.
context, many differences in the hormone levels are In long term protocols, the complexity of the di-
present when comparing old vs young individuals, i.e. fferent intervention designs adds new variables that
growth hormone (GH) levels that decrease with age20 complicate the interpretation of the results (Table II).
and are instrumental in promoting TG hydrolysis21,22. For example, in one protocol15, volunteers trained in
In any case, more studies need to be performed in or- fast and fed states during 6 weeks (4 training sessions
der to decipher the role of age and as well as other of 60-90 min per week) and consumed a hypercaloric
possible variables in this regard. fat rich diet in resting periods. The plasma FFA levels
Plasma FFA levels increase in the same extent than were determined after a test performed at the begin-
circulating glycerol in individuals performing exercise ning and end of the intervention. In addition, carbohy-
while fasting. However, the values differ between stu- drates were consumed before test execution only in the
dies. In low intensity protocols, one study presented fed group. One control of sedentary individuals con-
significant differences at the beginning (0.15 mM and suming a fat rich diet was included in the study15. The
0.35 mM in fed and fast states respectively5) and after circulating FFA levels measured after the test perfor-
60 min of exercise (0.20 mM and 0.45 mM in fed and med at the end of the intervention in fast and fed states
fast states respectively). However, for a similar inten- decreased similarly (0.30 and 0.33 mM respectively)
sity of exercise, another study showed no significant compared with values determined after the test perfor-
differences at time 0 (around 0.2 mM for fed and fast med at the beginning of the study (around 0.35 mM in
states7), but starting to be significant after 70 min of fed and fast conditions). However, sedentary control
exercise (0.15 mM in fed vs 0.25 mM in fast state). individuals maintained similar FFA levels during the
The differences between both studies could be related study (0.35 mM)15. Although the consumption of this
to the protocol of administration of carbohydrates and type of diet could be controversial, the presented data