Fluid Dynamics Energy is required to accelerate a stationary body.

Thus, a moving mass of a

fluid possesses more energy than an identical, stationary mass. The energy
Conservation of Mass is the kinetic energy of the fluid. If the kinetic energy is evaluated per unit
- Fluid mass is always conserved in fluid systems, regardless of the pipeline mass, the term specific kinetic energy is used.
complexity, orientation of the flow, or type of fluid flowing. This single
concept is often sufficient to solve simple fluid problems. [ ]
̇ ̇
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When applied to fluid flow, the conservation of mass law is known as the
continuity equation. The continuity equation states that the flow passing
any two points in a system is the same. Fig 1. The specific kinetic energy is used to calculate the quantity known as the
̇ velocity head.

If the fluid is incompressible, then

Work is performed in elevating a body. Thus, a mass of fluid at high
elevation will have more than an identical mass of fluid at a lower elevation.
The energy is the potential energy of the fluid. The potential energy per unit
mass of fluid (or specific potential energy) at elevation, z.

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Fig. 1
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Fluid Energy
- work is performed and energy is expended when substance is compressed. The quantity known as the gravity, gravitational, potential, or elevation
Thus, a mass of fluid at high pressure will have more energy than an head can be calculated from the potential energy.
identical mass of fluid at a lower pressure. The energy is the pressure
energy of the fluid,Ep , the pressure energy per unit mass of fluid (or specific
pressure energy) at pressure P. Total flow Energy
- the total energy or head in a fluid flow is the sum of the kinetic and
potential energies.

The quantity known as pressure head can be calculated from the pressure
energy.

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Conservation of Energy
- the Bernoulli equation, also known as the field equation, is an energy
conservation equation that is valid incompressible, friction less flow. The
Bernoulli equation states that the total energy of a fluid flowing without
friction losses in a pipe is constant. The total energy possessed by the fluid is
the sum of its pressure, kinetic, and potential energies. In other words, the
Bernoulli equation states the total head at any two points is the same.
Example:
1. A garden hose attached with a nozzle is used to fill a 10-gal bucket. The
inner diameter of the hose is 2 cm, and it reduces to 0.8 cm at the nozzle
exit. If it takes 50 s to fill the bucket with water, determine (a) the volume
(l/s) and mass flow rates (kg/s) of water through the hose, and (b) the
average velocity of water at the nozzle exit.
2. Water is flowing from a garden hose. A child places his thumb to cover
most of the hose outlet, causing a thin jet of high-speed water to emerge.
The pressure in the hose just upstream of his thumb is 400 kPa. If the hose
is held upward, what is the maximum height that the jet could achieve?
Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)
- also known as pressure gradient, hydraulic grade line is the graphical
representation of the total potential energy of flow. It is the line that the
water levels in successive piezometer tubes placed at intervals along pipe.
Energy Grade Line (EGL)
- Energy grade line is a graphical representation of the total energy of
flow(the sum of kinetic and potential energies)
Power and Efficiency
- the power output of a turbine or power input of a pump is defined as its
time rate of doing work. We can express the power in terms of the pump
head (hp) or turbine head (ht) , by noting Pump Work (Pp) or Turbine Work
(Pt).
Since pumps and turbines have friction losses, they will never be 100%
efficient. For pumps, Efficiency (e) is the ratio power delivered to the
fluid(pump) divided by the electrical power required to run the pump.
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Note: 2. Oil flows from a tank through 150 m of 150mm diameter pipe and then
1 J/s = 1 Watt discharge into air as shown in the figure. If the head loss from point 1 to
1 hp = 746 Watts point 2 is 600mm , determine the pressure needed at point 1 to cause 17
1 hp = 550 lb-ft / sec lit/sec of oil to flow.

Energy Equation with Pump, Turbine, and head loss

- the original Bernoulli Equation assumes frictionless flow and does not
consider the effects of pumps and turbines. In actual practice, friction
occurs during the fluid flow. This friction acts as an energy sink, so that the
fluid at the end of a pipe section has less energy than it does at the
beginning. The head loss is denoted by (hL).

Example:
1. The turbine is used in a small hydroelectric plant, along with a 0.3m
diameter pipe. If the discharge at B is 1.7m^3 /s . Determine the amount of
power that is transferred from the water to the turbine blades blades. The
frictional head loss through the pipe and turbine is 4m.
3. The pump shown draws water from reservoir A at elevation 10m and lifts
it to reservoir B at elevation 60m. The loss of head from A to 1 is two times
the velocity head in 200 mm diameter pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B
is ten times the velocity head in the 150mm diameter pipe. Determine the
rated horsepower of the pump and the pressure heads at 1 and 2 in meters
when the discharge is 0.03m^3 / sec.

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