GABRIEL AYOMIDE TOWOJU

2018-6849
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS ENG.

SIMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS

Consider a body which tends to undergo deformation because of an external force but resists it due to
the cohesion between the molecules, this resistance is called The strength of a material. Within the
elastic stage of an object the resistance of a material is proportional to the deformation and equal to the
external force of the material but beyond it, the resistance is less than the applied load which means the
deformation continues. The resisting force per unit area is called stress.

STRESS : This is the force of resistance per unit area offered by a body against deformation, The
external force which is called load is applied on the body while the stress is induced in the material of
the body.
𝑷
Stress mathematically expressed as ơ=𝑨

With ơ as stress/ intensity of stress

P as the external force or load
A as the cross-sectional area

Stress has different units like; kgf/m2, kgf/cm2, N/m2, N/cm2, N/mm2, Pa, etc

STRAIN : The extension per unit length E=DELTAL/L where E=strain deltaL is change in length and L is
original length of the body.

TYPES OF STRESS

The two types generally are known as tensile and compressive stress.
TENSILE STRESS AND STRAIN : when a section is subjected by two opposite pulls the length
increases why the cross sectional area decreases. The strain is then called the tensile strain.
Tensile strain is the ratio of increase in the length to the original length when there is an
increase in length.
 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑑𝐿
Tensile strain= =𝐿
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑅) 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝑃) 𝑃

Tensile stress=𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = =𝐴
𝐴

COMPRESSIVE STRESS AND STRAIN: when a section is subjected by two opposite pushes the
length decreases but the cross sectional area increases and the strain is compressive strain.

Compressive strain is the ratio of decrease in length to the original length.

𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑑𝐿
Compressive strain= 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡
=𝐿

𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑅) 𝑝𝑢𝑠ℎ(𝑃) 𝑃

Compressive stress= 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = =𝐴
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

Volumetric strain
Volumetric strain is the ratio of the change of the volume of the to the original volume.

Shear stress and strain

Shear strain is the strain produced by shear stress.

Stress stress is the stress induced in a body when subjected to two equal and opposite
forces which are acting tangentially across the resisting section as a result of which the
body tends to shear off across the section.

𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑙
Shear strain= =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ℎ

𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅 𝑃
Shear stress= = =
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 𝐿∗1

Elasticity and elastic limit

An elastic body is one which when external force is applied on a body and its shape deformed, if
the external force is removed the body returns to its original shape and size.
The ability of materials to return to their original position when external force is removed.
HOOKE’S LAW
Hookes law states that when a material is loaded within elastic limit, the stress is proportional
to the strain produced by the stress
Normal stress
=constant
𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

This constant is called young’s modulus or modulus of elasticity.

Modulus of rigidity is the ratio of the shear stress to the corresponding strain within the elastic
limit.
Two dimensional stress system:

• Longitudinal strain
It is the ratio of the change in the length of an object to its original length.

𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Longitudinal strain= 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

• Lateral strain
It is the ratio of the change in diameter of the circular bar of a material to its
diameter due to deformation in the longitudinal direction.

𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ

Lateral strain= or
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ

• Poissions ratio
It the ratio of the proportional decrease in a lateral measurement to the
proportional increase in length in length in a sample of materials that is
elastically stretched.
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
Poisson’s ratio=𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

Principle of superposition
 When a number of loads are acting on a body, the resulting strain, according to principle of
superposition, will be the algebraic sum of strains caused by individual loads.

Thermal stresses

These are stresses induced in a body due to change in temperature.

𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝐿 𝛼.𝑇.𝐿
Thermal strain= =𝐿 = 𝛼𝑇
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿

Thermal stress= thermal strain*Young’s modulus= T*E*α

Note:
• The total extension of a uniformly tapering circular rod of diameters D1 and D2
when the rod is subjected to an axial load P is given by
4𝑃𝐿
dL=𝜋𝐸𝐷1𝐷2

• Total elongation of a uniformly tapering rectangular bar when subjected to axial

load P is
𝑃𝐿 𝑎
dL=𝐸𝑡(𝑎−𝑏) log 𝑒 𝑏

where;
a= width at bigger end
b=width of smaller end
E=young’s modulus
t=thickness of bar
L= total length of bar

• Elongation of a bar due to its own weight is given by

𝑤 𝐿2
dL= 𝐸 ∗ 2
or
𝑊𝐿
2𝐸
W= weight per unit volume of the bar material
L =length of bar