ME - 472

HEAT & MASS TRANSFER

Arranged By
Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
anaeems@uet.edu.pk
 HEAT EXCHANGERS
(H. Es.)-Part 1
The devices or systems in which heat is transferred from one
flowing fluid to another.
 HEAT EXCHANGERS
 The weight and size of heat exchangers used in space or
aeronautical applications are very important parameters,
and are considered as economic variables.
 The focus of the study, however, will remain on technical
analysis i.e. the methods of predicting the performance
and discussion of the techniques used to estimate the size
and type of a H.E to accomplish a particular task.
 The discussion will be restricted to H.Es where the primary
modes of heat transfer are conduction and convection
only.
 However in space applications, the role of radiation is
predominant in H.Es.
 Specific applications of H.Es are found in space heating,
air conditioning, power production, waste heat recovery,
process industry, etc.
 CLASSIFICATION OF H.E
 H.Es are typically classified according to flow
arrangement and type of construction.
 In parallel flow, both the hot and cold fluids enter the
H.E at the same end, move in the same direction and
leave at the same end.
 In counter flow, the hot and cold fluids enter the H.E
at opposite ends, flow in opposite directions and
leave at opposite ends.
 Both parallel and counter flow H.Es, in simple form,
consist of concentric tubes (or double-pipe) of
different diameters as shown in Fig. 1 below:
CLASSIFICATION OF H.E Cont.

Fig. 1: Parallel & counter flow H.Es

 CLASSIFICATION OF H.E Cont.

 In cross-flow H.Es, the

two fluids usually
move perpendicular to
each other.
 The cross-flow is
further classified as
unmixed and mixed
flow, depending on the
flow configuration. For
example in finned type
Fig.2: Cross-flow H.E
cross-flow H.E both
fluids remain unmixed
as shown in Fig. 2 (a).
 CLASSIFICATION OF H.E Cont.
 The most common type of heat
exchanger in industrial applications
is the shell-and-tube heat exchanger.
Specific forms differ according to
number of shell & tube passes. These
heat exchangers contain a large
number of tubes (sometimes several
hundred) packed in a shell with their
axes parallel to that of the shell.

 Baffles are commonly placed in the

shell to force the shell-side fluid to
flow across the shell to enhance heat
transfer and to maintain uniform
spacing between the tubes as shown
in Fig. 4

Fig. 3: shell-and-tube H.E

CLASSIFICATION OF H.E Cont.

Fig. 4: The schematic of a shell-and-tube

H.E (one-shell pass and one-tube pass).
 CLASSIFICATION OF H.E Cont.

Fig. 5: Shell-and-tube H.E with one tube pass Fig. 6: miniature shell-and-tube H.E
with one shell pass and one tube pass
 CLASSIFICATION OF H.E Cont.

 A special class of H.Es used to achieve a very large

𝟐
around (≥ 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝒎𝟑 ) H.T surface area per unit
volume is termed as compact H.E.
 These are used when at least one of the fluids is gas
and hence is characterized by a small convective H.T
coefficient. Figure 7 shows a compact H.E.
 The large surface area in compact heat exchangers is
obtained by attaching closely spaced thin plate or
corrugated fins to the walls separating the two fluids.
 A compact H.E has low overall heat-transfer
coefficient which is desirable to achieve the
compactness.
CLASSIFICATION OF H.E Cont.

Fig. 7: A gas-to-liquid compact heat exchanger

for a residential air-conditioning system.
 THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT (U)
 The heat transfer through
the plane wall shown in Fig.
1 is:

Fig. 1

 Also, the heat transfer

through the double-pipe H.E
shown in Fig. 2 is:

Fig. 2
THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U) Cont.

 The overall heat-transfer coefficient may be based on

either the inside or outside area of the tube at the
discretion of the designer, so

 The Approximate values of overall heat-transfer

coefficients for different cases are depicted in the
following Table.
THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U) Cont.
THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U) Cont.

Fouling Factor:
 During normal heat exchanger operation surfaces are
often subject to fouling by fluid impurities, rust formation,
or other reactions between the fluid and wall material
leading to accumulation of deposits on heat transfer
surfaces.
 The layer of deposits or scale represents additional
resistance to heat transfer and causes the H.T.R to
decrease. The net effect is represented by a fouling factor
or fouling resistance (𝑅𝑓 ).
 The value of 𝑅𝑓 depends on the operating temperature,
fluid velocity and length of service of the H.E.
THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U) Cont.

 Fouling factors must be obtained experimentally by

determining the values of U for both clean (c) and dirty (d)
conditions in the heat exchanger. The fouling factor is thus
given as:
1 1
𝑅𝑓 = −
𝑈𝑑 𝑈𝑐
 The value of U given in previous formulae is valid for clean
surfaces and needs to be modified to account for the
effects of fouling on both the inner and the outer surfaces
of the tube. Thus for an un-finned double pipe (shell-and-
tube) heat exchanger:
1 1
 𝑈𝐴 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 = = 𝑟
ln 𝑟𝑜 𝑅
𝑅 1 𝑅𝑓,𝑖
+ + 𝑖 + 𝑓,𝑜 + 1
ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝐴𝑖 2𝜋𝑘𝐿 𝐴𝑜 ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜
THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U) Cont.

 An abbreviated list of recommended values of the fouling

factor for various fluids is given in Table:
 THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE (LMTD)
 Parallel Flow H.E:
 Consider a parallel flow double-
pipe heat exchanger having a
temperature profile shown in
Fig. 1.
 Hot fluid is flowing through inner
pipe, while cold fluid is moving
through outer pipe.
 The heat transferred through an
element of area ‘dA’ is:
𝑑𝑞 = −𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑑𝑇𝑕 = 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑇𝑐 → (1)
where 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡 &
Fig. 1:Temperature profile
𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
 THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Cont.
 From Eqn. (1):
−𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝑇𝑕 = & 𝑑𝑇𝑐 =
𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
−𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝑇𝑕 − 𝑑𝑇𝑐 = −
𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
1 1
𝑑 𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 = −𝑑𝑞 + → (2)
𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
 Also, we know that
𝑑𝑞 = 𝑈𝑑𝐴(𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 ) → (3)
where 𝑈 = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐻. 𝑇. 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
 From Eqns. (2) & (3):
1 1
𝑑 𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 = −𝑈𝑑𝐴 + (𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 )
𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
 THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Cont.

𝑑(𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 ) 1 1
= −𝑈 + 𝑑𝐴
(𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 ) 𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 1 1
ln = −𝑈𝐴 + → (4)
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
 The products 𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 & 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐 may be expressed in terms of
total H.T (𝑞) and the overall temperature differences of
the hot and cold fluids:
𝑞 𝑞
𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 = & 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐 = → (𝑋)
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑕2 𝑇𝑐2 − 𝑇𝑐1
 Substituting above relations of Eqn. (X) in Eqn. (4):
𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝑈𝐴
ln = 𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑕1 − (𝑇𝑐2 − 𝑇𝑐1 )
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝑞
 THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Cont.

𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 − (𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 ) ∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1

𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴 = 𝑈𝐴 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑚
𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 ∆𝑇2
ln ln
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 ∆𝑇1
𝑇ℎ2 −𝑇𝑐2 −(𝑇ℎ1 −𝑇𝑐1 ) ∆𝑇2 −∆𝑇1
where ∆𝑇𝑚 = 𝑇ℎ2 −𝑇𝑐2 = ∆𝑇 = 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷
ln ln∆𝑇2
𝑇ℎ1 −𝑇𝑐1 1

Assumptions behind the theory:

a) Constant specific heats
b) Constant convection H.T coefficients
c) Constant flow rates of fluids
d) Negligible heat losses to surroundings
e) No phase changes of fluids
 THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Cont.

 Counter Flow H.E:

 In current scenario Eqn. (2)
becomes:
1 1
𝑑 𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 = −𝑑𝑞 −
𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
 Putting Eqn. (3) in above Eqn.
1 1
𝑑 𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 = −𝑈𝑑𝐴 − (𝑇𝑕 − 𝑇𝑐 )
𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 1 1
𝑙𝑛 = −𝑈𝐴 − → (5)
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
 In this case Eqn. (X) becomes:
𝑞 𝑞
𝑚𝑕 𝑐𝑕 = & 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐 = → (𝑌)
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑕2 𝑇𝑐1 − 𝑇𝑐2
Fig. 2: Temperature profile
 THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Cont.

 Eqns. (5) & (Y) lead to:

𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝑈𝐴
ln =− 𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑕2 − (𝑇𝑐1 − 𝑇𝑐2 )
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝑞

𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2 − (𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1 )

𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑚
𝑇𝑕2 − 𝑇𝑐2
ln
𝑇𝑕1 − 𝑇𝑐1
∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1
𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴
∆𝑇2
ln
∆𝑇1
 The LMTD approach to H.E analysis is useful when the
inlet & outlet temperatures are known or can easily be
determined.
 THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Cont.

 If a heat exchanger other than the double-pipe type is

used, the H.T is calculated by using a correction factor
(F) applied to the LMTD for a counter-flow double-pipe
arrangement with the same hot and cold fluid
temperatures.
 The heat-transfer equation then takes the form:

𝒒 = 𝑼𝑨𝑭∆𝑻𝒎
 Values of the correction factor F are plotted in Figures 3
to 6 for several different types of heat exchangers.
 When a phase change is involved, P or R becomes zero
and thus: 𝑭=𝟏
THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Cont.

Fig. 3: F for one shell pass and two, four, or any

multiple of tube passes.
THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Cont.

Fig. 4: F for two shell passes and four, eight, or any

multiple of tube passes.
THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Cont.

Fig. 5: F for single-pass cross-flow exchanger, both fluids unmixed.

THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Cont.

Fig. 6: F for single-pass cross-flow exchanger, one fluid mixed, the other unmixed.
 PROBLEM
In a large industrial gas turbine engine, a concentric tube
counter flow heat exchanger is used to cool the lubricating
oil. The flow rate of cooling water through the inner tube of
diameter 2.5 cm is 0.2 kg/s, while the flow rate of oil
through the outer annulus of dia. 4.5 cm is 0.1 kg/s. The oil
and water enter at temperatures of 100 and 30ºC,
respectively. How long must the tube be made if the outlet
temperature of the oil is to be 60ºC? Assume that the tube
thickness, tube wall thermal resistance & fouling resistance
are negligible small.
𝐽 𝑊
Take 𝐶𝑝,𝑤 = 4178 ; ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 38.4
𝑘𝑔.𝐾 𝑚2 .𝐾
Thanks