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All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus

(Law of Orbits)

The Sun always


stays on a focus
of the ellipse.

The major axis is


longer than the
minor axis.

Planets can be assumed


to make circular motion
around the Sun
Look up at the stars and not down at your feet.
Try to make sense of what you see, and wonder about what makes
the universe exist. Be curious.
— Stephen Hawking
A line that connects a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal
areas in equal times (Law of Areas)
The square of the orbital period of any planet is directly
proportional to the cube of the radius of its orbit
(Law of Periods)

It’s human nature to stretch, to go, to see, to understand.


Exploration is not a choice, really; it’s an imperative.
— Michael Collins
F = mv2
r
Substitute :
F = GMm v = 2πr
r2 T

T2 = 4π2 r3
T 2 ∝ r3
GM T is directly proportional to r

T2 = kr3 M = mass of the Sun or Earth


r = radius of orbit
where k = 4π2 T = orbital period of planet
GM

T12 = r13
T22 r23

My goal is simple. It is a complete understanding of the universe,


why it is as it is and why it exists at all.
-Stephen Hawking

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