Engr. M. Seemab Nawaz, Instructor (Mechanical) G.S.P.C.

T GUJRAT

Experiment No: 08
Objective:
To verify the angle of friction of various materials on aluminum plane and to
verify that the force required parallel to inclined plane to move a body up the plane
corresponds to the friction co-efficient (or angle) already found.

Apparatus:
1. Various samples materials
2. Weights
3. Hanger
4. String
5. Sliding friction apparatus

Theory:
Friction:

Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid
layers, and material elements sliding against each other.

Coefficient of friction:

The coefficient of friction (COF), often symbolized by

the Greek letter µ, is a dimensionless scalar value which describes the ratio of the
force of friction between two bodies and the force pressing them together. The
coefficient of friction depends on the materials used; for example, ice on steel has a

1
Engr. M. Seemab Nawaz, Instructor (Mechanical) G.S.P.C.T GUJRAT

low coefficient of friction, while rubber on pavement has a high coefficient of

friction. Coefficients of friction range from near zero to greater than one.

Mathematically:
µ = FS / Fn
Where,
Fs = Force of sliding friction
Fn = Normal force

Normal force:
The normal force is defined as the net force compressing
two parallel surfaces together; and its direction is perpendicular to the surfaces.

In the simple case of a mass resting on a horizontal surface, the only component of

the normal force is the force due to gravity.

N = mg

Sliding friction:

Sliding friction refers to the resistance created by any two

objects when sliding against each other.

This friction is also known as kinetic friction and is defined as

the force that is needed to keep a surface sliding along another surface.

It depends on two variables- one is material and other is weight

of the object. Any change in the surface area in contact does not change the sliding
friction.

2
Engr. M. Seemab Nawaz, Instructor (Mechanical) G.S.P.C.T GUJRAT

Friction and Area of Friction:

Frictional resistance force between two surfaces is independent of the area of

contact.

Procedure:
1. The surfaces used in this
experiment must be cleaned
and kept free from dust when
not in use.
2. The Adjustable plane is to be
positioned on a firm bench so
that the load on the hanger
passes the edge of the bench
as it descends.
3. Clamped the plane in the 10° position.
4. Weigh all the trays, load hanger and record.

3
Engr. M. Seemab Nawaz, Instructor (Mechanical) G.S.P.C.T GUJRAT

5. Place the sample tray on the horizontal Aluminum channel at the end remote
from the pulley.
6. Attach the towing cord and arrange it over the pulley with the load hanger
suspended.
7. Add the load to the hanger until the tray will continue to slide at roughly
constant velocity after being given a slight push to start it moving.
8. Record this load in the table.
9. Sometimes tapping of bench or apparatus maybe required to induce movement
in tray.
10.Also ensure hanger is not swaying before loading.
11.Use different angles and Record the readings in table for different types of
material trays like ALUMINUM, BRASS and BRASS one by one by changing
the slide load too.

Observations & Calculations:

Table No:01

Material Used _______________

On Angle___________________

Sr No. Slide load Load On Normal Sliding Co-efficient Angle

W (g) Hanger force Force of friction Ø=Tan-1u
1
2

Table No: 02

4
Engr. M. Seemab Nawaz, Instructor (Mechanical) G.S.P.C.T GUJRAT

Material Used _______________

On Angle___________________

Sr No. Slide load Load On Normal Sliding Co-efficient Angle

W (g) Hanger force Force of friction Ø=Tan-1u
1
2

Table No: 03

Material Used _______________

On Angle___________________

Sr No. Slide load Load On Normal Sliding Co-efficient Angle

W (g) Hanger force Force of friction Ø=Tan-1u
1
2

Table No: 04

Material Used _______________

On Angle___________________

Sr No. Slide load Load On Normal Sliding Co-efficient Angle

W (g) Hanger force Force of friction Ø=Tan-1u
1
2

Results:
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
Comments:

5
Engr. M. Seemab Nawaz, Instructor (Mechanical) G.S.P.C.T GUJRAT

……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………