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« Analysis of slab The effect of torsional stiffness on
indirect beamtobeam supports »
VOLUME A Analysis of frames
The art of
construction and For both frames of the above structure, the calculation of the stress resultants subjected to
detailing static loads (dead and live) and seismic loads is required.
The structural frame Each frame has a span of 5.0 m and a height of 3.0 m. The moment of inertia of each column
Construction methods bar is I=0.4x0.43/12=0.0021333 m4=21.33x104m4.
Reinforcement Τhe effective flange width of the beams is calculated according to §3.1.2:
lo=0.70·l=0.70x5.00=3.50 m, b1=l n1/2=3.70/2=1.85 m, blim=bw+b1=0.30+1.85=2.15 m,
Quantity surveying
Detailing drawings beff=min(bw+beff,1, blim)=min(0.30+0.70, 2.15)=1.00 m, since beff,1=min(0.20·b 1+0.10·lo ,
0.20·lo)= min(0.20x1.85+0.10x3.50, 0.20x3.50)=min(0.72 , 0.70)=0.70 m.
Tables
Drawings From table 2 beff=1.0 m, hf/h=0.17/0.50=0.34, bw/beff=0.30 → μ=0.0417 →
I=0.0417x1.0x0.503=52.125x10 4 m4.
Model (exemplary)
construction Note
According to [EC8, §4.3.1(6),(7)] the stiffnesses of structural elements (beams, columns, walls)
are considered as the 50% of their respective elastic ones due to cracking. Provided that
stiffnesses of all structural elements are reduced by the same factor, the stress resultants are
equal to those of the elastic analysis (i.e. of full stiffnesses). However the deformations of
VOLUME B new cracked elements are equal to 50% of the respective elastic deformations.
Static and Dynamic The loads on the crossbar of each frame are:
analysis
General Selfweight: go=0.30mx(0.500.17)mx25.00kN/m3 = 2.50 kN/m
Limit States Design Dead loads on slab: gs=2.00mx5.25kN/m2 =10.50 kN/m
Models Analysιs
Additional dead loads: gw =20.00 kN/m
Slabs
Total dead loads: g =33.00 kN/m
Seismic behaviour
Live load on slab: q=2.00mx5.00kN/m2 =10.00 kN/m
Seismic accelerations
and loadings Τhe selfweight of each column is 0.40x0.40x3.00x25.00=12.00 kN. Τhe 1/3 of this load (4.00
Tables kN) is applied on the column head and the rest 2/3 of the load (8.00 kN), are applied on the
column base.
APPENDIX A
The dynamic mass of each crossbar in all seismic combinations corresponds to design load:
APPENDIX B
Pd=(g+ψ2·q) ·l+2columnsx4.00kN=(33.00+0.30x10.00)x5.00+8.00=188.00 kN
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D while the seismic force applied on each crossbar is W= (ax /g)·Pd=0.65x188.00=122.00 kN.
APPENDIX D7 In the following analyses implemented manually, the function of rigid bodies will not be
considered. In each frame three analyses are performed, one for dead loads G, one for live
loads Q and one for seismic loads in +X direction.
Figure 3.3.31: The structural model of the frame considering loadings: g and q and the seismic W
The general analysis of the frame subjected to vertical uniform load w, from table 1 is:
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The general analysis of the frame subjected to horizontal load W, from table 39 is:
For load g=33.0 kN/m:
MA,g=MB,g =0.60m2 x33.0kN/m=19.8 kNm
MCA,g =MCD,g =MDC,g =MDB,g =1.20m2 x33.0kN/m =39.6 kNm,
HA,g =HB,g =0.60m x33.0kN/m=19.8 kN, VA,g =VB,g =2.50mx33.0kN/m=82.5 kN
For load q=10.0 kN/m:
MA,q=MB,q =0.60m2 x10.0kN/m=6.0 kNm, MCA,q =MCD,q =MDC,q =MDB,q
=1.20m2x10.0kN/m=12.0 kNm,
HA,q =HB,q =0.60m x10.0kN/m=6.0 kN, VA,q =VB,q =2.50mx10.0kN/m=25.0 kN
For load W=122.0 kN:
MA,W=MB,W =0.826m x122.0kN=100.8 kNm, MCA,W =MCD,W =MDC,W =MDB,W
=0.674x122.0=82.2 kNm,
HA,W =HB,W =0.50 x122.0kN=61.0 kN, VA,W =VB,W =0.27x122.0kN=32.9 kN
The actions examined previously will be used for the calculation (a) of combinations of actions
without seismic loads according to §2.3.1 and (b) of the combination of actions with seismic
loads according to §2.3.2.
(a) Combination of actions without seismic loads:
The only combination examined is ο γ g·G+ γ q·Q
(b) All seismic combinations are examined when the gravity loads are
G+ ψ2·Q
The two seismic combinations examined in this case, are in +x direction and in x direction
Therefore, the total three combinations are [*] :
2nd combination: G+ ψ2·Q + "Εx" [*]
3rd combination: G+ ψ2·Q "Εx"
1st combination : w=1.35g+1.50q=1.35x33+1.50x10.0=59.55 kN/m
MA=MB=1.35MA,g+1.50MA,q=1.35x19.8+1.50x6.0=35.7 kNm
MCA=MCD=MDC=MDB=1.35MCA,g+1.50MCA,q=1.35x39.61.50x12.0=71.5 kNm,
HA=HB=1.35HA,g+1.50HA,q=1.35x19.8+1.50x6.0=35.7 kN,
VA=VB=1.35HA,g+1.50HA,q =1.35x82.5+1.50x25.0=148.9 kN
VCD=w·l/2+(MDCMCD)/l=59.55x5.0/2+(71.5+71.5)/5.0=148.9 kN,
VDC=VCDw·l=148.9 59.55x5.0=148.9 kN [*]
NΑ=VCD1.35·(selfweight of column)=148.91.35x12.0=165.1 kN
NB=VDC 1.35·( selfweight of column)=148.91.35x12.0=165.1 kN
x=VCD/w=148.9/59.55=2.50 m [*], Mmax= MCD + (VCD·x)/2=71.5+(148.9x2.50)/2=114.6 kNm
[*] ,
w·l2/8=59.55x5.02/8=186.1 kNm
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Figure 3.3.32 Figure 3.3.33
Figure 3.3.34 Figure 3.3.35
2nd combination : w=g + 0.30 · q + "Εx"=33.0+0.30x10.0 + "Ex"=36.0 kN/m + "Ex"
MA=MA,g+0.30MA,q+ MA,W =19.8+0.30x6.0100.8 =79.2 kNm, MB =19.80.30x6.0100.8
=122.4 kNm
MCA= MCD=39.60.30x12.0+82.2=39.0 kNm,
MDC=39.60.30x12.082.2=125.4 kNm, MDB=39.6+0.30x12.0+82.2=125.4 kNm,
HA=HA,g+0.30HA,q+ HA,W =19.8+0.30x6.061.0=39.4 kN, HB=19.80.30x6.061.0=82.6 kN,
VA= VA,g+0.30VA,q+ VA,W =82.5+0.30x25.032.9=57.1 kN, VB=82.5+0.30x25.0+32.9=122.9 kN
VCD=w·l/2+(MDCMCD)/l=36.0x5.0/2+(125.439.4)/5.0=90.033.0=57.0 kN,
VDC=VCDw · l=57.036.0x5.0=123.0 kN
NΑ=VCD selfweight of column =57.012.0=69.0 kN
NB=VDC selfweight of column =123.012.0=135.0 kN
x=VCD/w=57.0/36.0=1.58 m, Mmax= MCD + (VCD·x)/2=39.0+(57.0x 1.58)/2=84.0 kNm,
w·l2/8=36.0x5.02/8=112.5 kNm
Figure 3.3.36 Figure 3.3.37
Figure 3.3.38 Figure 3.3.39
3rd combination : w=g + 0.30·q "Ε x "=33.0+0.30x10.0 "Ex"=36.0 kN/m "Ex"
The values of stress resultants are mirror values of those of 2nd combination.
Figure 3.3.310 Figure 3.3.311
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Figure 3.3.312 Figure 3.3.313
Combinations and Envelopes of stress resultants
Figure 3.3.314 Figure 3.3.315
Figure 3.3.316
Calculations performed by using the related software (project <B_331>):
Figure 3.3.317: The model of the structure, created by the software, consists of slabs, nodes, bars, rigid
bodies and diaphragms
The moments and shears of the slab are displayed by pressing the corresponding buttons on
the left of the screen. The results are the same with the theoretical results of the analysis of the
previous paragraph.
The model of the structure, created by the software, consists of bars, located on the centroidal
axes of the columns and on the central axes at the top faces of the beams. The columnto
beam connections are modelled by rigid bodies, placed along the direction of beams.
The diaphragm of the slab connects the two frames.
The Interface allows the user to see the numbering of master and slave nodes. Moreover the
user can select a node, or a bar and retrieve their geometrical and loading data. Most of their
properties can be modified by selecting 'Properties' from the menu [*]
Τhe software displays the effective area of the slab on each frame, the total dead linear load
g=34.5 kN/m and the total live linear load q=10.8 kN/m. The slightly augmented values of g and
q used by the software are due to corrections made for taking into account the slab loads that
extend beyond both frame ends.
Τhe results of the three combinations from the software are given in the following diagrams of
bending moments and shear forces (the elastic line is also shown).
The small discrepancies between practical and automatic (via the software) calculations are due
to the fact that the software uses rigid bodies and takes into account work done by shears and
axial forces.
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1st combination : 1.35g+1.50q
Figure 3.3.318:Bending moment diagram and elastic Figure 3.3.319:Shear force diagram
line
2nd combination : g+0.30q+EX (additional combination U1)
Figure 3.3.320:Bending moment diagram and elastic Figure 3.3.321:Shear force diagram
line
3rd combination : g+0.30qEX (additional combination U2)
Figure 3.3.322:Bending moment diagram and elastic Figure 3.3.323:Shear force diagram
line
Combinations and Envelopes of Bending Moments
Figure 3.3.324:The three combinations of bending Figure 3.3.325: Envelope of bending moments.The
moments values given per 0.20 m are needed for the
reinforcement design and the reinforcement detailing
« Analysis of slab The effect of torsional stiffness on
indirect beamtobeam supports »
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