Sanitary Engineering

H.W 2

Student name: Ameer Anwar El-Sarsak

Student No. :120151862

Class Work
 Sanitary Engineering
Prof. H. Hamouda

Answer The following in details (use the power points slides and other sources)

1. Storm water run-off can be calculated based on rainfall and a run-off coefficient.
a) Explain what the run-off depends on.
1. Rainfall characteristics :
(duration, amount, intensity, frequency and distribution).
2. Climatic factors :
(temperature, humidity, wind velocity, pressure variation, etc).
3. Watershed physical conditions :
(size, shape, slope, topography, geology, soil type, land use and cover,
orientation, depressions, streams, etc).

b) Give a range for the value of the run-off coefficient for impervious and for
pervious surfaces. Explain the difference.
Impervious surfaces run
pervious surfaces run off
off
value of the run-off
10% run off 75% - 100% run off
coefficient
The pervious part is the The impervious part is the
area where water can area that does not readily
The difference
readily infiltrate into the allow water to infiltrate into
ground the ground
Forests buildings and sidewalks or
Example
compacted unvegetated soils

c) Do you expect the value of the run-off coefficient to be higher in summer and
in winter? Explain why.
1- The value of the run-off coefficient will be higher in winter because
the run off depends on Rainfall characteristics (duration, amount, etc).
and the rainfall will be increase in winter.
2- the value of evapotranspiration will be decrease.
3- the value of infiltration will be decrease because the soil will be
saturation.

2. Describe shortly the functioning of French drains and Gabions

French drains Gabions drains
A French Drain is a pipe that collects
and directs water. A wide, perforated
pipe placed in the ground collects
excess water and drains it away from
the affected area. The pipe is covered
with gravel or rock so that it’s not
visible, and it’s angled downward to
Gabions are baskets are manufactured
from hexagonal woven wire mesh type
60 or 80, also known as double twisted
mesh in accordance to EN10223-3.
Gabions are filled with rock at the
project site to form flexible, permeable,
monolithic structures such as retaining
walls, channel linings and weirs for
erosion control projects.

make sure drainage is smooth.

Open ditches and stormwater drains

manage rain-flow and excess water

near roads, but you don’t want an open

ditch near your building or house. A

French Drain system is less open, but

still allows water to drain to an area

where it can cause less damage. You

can also use a French Drain near a

retaining wall to prevent groundswell

pressure from upheaving it during

periods of intense rain.

3. What are the main kinds of pipe materials and the Factors effecting there
selection?
  The main kinds of pipe materials
a) Concrete
b) Reinforced concrete
c) Asbestos cement
d) Cast iron (lined with cement).
e) Ductile iron (lined with cement).
f) Steel (lined with cement).
g) PVC, UPVC
h) GRB (fiber glass).
 Factors effecting the selection of materials
1- Chemical characteristics of wastewater and degree of resistance to acid, base,
solvents,
2- Resistance to scour and flow (friction coefficient).
3- External forces and internal pressures.
4- Soil conditions.
5- Type of backfill
6- Useful life
7- Strength and water tightness of joints and effective control of infiltration and
inflow.
8- Availability in diameter, length, and ease of installation.
9- Cast of construction and maintenance.

4. Why we need to construct manholes? How can the Manholes distance

estimated?
The main purpose of a manhole is:

1. To perform inspection, cleaning, and removal of any obstruction present in the

sewage line.
2. The joining of sewers, the change of direction or the alignment of sewers can
be performed with the help of manhole.
3. These have a perforated cover which helps the foul gases to escape. Hence it is
a good means of ventilation for the underground sewage system.
4. Manholes help to lay the sewer line in the conventional lengths.

The Manholes distance estimated :

 The distance for sewers smaller than 48-inch diameter.

To determine the pipe distance for sewers smaller than 48-inch, subtract one-
half (1/2) the inside manhole dimension for both manholes from the total distance
between the centerline of both manholes. The distance between the manholes that
is shown on the profile is the total distance between the centerlines of the
manholes.

 distance for sewer pipelines 48-inch and larger diameter.

 To determine the pipe distance for 48-inch and larger sewers in circular
manholes, determine the amount of pipe that is extended into the inside diameter
of the manhole (d), See Sketch "S".
First determine (a), which is one half (1/2) the pipe OD and (c), which is one
half (1/2) the manhole inside diameter. Solve for (b), using this formula. b = (c2
− a2 ) 1/2
Then, determine the amount of pipe that is extended into the inside of the
manhole. Solve for (d), using this formula d = c − b
After determining (b) for each manhole (each end of the sewer run), then
determine the pipe distance between the two (2) manholes. To determine the
pipe distance, add the two (b) dimensions and subtract it from the total distance
between the centerline of the two (2) manholes.

5. Specify the Impacts of Storm Water on wastewater treatment processes.

6. Explain the logic in the estimation of Qw, Qww, Qsw, Qaver, Qmax and Qdesign
7. Describe the hydrodynamics limits needed by collection system- and pump
station design.