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Part 1:
2019). The abuse and overuse of antibiotics by humans and agriculture is accelerating the
process of antibiotic resistance. China and 14 other ministries and commissions issued the
"National Health Action Plan to Contain Antibiotic Resistance 2016-2020" to ensure a clear
multi-sectoral approach to address this growing problem. The Chinese health department has
taken measures to reduce the proportion of inpatients using antibacterial drugs from 67.3% in
Superbug is a term used to describe bacteria that cannot be killed by most existing antibiotics.
Therefore, infections caused by these antibiotic-resistant "super bacteria" are often life-
The rapid emergence and spread of "super bacteria" poses a serious threat to public health in
South Korea and the world. To discover new antibacterial agents that are effective for "super
bacteria", our research strategy is to 1) expand the knowledge of bacterial physiology and drug
resistance mechanisms, 2) use this knowledge to develop new screening systems, and 3) identify
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Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest public health challengesSouth Korea faces. Annually,
more than 2.8 million people get an antibiotic-resistant infection, andover 35,000 fatalities.
Drug resistance (AMR) occurswhen microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, etc.)
anthelmintic,antimalarials) used to treat infections caused by them. Microbes that produce AMR
are commonly referred to as "super bacteria" because they cannot be treated with effective drugs,
leading to persistent infections, raising the threat of spreading the infection to others.
Part 2:
model of health)
GLASS promotes the growth of the national surveillance system, to standardize, compare, and
validate AMR between different countries, collect, analyze, and share data(Lee et al., 2018).
and uniformity. KCDC operated a nationwide AMR surveillance system between 2002 and
2015. However, due to differences in antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods and hospital
2017) arise. System collected the laboratory data to easily monitor AMR as well as to detect
resistance from hospitals. However, problems regarding data reliability raised for KARMS,
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resulting from the differences in antimicrobial susceptibility testing techniques and interpretation
breakpoint (Liu et al., 2019). New system is totally based on collection of the non-duplicate
South Korea currently faces challenges in AMR. The latest KARMS report states that meticillin-
2015, almost 85% tested were imipenem-resistant positive. The establishment of Kor-GLASS is
The ability of the diagnostic microbiology laboratory to produce correct and repeatable data is
another consideration. Clinical isolates collected through this system are scrutinised in analysis
centre with hard- as well as software suitable for the AMR study. The capability of diagnostic
microbiologic laboratories to produce reproducible and accurate data was another consideration
(Liu et al., 2019). To reflect the AMR traits of South Korea, the GLASS manual has been
resistance critical in clinical settings of South Korea; also target antimicrobials to classify multi-
drug resistance are added, hence in S. Aureus case tested not only cefoxitin as in GLASS manual,
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tigecycline and linezolid are also tested settings and strain typing to assess molecular
All tripartite institutions (WHO, FAO, and OIE), partners and stakeholders communicate on
accountability monitoring) Both are the cornerstones of the Global Antimicrobial Resistance
Action Plan. As of the AMR National Action Plan. Antimicrobial management is an area where
pharmacologists can play a major role. Pharmacologists need to actively work with
antibacterial policies in the hospital. Such a working group is essential for the development and
also use their knowledge in activities such as prescription review, feedback, and monitoring of
antimicrobial use throughout the hospital. Another area might be in interpreting the minimum
inhibitory concentrations values when hard treatment decisions have to be made because of
AMR.
Education and training are core areas, and pharmacists should use their experience and vantage
point to shape future prescribers with the correct attitude. In medicine, pharmacy and nursing
courses, teachers of pharmacology and other related subjects should invest enough time, and
emphasize the use of antibacterial drugs and treatment options. This method will be of great help
in providing future health professionals with the basis for practicing the responsible use of
The role of pharmacologists need not be limited to hospitals. It is important to increase AMR
awareness, improve the appropriate use of antimicrobial drugs, and develop community
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local guidelines. Affordability and accessibility are major issues and pharmacoeconomic
research will help reduce the burden on patients with lower health system funding and privileges.
pharmacists, and nurses have the latest knowledge of the evidence-based practice.
Pharmacologists, with their knowledge of pharmacodynamics and kinetics, can become ideal
promoters of antibacterial drug conversion studies between physicians and the pharmaceutical
industry(Muraki et al., 2016).All in all, all stakeholders should play a role in containing AMR.
be true stewards of the antimicrobial use in the hospital as well as outside the community. The
launch of the WHO GAP provides current initiatives, which provide pharmacologists with the
opportunity to take the lead in cooperation with other disciplines to implement relevant aspects
of the plan.
Ethical behavior encompasses actions that completely benefit both self as well as society it
means that addressing AMRbecomes a moral obligation, as the prospect of a decline in the
number of anti-infective drugs affects everyone. If preventive measures are not taken, the loss of
life-saving drugs in the previous century will expose to unacceptable risk of untreatable infection
(Safdari et al., 2017). Guidelines aimed at prolonging the life of antimicrobial must be
considered in an ethical framework to balance the scope, choice, and drug quality and regulatory
activities. Maintain effectiveness and usability for the future use must not compromise today’s
patients.
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Public demand motivates over-the-counter drugs, the Internet, counterfeit drugs and black
educational support to strike a balance between treatment options and collateral harm to the
environment and body. The expected mortality caused by AMR provides a reason for global
cooperation, investment, and commitment to supporting monitoring and management and the
development of new antibacterial drugs. The moral implications of the action and non-action
constitute desire for the ethical consideration. This includes the control and prevention of AMR.
This is improper, particularly after humanity has gone through the "golden age of the
antibiotics." Whatever action is taken to correct AMR, it is necessary to strike a balance between
personal needs and common interests for example prescribers might try to limit the consumption
of drugs, but the benefits of reducing AMR for future use may cause severe sepsis in current
patients (Shortridge et al., 2020). What standards are needed to retain or release therapeutic
medicinesand even potentially life-saving drugs? If to choose between the risk and efficacy of
resistance then what constitutes a prudent and appropriate prescription. Other ethical dilemmas
that involve the use of antimicrobial prescriptions for a subset of patients with specific illnesses,
which is related to the prescription of influential drugs to advanced and elderly patients
(Sirijatuphat et al., 2020). Antimicrobial agents utilized to decrease the threat of infection in the
certain (healthy) patient populationmust are reduced because these patients are usually in good
condition. Although physicians have obligations to help the patients, they are simply expected to
Theoretically, the term can also be used in the present practice of giving antibiotic as a surgical
prevention, which may be privilege in future. Without choosing a specific moral system, ReAct
believes that the right to health is a human right, no matter who they are and where you live
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(Theuretzbacher, 2013). This means that it is our moral obligation to promote the fair, reasonable
interest and a potentially non-renewable resource. In this way, it may become another example of
the tragedy of the commons. In this case, the interests of various stakeholders jointly cause the
exhaustion of resources. Therefore, action against antibiotic resistance must be taken consistently
across the globe. Any attempt to decrease unsuitable uses of the antibiotics moreover reduce the
risks of resistance needs systematic understanding of histories & cultures of the medicine uses,
achieve sustainable results, it is necessary to understand existing and local health care conditions
and develop a sense of ownership of ABR issues. Like many health-related challenges, culture is
not only an obstacle to implementing policies. Various social, commercial, and cultural drivers
of drug prescription and use (cultural background) can confuse "one size fits all" policies
(Turnidge&Meleady, 2018). While managing the use of antibiotics, a series of possible drivers of
Conclusion
Advances in biomedicine have led to greatly improved human health prospects in many parts of
the world. However, in recent years, many complex health-related challenges still exist or
emerge. Science and technology alone are difficult to solve these challenges. Attention must be
paid to social and cultural dynamics that affect health and disease patterns and experiences. The
aging population, health inequality and poverty, isolation, loneliness and mental illness have
devastating health effects, all determined by complex, interrelated cultural, social and
environmental conditions. In the current situation, as indicated in the subsequent sections of this
ABR policy brief, the prescription and use of antimicrobial drugs, the spread of drug resistance,
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and the supervision and funding of research are influenced by cultural and social as well as
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References
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Lee, H., Yoon, E., Kim, D., Jeong, S., Shin, J., & Shin, J. et al. (2018). Establishment of the
Liu, C., Yoon, E., Kim, D., Shin, J., Shin, J., & Shin, K. et al. (2019). Antimicrobial resistance in
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Muraki, Y., Yagi, T., Tsuji, Y., Nishimura, N., Tanabe, M., &Niwa, T. et al. (2016). Japanese
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