GENERAL CHEMISTRY DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE

UNIVERSITY
STOICHIOMETRY INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE
SOUTH LA UNION CAMPUS
‘Formula Mass ROSARIO, LA UNION

Formula mass is the sum of the average atomic Average atomic mass of H: 1.01 u (atomic mass unit)
masses of a compound’s elements. For example, we know Average atomic mass of O: 16.00 u
from the chemical formula H2O that a single water molecule
is composed of exactly two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen
atom. The mass of a water molecule is found by adding the
masses of the three atoms.

Molar Mass
The molar mass of a compound is numerically equal to its
formula mass. It is used to convert from moles to grams. The
molar mass of a substance is equal to the mass in grams of one
mole (one mole is approximately 6.022 X 10 23 particles) of the
substance. The molar mass of a compound is calculated by adding
the masses of the elements present in a mole of the molecules or
formula units that make up the compound. For example, one
mole of water molecules contains exactly two moles of H atoms
and one mole of O atoms.
Mass, Moles and Molecules Conversion

1
× =¿ ×6.022 ×10 23=¿ Number of
Mass of molar mass of compound Amount of
Molecules
Compound Compound
of
(Grams) (Moles) 1
¿ molar mass of compound × ¿ × Compound
6.022×10 23
Similar relationships exist for an element within a compound.

Percent Composition
Percent composition is the number of grams in one mole of a compound. The percentage by mass of each
element in a compound is known as the percentage composition of the compound. To calculate the percentage of an
element in a compound, determine how many grams of the element are present in one mole of the compound. Then
divide this value by the molar mass of the compound and multiply by 100.

mass of element ∈1 mol of compound

×100=% element ∈compound
molar mass of compound

Find the percentage composition of Copper(I) sulfide, Cu 2S.

127.1 g Cu
× 100=79.85 % Cu
159.2 g Cu 2 S
32.07 g S
× 100=20.15 % S
159.2 g Cu 2 S

Composition Stoichiometry and Reaction Stoichiometry

Composition stoichiometry deals with the mass relationship of elements in compounds. Reaction stoichiometry
involves the mass relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction. It is based on chemical equations
and the law of conservation of mass. All stoichiometry calculations start with a balanced chemical equation. This
equation gives the relative numbers of moles of reactants and products.

Mole Ratio and Molar Mass

A mole ratio is a conversion factor that relates the amounts in moles 2 Al 2 O3 → 4 Al+3 O 2
of any two substances involved in a chemical reaction. This information is
obtained directly from the balanced chemical equations. For example, the 2mol Al 2 O 3 4 mol Al
chemical equation for the electrolysis of melted aluminum oxide to produce 2mol Al 2 O 3
4 mol Al
aluminum and oxygen. To determine the amount of moles of Al that can be
2mol Al 2 O 3 3 mol O 2
3 mol O 2 2mol Al 2 O 3
4 mol Al 3 mol O 2
3 mol O 2 4 mol Al
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE
UNIVERSITY
STOICHIOMETRY INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE
SOUTH LA UNION CAMPUS
ROSARIO, LA UNION
produced from 13.0 mol Al2O3, the mole ratio needed is that of Al to Al 2O3.
4 mol Al
13.0 mol Al2 O 3 × =26.0 mol Al
2 mol Al2 O 3
The molar mass is the conversion factor that relates the mass of a 101.96 g Al2 O3 1 mol Al 2 O3
substance to the amount in moles of that substance. To solve reaction
stoichiometry problems, you will need to determine the molar masses using 1 mol Al 2 O3 101.96 g Al2 O3
the periodic table. Using the same example, decomposition of aluminum 26.98 g Al 1 mol Al
oxide, the rounded masses from the periodic table are the following. 1 mol
1 mol Al 26.98 g Al
Al2O3 = 101.96 g; 1 mol Al = 26.98 g; 1 mol O 2 = 32.00 g. To find the number of
grams of Al equivalent to 26.0 mol of Al, the calculation would be as follows. 32.00 g O 2 1 mol O 2
26.98 g Al 1 mol O 2 32.00 g O 2
26.0 mol Al × =701 g Al
1 mol Al

Mole-to-Mole Conversion

Amount of Amount of
GIVEN mol unknown UNKNOWN
× =¿
substance mol given substance
(mol) (mol)

Sample Problem
Refer to the chemical equation below. How many moles of LiOH are required to react with 20 mol CO 2?
CO 2+2 LiOH → Li 2 CO 3+ H 2 O
2mol LiOH
20 mol C O 2 × =40 mol LiOH
1 mol C O 2

Mole-to-Gram Conversion

Amount of Mass of
GIVEN mol given g UNKNOWN
× × molar mass( )=¿
substance mol unknown mol substance
(mol) (g)

Sample Problem
Refer to the chemical equation below. What mass of CO 2, in grams, is needed to react with 3.00 mol H 2O?
6 CO 2+ 6 H 2 O→ C 6 H 12 O 6 +6 O2 molar mass of CO2 is 44.01 g
6 mol C O 2 44.01 gC O 2
3.00 mol H 2 O × × =132 g C O 2
6 mol H 2 O 1 mol C O 2

Gram-to-Mole Conversion

Mass of Amount of
GIVEN 1 mol given mol unknown UNKNOWN
substance × × substance
molar mass of given(g) mol given
(g) (mol)

Sample Problem
Refer to the chemical equation below. The reaction is run using 824 g NH 3 and excess oxygen. How many moles of NO
are formed? How many moles of H2O are formed?
4 NH 3 +5 O 2 → 4 NO +6 H 2 O molar mass of NH3 is 17.04 g/mol
1mol NH 3 4 mol of NO
824 g NH 3 × × =48.4 mol NO
17.04 g NH 3 4 mol NH 3
1mol NH 3 6 mol of H 2 O
824 g NH 3 × × =72.5 mol H 2 O
17.04 g NH 3 4 mol NH 3
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE
UNIVERSITY
STOICHIOMETRY INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE
SOUTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Mass-to-Mass Conversion ROSARIO, LA UNION

Mass of Mass of
GIVEN 1 mol given mol unknown molar mass of unknown(g) UNKNOWN
substance × × × substance
Sample (g)
Problem molar mass of given( g) mol given 1 mol unknown
(g)
Refer to the chemical equation below. How many grams of SnF 2 are produced from the reaction of 30.00 g HF with Sn?
Sn+2 HF → Sn F 2+ H 2 molar mass of HF is 20.01 g/mol molar mass of SnF2 is 156.71
g/mol
1mol HF 1 mol of Sn F 2 156.71 g Sn F 2
30.00 g HF × × × =117.5 g Sn F 2
20.01 mol of HF 2mol HF 1 mol Sn F 2

Limiting Reactant
Once one of the reactants is used up, no more products can be formed. The substance that is completely used
up in a reaction is called limiting reactant. The limiting reactant is the reactant that limits the amount of the other
reactant that can combine and the amount of product that can form in a chemical reaction. The substance that is not
used up completely is called excess reactant.
For example, Silicon dioxide reacts with hydrogen fluoride (SiO 2 +
4HF → SiF4 + 2H2O). If 6.0 mol of HF are added to 4.5 mol SiO 2, which is the 6 mol HF × 1 mol SiF 4 =1.5 mol SiF
4
limiting reactant? Pick one of the products, in this case SiF 4. Use the given 4 mol HF
amounts of each reactant to calculate the amount of SiF 4 that could be
produced from that reactant. Compare the amounts of SiF 4. The limiting 1 mol SiF 4
reactant is the reactant that produces the smallest number of moles (of 4.5 mol HF × =4.5 mol SiF 4
4 mol HF
the product) of SiF4. The smallest amount of product is also the maximum Since 1.5 mol SiF4 is smaller than 4.5 mol SiF4,
amount that can be formed. the HF is the limiting reactant, and SiO2 is the
excess reactant.
Percentage Yield
The amounts of products calculated in ideal stoichiometry problems represent the theoretical yields. The
theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product that can be produced from a given amount of reactant. In most
chemical reactions, the amount of product obtained is less than the theoretical yield. There are many reasons for this
result. The measured amount of a product obtained from a reaction is called actual yield of that product. Chemists are
usually interested in the efficiency of a reaction. The efficiency is expressed by comparing the actual and theoretical
yields. The percentage yield is the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield, multiplied by 100.
actual yield
Pecentage Yield = ×100
theoretical yield
For example, benzene reacts with chlorine (C 6H6 + Cl2 → C6H5Cl + HCl). When 36.8 g C6H6 react with an excess of
Cl2, the actual yield of C6H5Cl is 38.8 g. what is the percentage yield of C 6H5Cl? Molar mass of C6H6 is 78.12 g, molar mass
of C6H5Cl is 112.56 g.
1mol C 6 H 6 1 mol of C6 H 5 Cl 156.71 g C 6 H 5 Cl
36.8 g C6 H 6 × × × =53.0 g C 6 H 5 Cl( theoretical yield )
78.12 g C6 H 6 1 mol C6 H 6 1 mol of C6 H 5 Cl

38.8 g
Pecentage Yield= ×100=73.2 %
53.0 g