Higher Diploma in Civil Engineering (EG114101/EG314101/EG524101)

CON4382 Highway Engineering

WORKED EXAMPLES
Coverage

EXAMPLE 1.1 – Horizontal Curve

EXAMPLES 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 & 1.6 – Vertical Curve

EXAMPLE 2.1 – Flexible Pavement

EXAMPLE 2.2 – Rigid Pavement

EXAMPLE 3.1 – Gully Design

EXAMPLE 3.2 – Stormwater Design

Version Date Revised by

1.0 1 September, 2014 Benson K.H. HUNG &
Dr. Quentin K. WAN
1.1 29 October, 2018 John C.C. CHAN &
Benson K.H. HUNG

Department of Construction | Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education

Vocational Training Council

Please report any typos found.

 CON4382

EXAMPLE 1.1 – Horizontal Curve

Question A roadway on a level terrain goes from tangent alignment to a 250 m radius circular curve
by means of an 80 m long spiral transition curve for a 60km/h design speed. The deflection angle
between the tangents is 45°. The station of the P.I., measured along the back tangent, is CH 25 + 000.

a) Compute the chainages of TS, SC, CS and ST.

b) Prepare a superelevation profile for this horizontal curve observing standard crossfall as per TPDM.

Suggested Solution

𝐿𝑇 2 802
(a) 𝑝= = = 1.067 m
24𝑅 24 × 250
𝐿𝑇 𝐿𝑇 3 80 803
𝐾= − = − = 39.966 m
2 240𝑅 2 2 240 × 2502
𝐼 45°
𝑇 = (𝑅 + 𝑝) tan + 𝐾 = (250 + 1.067) tan + 39.966 = 143.96 m
2 2
𝐿𝑇 180° 80 180°
𝜙𝑠 = ⋅ = ⋅ = 0.16 rad = 9.167°
2𝑅 𝜋 2 × 250 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
𝐿𝑐 = (𝐼 − 2𝜙𝑠 )𝑅 = (45° − 2 × 9.167°) × 250 = 116.35 m
180° 180°

Station TS SC CS ST
Chainage CH 24 + 856 CH 24 + 936 CH 25 + 052 CH 25 + 132

𝑉2 602
(b) 𝐸= = = 5%
282.8𝑅 282.8 × 250

The sketch profile of superelevation is

T/RO TS SC CS ST T/RO
+5%
+2.5%

−2.5%
−5%

where the chainage of the tangent runout (T/RO) points are

– leading T/RO at CH 24 + 816; and
– following T/RO at CH 25 + 172

–1–
 CON4382

EXAMPLE 1.2 – Vertical Curve

Adopt the following recommendations from AASHTO (2011) standards when appropriate to E.g. 1.1-1.5:
 Eye height of PC driver 1.08 m [3.5 ft]
 Eye height of truck driver 2.4 m [8 ft]
 Object height for stopping 0.6 m [2 ft]
 Object height for passing 1.08 m [3.5 ft]
 Headlight height 0.60 m [2 ft]
 Upward divergence of light beam 1°
 Maximum value of radial acceleration
without producing discomfort 0.3 m/s2

Question Compute the minimum length of vertical curve that will provide 150 m stopping sight
distance at the intersection of a +3.50% grade and a +0.70% grade.

Suggested Solution

Stopping sight distance criterion

Assume 𝑆 ≤ 𝐿,
|𝑝 − 𝑞|𝑆 2 |3.50% − 0.70%| × 1502
𝐿= 2 = 2 = 95.75 m ≱ 𝑆 (Not OK)
2(√ℎ1 + √ℎ2 ) 2(√1.08 + √0.6)

Assume 𝑆 > 𝐿,
2 2
2(√ℎ1 + √ℎ2 ) 2(√1.08 + √0.6)
𝐿 = 2𝑆 − = 2 × 150 − = 65.00 m
|𝑝 − 𝑞| |3.50% − 0.70%|
< S (OK)

Therefore, the minimum length of this crest curve should be 65.00 m.

–2–
 CON4382

EXAMPLE 1.3 – Vertical Curve

Question Compute the minimum length of vertical curve that will provide 50 m stopping sight
distance for a design speed of 80 km/h and meet the AASHTO comfort standard at the intersection of a
−5.00% grade and a −0.50% grade.

Suggested Solution

Stopping sight distance criterion

Assume 𝑆 ≤ 𝐿,
|𝑝 − 𝑞|𝑆 2 |−5.00% + 0.50%| × 502
𝐿= = = 38.19 m ≱ 𝑆 (Not OK)
2(ℎ + 𝑆 tan 𝜃) 2(0.6 + 50 × tan 1°)

Assume 𝑆 > 𝐿,
2(ℎ + 𝑆 tan 𝜃) 2(0.6 + 50 × tan 1°)
𝐿 = 2𝑆 − = 2 × 50 − = 34.54 m
|𝑝 − 𝑞| |−5.00% + 0.50%|
< S (OK)

Comfort criterion
|𝑝 − 𝑞|𝑉 2 |−5.00% + 0.50%| × 802
𝐿= = = 74.0 m
12.96𝑎 12.96 × 0.3

Therefore, the minimum length of this sag curve should be 74.0 m.

–3–
 CON4382

EXAMPLE 1.4 – Vertical Curve

Question A 600 m vertical curve connects a −2.00% grade to a +4.00% grade. The P.I. is
located at CH 15 + 000 and elevation 60.00 m above sea level. A pipe is to be located at the low point
on the vertical curve. The roadway at this point consists of two 3.6 m lanes with a normal crown slope
of 2%. If the lowest point on the surface of the roadway must clear the pipe by 0.75 m, what is the
chainage and maximum elevation of the pipe?

Suggested Solution

The low point of the sag curve is at

𝐿𝑝 600 600 × (−2%)

𝐵𝑉𝐶 + = (15000 − )+ = 14700 + 200 = CH 14 + 900
𝑝−𝑞 2 (−2%) − (+4%)

with above sea level elevation at the centerline of

𝐿𝑝2
60 − (15000 − 14900) × (−2%) −
2(𝑝 − 𝑞)
600 × (−2%)2
= 60 + 2 − = 60 + 2 + 2 = 64 m
2 × [(−2%) − (+4%)]

Therefore, the elevation of road surface at the kerb side is 64 − 3.6 × 2% = 63.928 m.

The pipe should be placed at CH 14 + 900 with its top at the elevation of
63.928 − 0.75 = 63.178 m above sea level.

–4–
 CON4382

EXAMPLE 1.5 – Vertical Curve

Question A vertical curve joins a −0.5% grade to a +1.0% grade. The P.I. of the vertical curve is
located at CH 20 + 000 and elevation 150.00 m above sea level. The centerline of the roadway must
clear a pipe located at CH 20 + 070 by 0.75 m. The elevation of the top of the pipe is 150.40 m
above sea level. What is the minimum length of vertical curve that can be used?

Suggested Solution

Denote the length in metres of the vertical curve by 𝐿. The minimum elevation of the centerline at
CH 20 + 070 is equal to 150.40 + 0.75 = 151.15 m above sea level.

First consider if 𝐿⁄2 ≤ 70, i.e. CH 20 + 070 is beyond the EVC of the vertical curve. In this case, we
have the elevation at CH 20 + 070 as:-

𝐸CH 20+070 = 𝐸PI + 70 × (+1.0%) = 150 + 0.7 = 150.7 m ≱ 151.15 m

therefore, 𝐿⁄2 > 70 or 𝐿 > 140.

Now consider the case 𝐿 > 140, i.e. CH 20 + 070 is on (the second-half of) the curve with 𝑥 = 𝐿⁄2 +
70. In this case, we have the elevation at CH 20 + 070 as:-

𝑝𝐿 𝐿
𝐸CH 20+070 = 𝐸BVC + 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑦 = (𝐸PI − ) + 𝑝 ( + 70) − 𝑦 = 𝐸PI + 70𝑝 − 𝑦
2 2
= 150 + 70 × (−0.005) − 𝑦 = 149.65 − 𝑦 m ≯ 151.15 m
2
𝑝−𝑞 2 (−0.5% − 1%) 𝐿
= 149.65 − 𝑥 = 149.65 − ( + 70)
2𝐿 2𝐿 2
2
1.5% (𝐿 + 140)
= 149.65 + ≥ 151.15
8 𝐿

(𝐿 + 140)2
i.e. ≥ 800
𝐿
⟹ 𝐿2 − 520𝐿 + 19600 ≥ 0
⟹ 𝐿 ≤ 260 − 40√30 = 40.91 (rejected) or 𝐿 ≥ 260 + 40√30 = 479.09

Since 𝐿 = 479.09 m > 140 m, so it is the minimum length of the vertical curve.

–5–
 CON4382

EXAMPLE 1.6 – Vertical Curve Design with K-values (Originally extracted from Mannering, F. L.,
Washburn, S. S., Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis (5 th Edition), 2013, Chapter
3, Example 3.3)

Question A curve has initial and final grades of +3% and –4%, respectively, and is 210 m long. The BVC
is at elevation 100 m. Graph the vertical curve elevations and the slope of the curve against the length of
the curve. Compute the K-value and use it to locate the high point of the curve (distance from the BVC).

Suggested Solution

In connecting roadway grades (tangents) with an appropriate vertical curve, a mathematical relationship
defining elevations at all points (or equivalently, stations) along the vertical curve is needed. A parabolic
function has been found suitable in this regard because, among other things, it provides a constant rate of
change of slope and implies equal curve tangents. The general form of the parabolic equation, as applied to
vertical curves, is

y = ax2 + bx + c

where

y = roadway elevation at distance x from the beginning of the vertical curve (the BVC) in stations or m,
x = distance from the beginning of the vertical curve in stations or m,
a, b = coefficients defined below, and
c = elevation of the PVC (because x = 0 corresponds to the PVC) in m.

Compute the roadway grades into the parabolic curve, the following equation could be applied: -

𝐺2 − 𝐺1
a=
2𝐿

where

G1 = initial roadway grade in percent or m/m

G2 = final roadway (tangent) grade in percent or m/m,
L = length of the curve in stations or m measured in a constant-elevation horizontal plane

and

b = G1

–6–
 CON4382

Hence, a and b could be determined,

−0.04 − (0.03)
a= = −0.0001666̇
2(210)

and

b = G1 = 0.03

Another useful vertical curve property is one that gives the length of curve required to effect a 1% change
in slope. Because the parabolic equation used for roadway elevations gives a constant rate of change of
slope, it can be shown that the horizontal distance required to change the slope by 1% is

𝐿
K=
𝐴

where

K = value that is the horizontal distance, in m, required to affect a 1% change in the slope of the vertical
curve,
L = length of curve in m, and
A = absolute value of the difference in grades (|G1 – G2|) expressed as a percentage.

This K-value can also be used to compute the high and low point locations of crest and sag vertical curves,
respectively (provided the high or low point does not occur at the BVC or EVC).

The following figure (Figure 1.6 (b)) shows the constant rate of change of the slope along the length of the
curve. The circular points on the slope-of-curve line correspond to changes in grade of 1%, and these points
occur at equal intervals of 30 m.

To show that this is consistent with the K-value, it gives

𝐿 210
K= = = 30
𝐴 |3 − (−4)|

–7–
 CON4382

Curve elevation
101.35054
101.5 101.20024 101.20096

101 100.75006 100.7515

Curve elevation (m)

100.5
100 100.00216
100

99.5
98.95294
99

98.5
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Distance from BVC (m)

Figure 1.6 (a) – Profile view of vertical curve for Example with the graph of the slope at all points along the
curve overlaid.

Slope of curve
4.0
3.0
2.0
Slope of curve (%)

1.0
0.0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
-5.0
Distance from BVC (m)

Figure 1.6 (b) – Graph shows the constant rate of change of slope

This indicates that there should be a change in grade of 1% for every 30 m of curve length (measured in the
horizontal plane), and this is consistent with Fig. 1.6 (a). It means that the K-value of 30 m gives the high
point at 90 m from the beginning of the curve (xhl = 30 x 3 = 90 m). This is shown in Fig. 1.6 (b), where the
slope of the curve at 90 m is zero. This result can also be explained conceptually based on the definition of
the K-value. The K-value gives the horizontal distance required to effect a 1% change in the slope of the
curve, and for this curve, that value is 30 m. Thus, to go from an initial grade (G1) of 3% to a grade of 0%
(the high point), it takes a horizontal distance equal to K x 3, or 90 m.

–8–
 CON4382

EXAMPLE 2.1 – Flexible Pavement

Question Design the flexible pavement for the road section corresponding to Station 1021 in the
Annual Traffic Census scheduled for opening in 2020 using the given information. The design growth rate
is 1.75%, and the following test data are obtained from various tests on the sandy soil specimen:

Test standard / set-up Readings

CBR 17 18 18 20 19
ASTM D4318-10 (reporting plasticity index only here) 7 8 9 8 11
Dynatest FWD 8000, 𝜹𝒙 at 1.5 m from load centre [𝝁m] 50 55 57 53 58
Dynatest FWD 8000, 𝜹𝒙 at 1.8 m from load centre [𝝁m] 45 44 41 42 48

–9–
 CON4382

Suggested Solution

With reference to RD/GN/042 – Guidance Notes on Pavement Design for Carriageway Construction
published by Highways Department

- Traffic loading

Step 1 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇𝑑 = 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇𝑏 (1 + 𝑟)𝑚 = 9,640 × (1 + 1.75%)8 = 11,075 veh./day

Step 2 𝑃𝑠 = 1 for only one traffic lane

𝐷𝑠 = 0.55 for bidirectional traffic

– 10 –
 CON4382

Either approach to get 𝑃𝑣 :-

7.3% × 3940 + 6.9% × 5210
𝑃𝑣 = = 7.07%
{ 3940 + 5210
𝑃𝑣 = (1.2 + 3.3 + 0 + 2.4)% = 6.9%

𝐶𝑒 = 𝑃𝑠 × 𝑃𝑣 × 𝐷𝑠 × 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇𝑑 = 1 × 7.07% × 0.55 × 11,075

= 431 veh./day

(1+𝑟)𝑛 −1 (1+1.75%)40 −1
Step 3 𝐶𝑣 = 365 × 𝐶𝑒 × 𝑟
= 365 × 431 × 1.75%
= 9 million commercial vehicles

Step 4 This is a 2 lane carriageway for both directions,

1400
so from TPDM Table 2.4.1.1, the peak hour flow is veh/hr/lane.
2

From Table 2.4.1.2, no reduction of peak hourly flow is needed because of 𝑃𝑣 < 15%.
1400
Therefore, 𝐶𝑑 = 365 × 𝑛 × 𝐷𝑓 ⁄𝐾𝑝 = 365 × 40 × ( × 1.0)⁄0.05
2
= 204 million commercial vehicles
> 𝐶𝑣 (Checking: OK, so keep using 𝐶𝑣 for design)

Step 5 𝑊𝑓 ≈ 0.99 since lane width = 3.1m

3.3 × 1.2% + 2.9 × 5.7%
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝑉𝐷𝐹 = = 2.9696
6.9%
𝐶𝑛 = 𝐶𝑣 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝑉𝐷𝐹 × 𝑊𝑓 = 9 × 2.9696 × 0.99 = 26.46 MSA

- Modulus of Elasticity

Step 6 For sandy soil, approximate 𝐸𝑠 based on mean CBR value or FWD value to get
13959
𝐸𝑠 = = 170.44 MPa
1.5 × 54.6

Step 7 From Table 2/GN042, provide

- no capping layer; and
- 150 mm granular sub-base.

Step 8 From Chart 3 for 𝐸𝑠 = 100 MPa, the required bituminous layer is 295 mm
From Chart 4 for 𝐸𝑠 = 150 MPa, the required bituminous layer is 270 mm

Hence, the required bituminous layer is 285 mm by interpolation

> minimum 280 mm and < 500 mm from Table 6
Adopt 285 mm.

Hence the following pavement design is adopted:

Bituminous wearing course material (20 mm) – 40 mm thick

Bituminous base course material (37.5 mm) – 65 mm thick
Bituminous road base material (37.5 mm) – 180 mm thick
Granular sub-base material – 150 mm thick
Capping layer – Not provided

– 11 –
 CON4382

EXAMPLE 2.2 – Rigid Pavement

Question Design the rigid pavement with a slab length of 8 m for the road section corresponding to
Station 5003 in the Annual Traffic Census shown as below in year 2012. The design growth rate is 1.0%,
and the in-situ subgrade elastic modulus is 125 MPa. The road section will be open to traffic in 2015.

– 12 –
 CON4382

– 13 –
 CON4382

Suggested Solution

With reference to RD/GN/042 – Guidance Notes on Pavement Design for Carriageway Construction
published by Highways Department

- Traffic loading

Step 1 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇𝑑 = 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇𝑏 (1 + 𝑟)𝑚 = 63440 × (1 + 1%)3

= 65362 veh./day

Step 2 𝑃𝑣 = 22.61%
𝑃𝑠 = 0.65 for multiple lanes
𝐷𝑠 = 0.55 for two directional traffic

𝐶𝑒 = 𝑃𝑠 × 𝑃𝑣 × 𝐷𝑠 × 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇𝑑 = 0.65 × 22.61% × 0.55 × 65362

= 5284veh./day

(1+𝑟)𝑛 −1 (1+1%)40 −1
Step 3 𝐶𝑣 = 365 × 𝐶𝑒 × 𝑟
= 365 × 5284 × 1%
= 94.29 million commercial vehicles

Step 4 𝐶𝑑 = 365 × 𝑛 × 𝐷𝑓 ⁄𝐾𝑝 = 365 × 40 × (4700⁄3 × 0.9)⁄0.05

= 411.72 million commercial vehicles
> 𝐶𝑣 (Checking: OK, so keep using 𝐶𝑣 for design)

Step 5 𝐶𝑎 = 𝐴𝑎 𝐶𝑣 = 3.1𝐶𝑣 = 3.1 × 94.29 = 292.3 MA

- Modulus of Elasticity

Step 6 Given 𝐸𝑠 = 125 MPa

Step 7 From Table 2/GN042, provide

- no capping layer; and
- 225 mm granular sub-base.

Step 8 From Table 7/GN042, modulus of subgrade reaction is interpolated as

0.075×25+0.090×25
𝑘= 50
= 0.0825 N/mm3

Step 9 From Design Chart 9, the concrete slab thickness is 241 mm for 𝑘 = 0.075 N/mm3
and 234 mm for 𝑘 = 0.100 N/mm3. By interpolation the concrete slab thickness is
241×0.0175+234×0.0075
= 238.9mm
0.0075+0.0175
Adopt 239 mm.

Step 10 From Table 8/GN042, provide the following minimum reinforcement:-

Mesh - 5.55 kg/m2
Main reinforcement - 636 mm2/m
Cross reinforcement - 70.8 mm2/m

– 14 –
 CON4382

EXAMPLE 3.1 – Gully Design

Question The gully provision in the following area was designed many years ago and may not be
compatible with the current RD/GN/042. You are asked to re-design the spacing of gullies for the area.
It is preferable to provide paired gullies on both kerbsides of each carriageway. Trowelled smooth
roadside flat channel is used. No edge drains are provided.

Section 1

Section 2

Suggested Solution Gullies in flat roads

Design parameters: Effective Drained width (Section 1), 𝑊1 = 3 × 𝐶1 + 3 × 𝐶2 = 2.4 + 3.0 = 5.4 m
Effective Drained width (Section 2), 𝑊2 = 2 × 𝐶1 + 4 × 𝐶2 = 1.6 + 4.0 = 5.6 m
𝑋𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 4%; Take 𝐺𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 0.3% < 0.5%; GA1-450 gully; Road surface: Concrete
(with trowelled smooth roadside flat channel); 𝐻𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑏 = 125 mm; Not black spot

From Table 4, roughness coefficient, 𝑛 = 0.013

From Design Chart 2A, gully spacing for roads of zero gradient, 𝐿0,𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 = 14.5 m
From Design Chart 2A, gully spacing for roads of zero gradient, 𝐿0,𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2 = 14.0 m
From Design Chart 3, adjustment factor, 𝐹1 = 1.0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 = 0.96
From Design Chart 4A, multiplication factor, 𝑅 = 1.115

From Equation 4,
Unadjusted gully spacing, 𝐿𝑢 = 𝐿0 × [ 1 + 𝐹 (𝑅 − 1)]
𝐿𝑢,𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛1 = 14.5 × [ 1 + 1.00 (1.115 − 1)] = 16.1675 m
𝐿𝑢,𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛4 = 14.0 × [ 1 + 0.96 (1.115 − 1)] = 15.5456 m

From Table 5, 𝑅𝐹𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0%

From Table 6, 𝑅𝐹𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑠 = 20%
From Equation 5, 𝐿𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 = 16.1675 × 1 × 0.8 = 12.934 m, say 13 m
𝐿𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2 = 15.5456 × 1 × 0.8 = 12.436 m, say 12.5 m
From Equation 1, 𝐻𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 1.2 𝑋 10 𝑋 1.20 𝑋 4.0 = 57.6mm < 𝐻𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑏 = 125mm ⇒ O.K.

– 15 –
 CON4382

EXAMPLE 3.2 – Stormwater Design

The layout and property of a stormwater drainage system over a terrain are provided. You are asked to
design the appropriate sizes of the pipe system given the following design parameters and information:

- Storm frequency = 1 in 200 years; Runoff coefficient is taken as C = 0.40

- Concrete (roughness = 0.6mm) of standard nominal sizes are used
- Kinematic viscosity of stormwater can be taken as 1 × 10−6 m2/s
- Minimum pipe size = 𝜙150 mm, and with more in 𝜙225, 300, 375, 450, 600, 750, 900 mm
- Sewer bedding is designed to as per natural gradient

2
2 166 m 2
420 m 857 m
L=121 m
L=188 m L=478 m
2
830 m
L=410 m
2
454 m 2
L=200 m 796 m
L=395 m

2
564 m
L=377 m

Section Length Relevant Natural Gradient

1.1 2.1 1.1 180m 6%

3.1
1.2 220m 4%

1.2 1.3 200m 5%

4.1
2.1 100m 5%
1.3
3.1 210m 4%
4.1 220m 3%

– 16 –
 CON4382

Suggested Solution

Step-by-step calculation (Calculation of pipe section 1.1) :-

Given information:-
Return period: 200 years
Runoff coefficient (C) : 0.40
Roughness coefficient of pipe (ks): 0.6 mm = 0.0006 m
Kinematic viscosity (υ) of water: 1 x 10-6 m2/s
Natural gradient (S) of section 1.1: 6% = 0.06

Step 1 – Flow velocity

For pipe flow, use Colebrook-White equation: -

𝑘𝑠 2.51𝜐
Flow velocity (ⅴ) = −√8𝑔𝐷𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( + )
3.7𝐷 𝐷√2𝑔𝐷𝑠

Where g: gravitation acceleration = 9.81 m/s2

D: Pipe diameter = 150 mm = 0.15 m

Hence,

0.0006 2.51(1𝑥10−6 )
ⅴ = −√8(9.81)(0.15)(0.06) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( + )
3.7(0.15) (0.15)√2(9.81)(0.15)(0.06)

ⅴ= -0.840 x -2.951
= 2.48 m/s

Step 2 – Capacity

Capacity = Flow velocity (ⅴ) x Pipe Area (Apipe)

𝜋(0.152 )
= (2.48)( )
4

= (2.48)(0.0177)
= 0.04382 m3/s or 43.82 l/s

– 17 –
 CON4382

Step 3 – Time of entry (te)

0.14465𝐿
te =
(𝐻 0.2 𝐴0.1 )
where L: Longest distance (on plan) of natural flow in the catchment
H: Average slope (m per 100 m)
A: Area of catchment (m2)

0.14465(188)
te =
(60.2 )(4200.1 )

= 10.388 min.

Step 4 – Time of flow (tf)

𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
tf = ÷ 60
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

180
= ÷ 60
2.48

= 1.209 min.

Step 5 – Time of Concentration (tc)

tc = te + t f
= 10.388 + 1.209
= 11.597 min.

Step 6 – Intensity

From Table 3/DSD Stormwater Design manual, the parameters of 200 years return period are:-
a = 766, b = 4.1, c = 0.39
Hence,

𝑎
Intensity (ι) = (𝑡𝑑+𝑏)^𝑐

(As tc = td)

766
ι= (11.597+4.1)^0.39

= 261.73 mm/hr.

– 18 –
 CON4382

Step 7 – Runoff

𝐶𝑖𝐴 𝐶𝑖𝐴
Runoff (Q) = (m3/s) or (l/s)
3.6 3600

(0.4)(261.73)(420)
= 3600

= 12.21 l/s

Therefore, 43.82 l/s (Capacity) > 12.21 l/s (Runoff)  O.K.

Otherwise, upgrade the pipe size to try until adequate capacity provided.

Remark: Other pipe sections should adopt the above method to determine the size of the pipe.

– 19 –
 CON4382

Suggested Solution

– 20 –