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Example 1.2
cF- g.i"o. of to: D.i!mi* wtEths ih€ toitoFitr€ tigm:s e lErisdic
"lpl "tt Pdiod
sd il so "tnd then @regouliEg Fioi!!
SoldtoD
lsl
'-' Ad&E n @n$nt b d ttdiodi..isnal dG rcr cbDge th' Pdiodi(itv so )rr ' 6 p'dodi( of
G"ai;-'r'* * r".",i iEk€dr.-lr + rTD) = r - (i + [Tor = i - nr I ;na Fd t Pniodi<
&) Th: pdiod Tr = r"16 ofv(O r:hD. Fiod ortro, xld sdt i' P€riodic of P6od r: 3ine
t6 y i!l4!r h
,(t+14, {t+}1) v',lls} + t!} =r(rr + {1)
+ t{: + I'T1} =nr
= '
Si6 ttr! u{+H,t =ttt,,.!d rhd !-{ i5 iltgq s !b't rir -i $'Io, = r8,' The Psi-
"oai.ity
* t. **oli,"a ry *sidd€ fi.. i! oR Fibd af 4ti F GD Pre' N Psiods
\r.
l.l fte.mdnio! {or llJj 10 b€ p"!i&li. L thr dr ilio oa dr€ psid& atr! ll &a of r(ti bc
?rN
fuu
where M ard !l rE Plsidlr irn386 nor aiviliblllt ari or:rr$ rls! liill) = i.lo lte.dm6
rbe p€d.dofa,(a lnlt in
n I |1,'"'a=il;"*
1d rhi'dd b: an€ E;ror {..d fo. ejtltd Fu F{t ab. €l6ic @crpaqJ
.oE6poEdi.€ b ib.
Th€ FRr @..F& @ dG !.6it sdE:r4.
@4gy.*d
k@87sdln ;leroteEn6!.q jsslr{aeetcdrj€le*dhtued@drEie:sa
t
g, = | trrrtr*
.,
p,= nrn I / mor,a
Example 1.4
tird rhe a.!$,_ !.d rlE p*cr of itE totttr;.€:
{at +'€ Fdiodi<rtE!:l {t = @s{..Jr -. -14),
(b) t6e mds rr'r'F/',6ro. r. rortrdeorfietYE
(') lh€ F$. d') 'sn'l,,i4
= Lloro<r<rgedmo.hwie
Darfui*dxt5€rdi* iiEE:k* &,ipelts:.6f,ir FIre u loiL
I}r 6.r!y in .hs. :;:"ali; rEplrld ar tolos;
E = I u + n4't'tt dt - 7 1 dt. 20
'l!
*=
"J [ t,='o
shd *€ ur.il l(r.rrlok4!l, : ll-riFls'rv:f = lt ijP = ?- ftB r(i, ir s iridis4se, sis-
ftd wlil€ r() ard z(r) .re 6rile{€rg siqnrtu. Xte p(]{g of t(il dd dt) E ,e b€we thry
h3E 6bne q{lF,- l lre poEer.lx(t) (D b! cnl.d'l.d ny $ing ahe crn*rly ofihg}igml qured
^-"'. I i I "
Irt!*rlt€ riEo.mesi. id6!i!t
**i.r/z + .z,r: :i lc*rrr + ri:t -;. :1
Ttl! [Bl ioqtll ix d! al?, of&e iinuloid @{ tw of it' ?edbdr th6 pb- So w h*. thar riO
ir i tiire-poicr bur inclit!€rsryr iiSDAL httil. }{t) lnd !G) d! 6nli+pfl6 and fi!n(-&ew
d8rdL f
Example 1.5
CoBids 6! rpdiodit sig'lr i(4 = ,-d,, > o, Ior . z o od {tro oth@i!, ltd rhc cnqB/ dd
the pokr of dlh ritoul ud dc(qoim wh.tb!. lb! dsn.I i! 6rdl! qr6r tu{k r!N, or both.
r-,-
'! /i-a,- r..*
for.nyulft o{! } o. llkprmr{.{.} i. ibd e.Thur r(l is,6n1l.{fta8i, ?Bd inite-Fee
t
Example 1.6
U.dids t!€ t ntrili &nloesiqrHl, wlndl w €U r &dd si.eid b€ffe ir is zft trr r < 3:
f -'6,ar -,. 4, r . o
fbis ii rhe kind otsieDal rhd tbu Mnd Ad 6om n.iEEl €en6rc rnar ii Brannd er a ctui.
initi.l iie (ir ttis aF c) .Ed rbd mdn@ erdl rhe {qrat ssa€rlr ii ssn.h€d aF iiE rhii
!6 F$ibry iafnirt), D€rmF itrhie sigDd nd.ic sgS. n.ir. aak !.!!d!
E-
-l= I t,r"r
J
/"*,,., ,,.,,,.-
tltbarsh &n sign5l ;d inirie .Er€t i. hs fni@ ?ss. L{jng T = Nl. w|s*ao i tbe peiod
of2dsilt rl{] (q I' = ?rlrJ, ihf! iBFlffi is
!m-rr'r,/r,
A f-. tt J lm rrJ
r-6 _txLrJdr
r. 1".
fu."i,,r,. 'ro'a,
!.O ,\.ID J ITA J
:AeFEdes@akiIIN&.
,rn-Irro,(er'i-Ilr{i
w]& i@j'-& d @irl'll,]Rir r€laEd E€qMis ls&1, is &€ M or 6r !d@ d 6d .t tna
.1* IP*
Some Basic signals
Continuous Unit-step function and Unit-impulse function
coBider r Ecungular puke of d!di@ A dd uir
'B
[! ,r,n ., .
P^U' : I
nrt
[o^ I< A/2rndr>a/2
-Al::rS d/2
pdl)
Fig. 1.7. Generation of 6(l) and u(0 from limit as a-0 ofa pulse pd(l) and
its integral ua(t)
suP@ln.ra + o, rh6
r The pub€ ta{!) .iiI h- a en IM blr } o dtrd.ly lrjl:w psbg lt! dll 6ll rhe lioi( dE
j"'*=l;::l
4')=lo ,<o
llie l{rl .!d u{r e dar.d 6 ldross:
,lrl = -f,-
r Sr@ a(li ir &i a @l!@6 fu',6nta. it funpa lnh o b t iEla@tddy dw.l t=o, Jd dt
ttuV ha he a Cai@tis. nd 6lr) is fts .L'i@tiw n'4 b' t'ra virt
L.t.urs rFint of uiw it
ealncttn, ukidl d&$ ta 6lt' i8rd, ,&o rBti.iM $!.n t''dE a\ ,@, bc h'fl@$! t'In d
aiir de d&7 rtdisrl'4i@
r Il. imp,B! t(t) i! intdrildr to gM.nt ltfiagF lat danaata wlbf,4 ?u&6 of ctt *4F, h
i br dsiwl ufut9blb6 or f@tiB dife@t i@ {E Et'aubr pkz l* E4. r.zz). h' Fo,Iat
|., At tls Rn of nE dttla n k inilidal tw it d be Antutl l@ €idiq d annrdarA,&, d r pE
tv aid aftsit,@
, Srrndrt n'rn imr ,ir(at@it6 N U E w.Ed B tv tu tf . ma6wa igad rnn Mr-tt p
ixu! !r rtn di@dsid< I,lit it tehn ia @.vulire dt dFi@t@ qf d'& qrerr
A very important property of 6(t) is so called sifting ot sampling
property
lx(t)6(t - to)dt = x(tl)
It means that at a mo-ment t=fo the unit impulse multiplier is
selecting (sifting) a sample x(lo) ofthe analog signalx(t), equal to its
specific value at that moment, as shown in Fig. '1.6-
ln the literature the unit-impulse funaion is know;lso
as Dirac-
unit-step functions is called
function or Delta-function, while the
sometimes Heaviside-f unction.
lO fot n+0
-' '' lt for n=o
6(n)=l'
We shall need these functions to describe and study discrete-
time systems
- RamP sional
'Ihi rcIap d$Ei isddDEd as r(t')
(il =I !(l)
?:{P=*n"'$:4i}+r'(')
=u(!)+or(l]=dr)
The samplinq function
A functior frequentlY ercourtered itr spectral alralysis is lhe sampling fuoction
Sa(J), defircd bY
sa(r) :
Fig. 1.8. The sampling functions Sa(x)and sinc(x)
Sitroe thc denominator is an bcreasing function of.t and the numerator is bounded
(lsinrl < 1), sa (x) is simply a damPed sine wave. As se6n from Fig. 1.8a it is
an cvco tunction of '' having its PeBk at r = 0 and zero-orossings a! t = The value izt
of rlc luncrion at , 0 is eslabiished by uling I'Hopital's rule A closelv relired func'
-
lion is sinc r, which is d€nned bY
sin rrt
sincx -::: 6X = Sa (nx)
It is obviously a compressed version of Sa(x) with a compression factor rr'
ExPonential siqnals
A complex e:{ronennal i5 a siQllal ol lhe tolm
\(0 = Ad't
= lr{ll lodaotia) +isio(oor+r)l --<r<€
wherc -a = FLde , and u : r+ joo ale compl€x rumbe,'s
@<r<6
"(t):M'
is a neoins exponenlill I a <a, anA n stuine e"n.ntial il a > o'
. Il A is Eol, blrt c = ion, tton
"E
tuE
t(t) : Adroor
=A.os(9ot+iAsin(oot)
tql 9.fr t\tJ iJ ra'l{Ol= 'l'osatt 'n' dre indriAq FM oj ta) is !ntn\l:
aheft de oJ
-{snrrAo.t,.ndr: v= I
n nud bM:iL- 4n*h b@tan)
. i:,,,,-ii,,"".":-u*tttEa'o ptu lpnat nnd
inasi-rry ,til,. Ft i@arc. rta E ] Nn iDaidt x
,(r) = R?14)l
= l--11/ .6{a.t + 6}
vfnandd <n *e s1t tish4l is a d'n\ed situoi'I d rl uha/> o don E() 8d'
'
as illusl@ted in Fig l9
:
:1
o 2 0
t
(a) {b)
E2
s, s,
.
30 ;
2a |
a-
G) (o
growing
F'd 1 I Analoo exDonenlrals: (a) de.aying exponential (b)
exponental(c) decaying and (d) growrng
t"-atrnodulated
""l,"""ntia, "'ii
sinusoidal siqnals