PHYSICAL

PHARMACY ➢ Reac;on kine;cs: rate at which a reac1on takes

INTRODUCTION places, stability

PHARMACEUTICS UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

➢ Is a branch of the pharmaceu1cal sciences that Basic Units:
deals with:
SYMBOL QUANTITY DIMENSION CGS UNIT
a) Inves1ga1ons of physical and chemical
proper1es of drug molecules L Length L cm
b) Design, fabrica1on and evalua1on of drug
delivery systems T Time T s
c) Monitoring how drug products are M Mass M g
absorbed, distributed, metabolized and
excreted in the body
➢ Branches are: Derived Units:
• Dosage forms SYMBOL QUANTITY DIMENSION CGS UNIT
• Physical Pharmacy
• Pharmacokine1cs A Area L2 Cm2
• Biopharmaceu1cs
V Volume L3 Cm3
DOSAGE FORMS S/V Speed/Velocity L/T Cm/s
➢ Is the art and science of formula1on and
manufacture of dosage forms and drug delivery a Accelera1on V/T = L/T2 Cm/s2
systems
F Force Ma = M-L/T2 g-cm/s2
PHARMACOKINETICS P Pressure F/A = M-L/T2- Dynes/cm2
➢ Is the study of absorp;on, distribu;on, L2 or M/L-T2 g/cm-s2
metabolism, excre;on of drugs in the body
p Density M/L3 g/cm3
BIOPHARMACEUTICS
Y Surface tension F/L = M-L/T2-L Dynes/cm
➢ Is the study of the factors influencing the
or M/T2 g/s2
bioavailability of a drug in humans and animals and
the use of this informa1on to op1mize therapeu1c W Work/ energy Fs = M-L2/T2 Dynes-cm
ac1vity of drug products or erg

PHYSICAL PHARMACY
➢ Deals with the physicochemical principles
Temperature at which the specific gravity of a substance
underlying the development of a successful dosage
is determined (25°C) for alcohol (15.56°C)
form
➢ Area of pharmacy
0.534 - Li - lightest metal
➢ Deals with the quan1ta1ve and theore1cal
22.48 - Os - heaviest metal
principles
Density of Water = 62.4 lb/Z3
➢ As applied to the pharmacy prac1ce
Specific Gravity of Water = 1
➢ Aids pharmacist to predict:
• Solubility
• Stability A. Hydrosta;c Balance Method - immersed into the
• Compa1bility standard liquid with the aid of a weightless thread
• Rate of absorp1on B. Specific Gravity boTle or Pycnometer - powder form
• Dura1on of ac1on of drug products or small granules
- previously weighed substance is dropped into the
bo[le which is then filled with the standard liquid at a
EXAMPLE OF PRINCIPLES
temp of 25°C.
➢ Newton’s law: flow property of prepara1on
C. Graduated Cylinder Method - direct measurement of
➢ Surface tension: absorp1on of prepara1on
the volume of a solid based on the volume it displaces
➢ Op;cal ac;vity and refrac;ve index: deteriora1on
when immersed in a standard liquid
of purity and iden1fica1on of subs
D. Immersion of a solid in a transparent liquid of the
same density:

- substance is small
- has a low specific gravity
- Insoluble in the liquid

Methods of Determining the Specific Gravity of Liquids

A. Pycnometer Method:
• Leach Pycnometer - most accurate method for the
determina1on of the sp.gr of liquids
B. Floata;on Method:
- capable of floa1ng, sinks to depth where the body has
displaced a volume of liquid exactly equal to its own
weight
1. Hydrometers - calibrated to indicate sp.gr of a liquid
corresponding to the depth to which the hydrometer
sinks in the liquid

Types of Hydrometers:
A) Constant weight with variable depth of immersion
1. Baume, Twadell, Car1er
2. Alcoholometer - hydrometer with thermometer
Tralles, Gay-Lussac hydrometer
B) Constant Depth of Immersion with variable weight
1. Nicholson’s
2. Farenheit’s
3. Lovis’ beads (sp.gr beads) - boiling liquid is
evaporated un1l given sp.gr
- mixing of liquids of diff. Densi1es
- Balloon shaped, different sizes & weights
- Scratched on their sides

2. Mohr Westphal Balance

- plummet (5mL) suspended from the beam of the
balance is immersed in the liquid to be tested
- Buoyant effect equivalent to the liquid displaced

C. Manometric Method:
- Fisher-Davidson Gravitometer
- Inverse propor1onality of the density and height of
the sample

Specific volume - vol of the substance to the volume of

an equal weight of another substance taken as standard
- no unit x