A Project On

AN INTRODUCTION OF MARXISM IN
CONTEMPORARY WORLD.

INTERNATIONAL POLITICS.

Submitted To: Submitted By:

………………… ABHISHEK KUMAR SINGH

(International Relations ,Semester-1)

Roll No: …..

An Introduction of Marxism in Contemporary world.

Introduction:-
Marxism is a political theory that has shaped world politics from last150 years. Marxism is

not only an economical system or idea but also a political and social system. Marxist theory is

given by a great German philosopher Karl Marx (1918-1983). He was a scholar and political

activist who derived his idea from Hegel's Dialectical method and Friedrich Engels' Materialism.

Dialectic as a philosophical idea which came to be transformed into a theory of evolution and

universal relations. In simple word, the whole world of nature, history and society is in a process

that is in constant motion, changeability, dynamic and development.

Materialism claimed that mater is in motion and that human social relation, cultural and institutions

were determined by the productive relation or type of ownership. The theory of Karl Marx reflects

of the basic and most common aspect of society like environment, this also means that if the

industrial revolution or capitalist exploited nature and human resources resulted now in society,

river and air are polluted & climate change take place.

SOCIAL CLASS:-

Marxist believe that society divided into two categories Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.

Bourgeoisie consist of rich people and the high-class society and proletariat consist of working
and labour class. The bourgeoisie is clever and greedy and instead of sharing profits between

labour, they retain it with themselves and lead the labour to leave with starvation. He further said

the government in the society is run by Bourgeoisie and their policies and program are in the favour

of Bourgeoisie. Their policies will never support the labour class. Marxist believes that a key part

in the control of proletariate is the use of alienations in all aspect of society, including the family,

the education system, government and the media. The theory of Karl Marx believes in a classless

society and it only happens when the proletariat class revolt against Bourgeoisie. Karl Marx

personally believes one day after so much exploitation and frustration the worker class revolt

against their bosses and will result in heavy violence which will lead to annihilation of the

Bourgeoisie from society. And when the Proletariat will rule, there will be no private property

given to people and its solely will remain with the state each person will enjoy according to there

need. In short, there will be no discrimination and concentration of power in few hands.

THEORY OF SURPLUS VALUES:-

Marx’s theory of surplus-value is basically a deduction theory of the ruling classes’ income.

Marx said the worker produces more than what it is required for his consumption and the surplus

goes to their bosses. Through many technical, social, political and cultural transformations, the

mass of the direct producers like farmers and handicraftsmen, are separated from their means of

production and cut off from free access to the land. They are therefore unable to produce their

livelihood on their own effort. To keep themselves and their families alive, they have to hire out

their arms, their muscles and their brains, to the owners of the means of production including land.

If and when these owners have enough money capital at their disposal to buy raw materials and
pay wages, they can start to organise production like a profit maker, using wage labour to transform

the raw materials which they buy, with the tools they own, into finished products which they then

automatically own too.

The capitalist mode of production thus presupposes that the producers’ labour-power has become

a commodity. Like all other commodities, the commodity labour-power has an exchange value

and a use-value. Marx told that distribution of surplus to that section of society of sourcing will

occur by the workers. We have seen how surplus was denied to workers in feudalism, slave system

and we will see the case of capitalism. In return of wages, capitalism labour is a commodity is

sold. So the value of a commodity is determined by the amount of labour put in it. If a wage is

paid in proportion to the amount of value created by labour, then there is no exploration, but this

is not the case of the capitalist system. For example, a worker produces a value of two hundred

fifty rupees in a month but he gets a wage of one hundred only so the surplus one hundred fifty

goes to the owner which he might invest one-third of total output. With the growth of capitalism

and the rise in competition, the wages of the workers continue to fall and reach the stage of it's

worst level. Substance wage is the minimum possible wage, beyond this the wage for the survival

and perpetuation of the labour force. Thus, cut-throat competition in the capitalist world leads to

deterioration of the working class (proletariat). This intensifies the class struggle and eventually

leads to revolutions.
COLLECTIVISM:-

Against the idea of individualism of liberal the socialist and Marxist believes in collectivism,

because it stresses the capacity of human beings for collective action, their willingness and ability

to pursue goals by working together as a post to striving for personal self-interest.

socialist and Marxist are far less willing than either liberal or conservatives to believe that human

nature is unchanging and fixed at birth. They believe rather human nature to be "plastic", moulded

by the experiences and circumstances of social life. Karl Marx argued that it had alienated human

being from there true selves. Marx thought of human being as workers, "homofaber" who

developed skills, talent and understanding through the experience of productive labour. however

in capitalist society human being are alienated from the product of there labour, they work to

produce not what they need or what is useful but "commodities" to be sold for profits.

Criticism of Marxism:-

Karl Marx theory viewed all in regards to economical issues hence he ignored the ethical,

moral and emotional part of human life. After the establishment welfare states his predictions about

the revolutions became meaningless because now in a liberal welfare state makes a beneficial

policy for there citizens. also, he saw the world in only two categories Bourgeoisie and Proletariat

but he wasn't able to see the new concept of CEO, Managers, Small skilled businessmen or

entrepreneurship, where the Bourgeoisie and proletariat are not only tow categories or aspects of

the world. Now there is another layer exist too who came in between both of them and play a very
crucial role in the economical process of the society. That is why many philosophers saw Marx

idea theoretically impressive but practically not implemented.

CONCLUSIONS:-

Marxist believes that the evil of private property is the root causes of all the problems. the

solution of this evil is a super-strong socialist centralise government that would take private

property right from the people. In India redistribution of private land also happened especially in

West Bengal but the reason behind the redistribution of land was not successful. The differences

between poor and rich still exist in those areas.

Karl Marx had a very impressive theoretical idea about the society like his idea of "collectivism",

"common ownership" and the abolition of private property and co-operative society are some of

the very good ideas but it seems to be a utopian society because as we know about the human

nature are so greedy selfish and power concentrated, so the idea of Karl Marx and the practical

world is contradicted to each other.

 REFERENCES :-

1) O.P.Gauba, “An Introduction to Political Theory” (National Paperback) (2019)

2) Friedrich Engels & Karl Marx, “The Communist Manifesto” (Penguin; Revised ed.

Edition) (16 December 2004)

3) https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/help/marxism.htm

4) Melissa Litschi, “Political Economy and Marxism: Theories in the Interpretation of Inka

State Maintenance” November 2, 2012 -

https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1371&context=gs_rp