•Reason for selecting this topic-

The reason behind the selection of this topic is

to study the neverending exploitations faced by
the people of India. India being a diverse
country there is always a problem of majority
and minority as well as the problem of
discrimination on the basis of
caste,creed,gender and social and economical
status. Through this case study we can
understand the involvement of government of
our country in curbing the exploitations faced
by the people.
 United Nations
Declarations Of Human
rights(1948)
•What is it?
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR) is a milestone document in the history
of human rights. Drafted by representatives
with different legal and cultural backgrounds
from all regions of the world, the Declaration
was proclaimed by the United Nations General
Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948
(General Assembly resolution 217 A) as a
common standard of achievements for all
peoples and all nations. It sets out, for the first
time, fundamental human rights to be
universally protected and it has been translated
into over 500 languages.
•Articles-
. We Are All Born Free & Equal. We are all born free.
We all have our own thoughts and ideas. We should
all be treated in the same way.

2. Don’t Discriminate. These rights belong to

everybody, whatever our differences.

3. The Right to Life. We all have the right to life, and

to live in freedom and safety.

4. No Slavery. Nobody has any right to make us a

slave. We cannot make anyone our slave.

5. No Torture. Nobody has any right to hurt us or to

torture us.
6. You Have Rights No Matter Where You Go. I am a
person just like you!

7. We’re All Equal Before the Law. The law is the

same for everyone. It must treat us all fairly.

8. Your Human Rights Are Protected by Law. We can

all ask for the law to help us when we are not
treated fairly.

9. No Unfair Detainment. Nobody has the right to

put us in prison without good reason and keep us
there, or to send us away from our country.

10. The Right to Trial. If we are put on trial this

should be in public. The people who try us should
not let anyone tell them what to do.
11. We’re Always Innocent Till Proven Guilty.
Nobody should be blamed for doing something until
it is proven. When people say we did a bad thing we
have the right to show it is not true.

12. The Right to Privacy. Nobody should try to harm

our good name. Nobody has the right to come into
our home, open our letters, or bother us or our
family without a good reason.

13. Freedom to Move. We all have the right to go

where we want in our own country and to travel as
we wish.

14. The Right to Seek a Safe Place to Live. If we are

frightened of being badly treated in our own
country, we all have the right to run away to
another country to be safe.
15. Right to a Nationality. We all have the right to
belong to a country.
16. Marriage and Family. Every grown-up has the
right to marry and have a family if they want to.
Men and women have the same rights when they
are married, and when they are separated.

17. The Right to Your Own Things. Everyone has the

right to own things or share them. Nobody should
take our things from us without a good reason.

18. Freedom of Thought. We all have the right to

believe in what we want to believe, to have a
religion, or to change it if we want.

19. Freedom of Expression. We all have the right to

make up our own minds, to think what we like, to
say what we think, and to share our ideas with
other people.

20. The Right to Public Assembly. We all have the

right to meet our friends and to work together in
peace to defend our rights. Nobody can make us
join a group if we don’t want to.

21. The Right to Democracy. We all have the right to

take part in the government of our country. Every
grown-up should be allowed to choose their own
leaders.

22. Social Security. We all have the right to

affordable housing, medicine, education, and
childcare, enough money to live on and medical
help if we are ill or old.
23. Workers’ Rights. Every grown-up has the right to
do a job, to a fair wage for their work, and to join a
trade union.

24. The Right to Play. We all have the right to rest

from work and to relax.

25. Food and Shelter for All. We all have the right to
a good life. Mothers and children, people who are
old, unemployed or disabled, and all people have
the right to be cared for.

26. The Right to Education. Education is a right.

Primary school should be free. We should learn
about the United Nations and how to get on with
others. Our parents can choose what we learn.
27. Copyright. Copyright is a special law that
protects one’s own artistic creations and writings;
others cannot make copies without permission. We
all have the right to our own way of life and to
enjoy the good things that art, science and learning
bring.

28. A Fair and Free World. There must be proper

order so we can all enjoy rights and freedoms in our
own country and all over the world.

29. Responsibility. We have a duty to other people,

and we should protect their rights and freedoms.

30. No One Can Take Away Your Human Rights.

National
Human rights
commission
•Formation of NHRC
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of
India is a Statutory public body constituted on 12
October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights
Ordinance of 28 September 1993. It was given a
statutory basis by the Protection of Human Rights
Act, 1993 (TPHRA). The NHRC is the National Human
Rights Commission of India,responsible for the
protection and promotion of human rights, defined
by the Act as "Rights Relating To Life, liberty,
equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by
the Constitution or embodied in the International
Covenants".

•Composition
The NHRC consists of:

1.A Chairperson,who has been a Chief Justice of

India or a Judge of the Supreme Court
2.One member who is, or has been, a Judge of
the Supreme Court of India
3.One member who is, or has been, the Chief
Justice of a High Court
4.Three Members, out of which at least one
shall be a woman to be appointed from
amongst persons having knowledge of, or
practical experience in, matters relating to
human rights
5.In addition, the Chairpersons of National
Commissions (Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Tribes, Women , Minorities,Backward Classes,
Protection of Child Rights) and Chief
Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities
serve as ex officio members.
6.The sitting Judge of the Supreme Court or
sitting Chief Justice of any High Court can be
appointed only after the consultation with the
Chief Justice of Supreme Court.

•Functions
The Protection of Human Rights Act mandates the NHRC to
perform the following functions:

•Proactively or reactively inquire into violations of government

of India human rights or negligence in the prevention of such
violation by a public servant
•By leave of the court, to intervene in court proceeding relating
to human rights
•Make recommendations about granting relief to the victims
and their families.
•Review the safeguards provided by or under the Constitution
or any law for the time being in force for the protection of
human rights and recommend measures for their effective
implementation
•Review the factors, including acts of terrorism that inhibit the
enjoyment of human rights and recommend appropriate
remedial measures
•To study treaties and other international instruments on
human rights and make recommendations for their effective
implementation
•Undertake and promote research in the field of human rights
•Engage in human rights education among various sections of
society and promote awareness of the safeguards available for
the protection of these rights through publications, the media,
seminars and other available means
•Encourage the efforts of NGOs and institutions congress to
working in the field of human rights.
•Such other function as it may consider it necessary for the
protection of human rights.
•Requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any
court or office.
Identifying the
underprivileged and
understanding their
plight.

The major function of the NHRC is to identify the

underprivileged groups present in the society and
help them to understand their plight. Their are
many tribal as well as urban slum societies in India.
Many of them don't even get the basic amenities
from the government as they don't have any proof
of identification to prove their citizenship. Due to
which they are exploited by the richer classes which
further more increase their plight. Here is where
NHRC functions,they help the people to fight their
cases against the rich people and also against some
other government officials whenever their rights
are exploited. The NHRC can suggest the court to
change its preference and also it's verdict whenever
needed so that the decision may be in favour of the
poor people. However they can't give their own
verdict or decision.
Efforts made
by NHRC (A
Case Study)
• Abuse of legal system in trafficking of girls;
Commission calls for report from Delhi Police Commissioner
The Commission has taken suo-motu cognizance of a complaint
filed by the NGO, International Law Affiliates on the plight of
poor girls in Nepal and India being trafficked and forced into
prostitution in various red light areas. The complainant, while
requesting the Commission to consider taking action, had
forwarded a copy of his petition addressed to the Chief Justice
of India dated 27 December 2004 as well as a news article
captioned "The Girl Breakers of Delhi" published in a national
daily on 19 December 2004.
The news article is a gory narration of trafficking and
exploitation of girls belonging to lower strata of the
community. It makes a reference to the collusion between the
pimps, brothel owners and police officials to force poor gullible
girls into the prostitution racket. As an example the news article
highlighted one of the modus operandi as :-

"The farce follows set stages: a trumped-up case is registered

against these minor girls falsely alleging that they were trying
to solicit clients in a public place. The minor girls are then
arrested and kept in lock-up while the police prepare a challan
wherein the minor girls age is entered as 21. This entry is
apparently sufficient to transform overnight the minor girl into
an adult for all subsequent court proceedings. After this, these
minor girls are produced before a magistrate and released on
bail."

The Commission observed that the contents of the article, if

true, portray a dismal picture of exploitation and trafficking of
girls by the abuse of legal system in connivance with the
authorities who are supposed to provide protection against
such exploitation. The article points towards an organized
racket in trafficking of girls and raises a serious human rights
issue, which needs to be addressed with all seriousness.
It has directed that a copy of the petition along with a copy of
the news article referred to above be forwarded to the
Commissioner of Police, Delhi with a request to inquire into the
matter and submit his report within four weeks.
Students view
point
Through all this research we can find out that
how NHRC had supported the backward classes
of people and helped them to gain justice
whenever needed. NHRC has now become an
integral part of Indian society. It is that guiding
hand which gives justice to the poorest of all.
But there is always the clash of NHRC with
other bodies of government such as Executive
and Legislature as their decision clashes in
some matters and also officials of these bodies
are high post officials and it's hard to convict
them for their misdeeds.
Lastly,NHRC is what we can call the voice of the
backward classes which can give justice to
them.

•Contents-
•Acknowledgement.....................
•Reason for selecting this topic..........
•United Nations Declaration of human
rights..................
•Constitutional Provisions..................
•Formation of NHRC...........................
•Composition of NHRC.......................
•Fuction of NHRC...............................
•Identifying the underprivileged and
understanding their plight................
•Efforts made by NHRC....................
•Students view point.........................

•Constitutional provisions
The fundamental rights are the human rights
particularly for the citizen of a specific country.
There can be number of different rights for every
other country due to its culture, ethnicity and
historical revolutions.The fundamental rights in
India cover a large field of diverse topic and ensures
that no matter of what a person's
caste,creed,gender,social status is he can avail this
right as being a citizen of this country.
The articles are-
(i) Right to equality
(ii) Right to freedom
(iii) Right against exploitation
(iv)Right to freedom of religion
(v)Cultural and educational rights
(vi) Right to constitutional remedies.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS-
I would specially like to thank our Political Science Mrs.
Kritika ma'am for guiding me through this wonderful
case study project work and giving me this wonderful
opportunity .Because of this project work I came across
many things and learnt about them more elaborately.
I would like to thank my friends and family who helped
me in doing this project. I thank all the other people who
have contributed in my project. I would not have done
this project without the help of these people within the
given time.