Ch05 Trigonometric Ratios and Their Applications PDF

5
5A Trigonometry of right-angled triangles

5B Elevation, depression and bearings
5C The sine rule
5D The cosine rule
5E Area of triangles
5F Trigonometric identities
Trigonometric
5G Radian measurement
5H Arcs, sectors and segments
ratios and their

applications
areas oF sTudy
• Solution of triangles by the sine and cosine
• Right-angled triangles and solutions to problems rules
involving right-angled triangles using sine, • Areas of triangles, including the formula
cosine and tangent A = s ( s − a ) ( s − b ) ( s − c)
• The relationships sin2 (θ ) + cos2 (θ ) = 1, • Circle mensuration: radian measure, arc length,
cos (θ ) = sin (90° − θ ) and sin (θ ) = cos (90° − θ) areas of sectors and segments
• Two-dimensional applications including angles • Applications, for example, navigation and
of depression and elevation surveying in simple contexts
• Exact values of sine, cosine and tangent for 30°,
45° and 60°
eBook plus
Digital doc
10 Quick Questions
5a Trigonometry of right-angled
triangles
Trigonometry, derived from the Greek words trigon (triangle) and metron (measurement), is
the branch of mathematics that deals with the relationship between the sides and angles of a
triangle. It involves finding unknown angles, side lengths and areas of triangles. The principles
of trigonometry are used in many practical situations such as building, surveying, navigation and
engineering. In previous years you will have studied the trigonometry of right-angled triangles.
We will review this material before considering non–right-angled triangles.
opposite side O B
sin (θ ) =
hypotenuse which is abbreviated to sin (θ ) = H Hypotenuse
Opposite (H )
adjacent side A (O)
cos (θ ) =
hypotenuse which is abbreviated to cos (θ ) = H θ
C (A) A
opposite side O Adjacent
tan (θ ) =
adjacent side which is abbreviated to tan (θ ) = A
The symbol θ (theta) is one of the many letters of the Greek alphabet used to represent the
angle. Other symbols include α (alpha), β (beta) and γ (gamma). Non-Greek letters may also be
used.
136 maths Quest 11 advanced General mathematics for the Casio ClassPad
Writing the mnemonic SOH–CAH–TOA each time we perform trigonometric calculations
will help us to remember the ratios and solve the problem.
Pythagoras’ theorem
For specific problems it may be necessary to determine the side lengths of a right-angled
triangle before calculating the trigonometric ratios. In this situation, Pythagoras’ theorem is
used. Pythagoras’ theorem states:
c
In any right-angled triangle, c2 = a2 + b2. a
Worked Example 1
Determine the value of the pronumerals, correct a b

to 2 decimal places. 4 7
x
24° 25′
50°
h
Think Write
a 1 Label the sides, relative to the marked a
angles. 4
x H
O 50°
2 Write what is given. Have: angle and hypotenuse (H)

3 Write what is needed. Need: opposite (O) side
O
4 Determine which of the trigonometric sin (θ ) =
ratios is required, using SOH–CAH–TOA. H
x
5 Substitute the given values into the sin (50°) =
appropriate ratio. 4
6 Transpose the equation and solve for x. 4 × sin (50°) = x
x = 4 × sin (50°)
7 Round the answer to 2 decimal places. = 3.06
b 1 Label the sides, relative to the marked b
A
angle. 7
24° 25′
h H
2 Write what is given. Have: angle and adjacent (A) side
3 Write what is needed. Need: hypotenuse (H)
A
4 Determine which of the trigonometric cos (θ ) =
H
ratios is required, using SOH–CAH–TOA.
7
5 Substitute the given values into the cos (24°25′ ) =
appropriate ratio. h
Chapter 5 Trigonometric ratios and their applications 137

6 Solve for h. On the Main screen,
complete the entry line as:
 7 
solve  cos(dms(24, 25) = , h
 h 
Then press E.
Worked Example 2
Find the angle θ, giving the answer in degrees and minutes.

θ
12
18
Think Write
1 Label the sides, relative to the marked angles.
θ A
12
O 18
2 Write what is given. Have: opposite (O) and adjacent (A) sides
3 Write what is needed. Need: angle
4 Determine which of the trigonometric ratios is tan (θ ) = O

required, using SOH–CAH–TOA. A
18
5 Substitute the given values into the appropriate tan (θ ° ) =
ratio. 12
6 To calculate tan−1, on the Main screen, complete
the entry lines as:
 −1  18  
 tan  12  
toDMS(
Press E after each entry line.
Note: toDMS can be located by tapping:
• Action
• Transformation
• toDMS
138 Maths Quest 11 Advanced General Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad
−1  18 
7 Write the answer to the nearest minute. q ° = tan  12 
= 56° 19′
Exact values
Most of the trigonometric values that we will deal with in this B
chapter are only approximations. However, angles of 30°, 45° and
60° have exact values of sine, cosine and tangent. Consider an
equilateral triangle, ABC, of side length 2 units. 30°
2 2
If the triangle is perpendicularly bisected, then two congruent 3
triangles, ABD and CBD, are obtained. From triangle ABD it
can be seen that BD creates a right-angled triangle with angles of 60°
60° and 30° and base length (AD) of 1 unit. The length of BD is
A D C
obtained using Pythagoras’ theorem. 2
Using triangle ABD and the three trigonometric ratios the
following exact values are obtained:
1 3
sin (30°) = sin (60°) =
2 2
3 1
cos (30°) = cos (60°) =
2 2
1 3 3
tan (30°) = or tan (60°) = or 3
3 3 1
Consider a right-angled isosceles triangle EFG whose equal sides are of G
1 unit. The hypotenuse EG is obtained by using Pythagoras’ theorem.
(EG)2 = (EF)2 + (FG)2
2 1
= 12 + 12
=2 45°
EG = 2 E 1 F
Using triangle EFG and the three trigonometric ratios, the following exact
values are obtained:
1 2
sin (45°) = or
2 2
1 2
cos (45°) = or
2 2
1
tan (45°) = or 1
1
Worked Example 3
Determine the height of the triangle shown in surd form.
60°
8 cm

Think Write
1 Label the sides relative to the marked angle.
h
O
60°
A
8 cm
2 Write what is given. Have: angle and adjacent (A) side

3 Write what is needed. Need: opposite (O) side
O
4 Determine which of the trigonometric ratios is tan (θ ) =
required, using SOH–CAH–TOA. A
h
5 Substitute the given values into the appropriate tan (60°) =
ratio. 8
h
6 Substitute exact values where appropriate. 3=
8
7 Transpose the equation to find the required value. h=8 3
8 State the answer. The triangle’s height is 8 3 cm.
REMEMBER
1. For any right-angled triangle: B

Hypotenuse
O A O Opposite (H )
sin (θ ) = cos (θ ) = tan (θ ) = (O)
H H H
2. To determine which trigonometric ratio to use when θ
solving a right-angled triangle, follow these steps: C (A) A
(a) Label the diagram using the symbols θ, O, A, H. Adjacent
(b) Write what is given.
(c) Write what is needed.
(d) Determine which of the trigonometric ratios is required,
using SOH–CAH–TOA. c
(e) Substitute the given values into the rule and solve. a
3. Pythagoras’ theorem, c2 = a2 + b2, may also be used to solve
right-angled triangles. b
4. Angles of 30°, 45° and 60° have exact values for sine, cosine
and tangent.
θ 30° 45° 60°
1 2
sin (θ )
1 = 2
3
2 2 2
1 2
cos (θ )
3 = 2
1
2 2 2
1 3
tan (θ ) = 3 1 3
3
exerCise
5a Trigonometry of right-angled triangles
1 Copy and label the sides of the following right-angled triangles using the words
eBook plus hypotenuse, adjacent, opposite and the symbol θ.
Digital doc a b c Opposite d
θ
Adjacent θ
SkillSHEET 5.1
Labelling right-
angled triangles
2 We 1 Find the value of the pronumerals, correct to 2 decimal places.

eBook plus
a b c 47°8' d
7.5
Digital doc 10 x 17
SkillSHEET 5.2 x
Using trigono- 40° 684
metric ratios x 62°38'
32°14'
x
e 1.03 f g h 17
eBook plus 27°47'
x
78° x
Digital doc
x 504 x
SkillSHEET 5.3 3.85 y
Degrees and 14°25'
minutes 38°48'
3 We 2 Find the angle θ, giving the answer in degrees and minutes.

a b 5 c
θ θ
10
7 28
20
θ 12
d e f
θ 4.2
2.1 30
11.7 48
θ θ
6.8
g h
53.2 θ
3.26
θ 1.74
78.1

4 We 3 An isosceles triangle has a base of 12 cm and equal angles
of 30°. Find, in surd form:
30° 30°
a the height of the triangle
eBook plus 12 cm
b the area of the triangle
Digital doc c the perimeter of the triangle, giving your answers in simplest surd form.
SkillSHEET 5.4 14
5 Find the perimeter of the composite shape at right,
Composite
shapes 1 in surd form. The length measurements are in metres.
26
60°
6 A ladder 6.5 m long rests against a vertical wall and makes an angle of 50° to the horizontal
ground.
a How high up the wall does the ladder reach?
b If the ladder needs to reach 1 m higher, to the nearest minute, what angle should it make
to the ground?
7 A 400-m-long road goes straight up a slope. If the road rises 50 m vertically, what is the angle
that the road makes with the horizontal?
8 An ice-cream cone has a diameter of 6 cm and a sloping edge of 15 cm. Find the angle at the
bottom of the cone.
9 A vertical flagpole is supported by a wire attached from the top of the pole to the horizontal
ground, 4 m from the base of the pole. Joanne measures the angle the wire makes with the
ground and finds this is 65°. How tall is the flagpole?
10 A stepladder stands on a floor, with its feet 1.5 m apart. If the angle formed by the legs is 55°,
how high above the floor is the top of the ladder?
11 The angle formed by the diagonal of a rectangle and one of its shorter sides is 60°. If the
eBook plus
diagonal is 8 cm long, find the dimensions of the rectangle, in surd form.
Digital doc
SkillSHEET 5.5
12 In the figure at right, find the value of the pronumerals,
Composite correct to 2 decimal places. d
shapes 2 a 7
30°
50°
b c
13 In the figure at right, find the value of the pronumerals,

correct to 2 decimal places. 48°
b
a
70°
14
14 In the figure at right, find the value of the pronumeral x, 33°

correct to 2 decimal places.
15 An advertising balloon is attached to a rope 120 m long. The rope
makes an angle of 75° to level ground. How high above the ground is 58°
the balloon? 6
x
16 An isosceles triangle has sides of 17 cm, 20 cm and 20 cm. Find the magnitude of
the angles.
17 A garden bed at right is in the shape of a trapezium. What
volume of garden mulch is needed to cover it to a depth of 12 m
15 cm?
120°
4m
18 A gable roof has sloping sides of 8.3 m. It rises to a height

of 2.7 m at the centre. 8.3 m 8.3 m
a What is the angle of slope of the two sides? 2.7 m
b How wide is the roof at its base?
19 A ladder 10 m long rests against a vertical wall at an angle of 55° to the horizontal. It slides
down the wall, so that it now makes an angle of 48° with the horizontal.
a Through what vertical distance did the top of the ladder slide?
b Does the foot of the ladder move through the same distance? Justify your answer.

Trigonometry is especially useful for measuring distances and heights which are difficult or
impractical to access. For example, two important applications of right-angled triangles involve:
1. angles of elevation and depression, and
2. bearings.
Angles of elevation and depression

Angles of elevation and depression are employed when dealing with directions which require us
to look up and down respectively.
An angle of elevation is the angle between the horizontal and an
object which is higher than the observer (for example, the top of a
ht
mountain or flagpole).
sig
of
ne
Li
θ
Angle of elevation
An angle of depression is the angle between the horizontal and Angle of depression
an object which is lower than the observer (for example, a boat at θ
ht
sea when the observer is on a cliff). sig
of
ne
Li
Unless otherwise stated, the angle of elevation or depression is measured and drawn from the
horizontal.
Angles of elevation and depression are each measured

from the horizontal. D
When solving problems involving angles of elevation and
depression, it is best always to draw a diagram.
The angle of elevation is equal to the angle of depression since E
they are alternate ‘Z’ angles.
D and E are alternate angles
∴∠D=∠E

Worked Example 4
From a cliff 50 metres high, the angle of depression of a boat at sea is 12°. How far is the boat from
the base of the cliff?
Think Write
1 Draw a diagram and label all the given 12°
information.
Include the unknown length, x, and the angle of 50 m
elevation, 12°.
12°
x
2 Write what is given. Have: angle and opposite side

3 Write what is needed. Need: adjacent side
O
required (SOH–CAH–TOA). A
50
5 Substitute the given values into the appropriate tan (12° ) =
ratio. x
6 Transpose the equation and solve for x. x × tan (12° ) = 50
50
x=
tan (12)
8 Answer the question. The boat is 235.23 m away from the base of
the cliff.
N
Bearings
Bearings measure the direction of one object from another. 150° T
There are two systems used for describing bearings.
True bearings are measured in a clockwise direction,
starting from north (0° T).
Compass bearing
equivalent is S30°E
N N
Conventional or compass bearings are 20°

20°
measured: W E W E
first, relative to north or south, and
second, relative to east or west.
S S
N20°W S70°E
True bearing equivalent True bearing equivalent
is 340° T is 110° T
N N
The two systems are interchangeable.
For example, a bearing of 240° T is the same
as S60°W. W E W E
240° T 60°
When solving questions involving direction,
always start with a diagram showing the basic S S
compass points: north, south, east and west. S60°W
Worked examPle 5
A ship sails 40 km in a direction of N52°W. How far west of the starting point is it?
Think WriTe/draW
1 Draw a diagram of the situation, labelling each of N
the compass points and the given information. x
40
km 52°
W E
2 Write what is given for the triangle. Have: angle and hypotenuse
3 Write what is needed for the triangle. Need: opposite side
4 Determine which of the trigonometric ratios is O
sin (θ ) =
required (SOH–CAH–TOA). H
5 Substitute the given values into the appropriate x
sin (52° ) =
ratio. 40
6 Transpose the equation and solve for x. 40 × sin (52° ) = x
x = 40 × sin (52° )
8 Answer the question. The ship is 31.52 km west of the starting point.
Worked examPle 6
eBook plus
A ship sails 10 km east, then 4 km south. What is its bearing from
Tutorial
its starting point? int-1045
Worked example 6
Think WriTe
1 Draw a diagram of the situation, labelling N
each of the compass points and the given
10 km
information. θ
4 km
2 Write what is given for the triangle. Have: adjacent and opposite sides
3 Write what is needed for the triangle. Need: angle
O
required (SOH–CAH–TOA). A
4
5 Substitute the given values into the appropriate tan (θ ) =
ratio. 10
−  4 
6 Transpose the equation and solve for θ, using the θ = tan 1  
 10 
inverse tan function.
7 Convert the angle to degrees and minutes. = 21.801 409 49°
= 21°48′

8 Express the angle in bearings form. The bearing earing = 90° + 21°48′
B
of the ship was initially 0° T; it has since rotated = 111°48′ T
through an angle of 90° and an additional angle
of 21°48′. To obtain the final bearing these values
are added.
9 Answer the question. The bearing of the ship from its starting point is
111°48′ T.
REMEMBER
1. Angles of elevation and depression are each measured from the horizontal.
2. The angle of elevation is equal to the angle of depression since they are alternate ‘Z’
angles.
3. True bearings are measured in a clockwise direction, starting from north (0° T).
4. Conventional or compass bearings are measured first, relative to north or south, and
second, relative to east or west.
5. Whenever solving problems involving angles of elevation and depression or bearings,
you should always draw a diagram and label all the given information.
6. Set up a compass as the basis of your diagram for bearings questions.
Exercise
1 WE 4 From a vertical fire tower 60 m high, the angle of depression to a fire is 6°. How far
away, to the nearest metre, is the fire?
2 A person stands 20 m from the base of a building, and measures the angle of elevation to the top
of the building as 55°. If the person is 1.7 m tall, how high, to the nearest metre, is the building?
3 An observer on a cliff top 57 m high observes a ship at sea. The angle of depression to the ship
is 15°. The ship sails towards the cliff, and the angle of depression is then 25°. How far, to the
nearest metre, did the ship sail between sightings?
4 Two vertical buildings, 40 m and 62 m high, are directly opposite each other across a river. The
angle of elevation of the top of the taller building from the top of the smaller building is 27°.
How wide is the river? (Give the answer to 2 decimal places.)
5 To calculate the height of a crane which is on top of a building, Denis measures the angle
of elevation to the bottom and top of the crane. These were 62° and 68° respectively. If the
building is 42 m high find, to 2 decimal places:
a how far Denis is from the building b the height of the crane.
6 A new skyscraper is proposed for the Melbourne Docklands region. It is to be 500 m tall. What
would be the angle of depression, in degrees and minutes, from the top of the building to the
island on Albert Park Lake, which is 4.2 km away?
7 From a rescue helicopter 2500 m above the ocean, the angles of depression of two shipwreck
survivors are 48° (survivor 1) and 35° (survivor 2).
a Draw a labelled diagram which represents the situation.
b Calculate how far apart the two survivors are.
8 A lookout tower has been erected on top of a mountain. At a distance of 5.8 km, the angle
of elevation from the ground to the base of the tower is 15.7° and the angle of elevation to
the observation deck (on the top of the tower) is 15.9°. How high, to the nearest metre, is the
observation deck above the top of the mountain?
9 From a point A on level ground, the angle of elevation of the top of a building 50 m high
is 45°. From a point B on the ground and in line with A and the foot of the building, the
angle of elevation of the top of the building is 60°. Find, in simplest surd form, the distance
from A to B.
10 Express the following conventional bearings as true bearings.
a N35°W b S47°W c N58°E d S17°E
11 Express the following true bearings in conventional form.
a 246° T b 107° T c 321° T d 074° T
12 mC a A bearing of S30°E is the same as:
A 030° T B 120° T C 150° T D 210° T E 240° T
b A bearing of 280° T is the same as:
A N10°W B S10°W C S80°W D N80°W E N10°E
13 We 5 A pair of canoeists paddle 1800 m on a
bearing of N20°E. How far north of their
starting point are they, to the nearest metre?
14 A yacht race consists of four legs. The first
three legs are 4 km due east, then 5 km south,
followed by 2 km due west.
a How long is the final leg, if the race
finishes at the starting point?
b On what bearing must the final leg be
sailed?
15 We 6 A ship sails 20 km south, then 8 km
west. What is its bearing from the starting
point?
16 A cross-country competitor runs on a bearing
of N60°W for 2 km, then due north for 3 km.
a How far is he from the starting point?
b What is the true bearing of the starting point from the runner?
17 Two hikers set out from the same campsite. One walks 7 km in the direction 043° T and the
other walks 10 km in the direction 133° T.
a What is the distance between the two hikers?
b What is the bearing of the first hiker from the second?
18 A ship sails 30 km on a bearing of 220°, then 20 km on a bearing of 250°. Find:
a how far south of the original position it is
b how far west of the original position it is
c the true bearing of the ship from its original position, to the nearest degree.
19 The town of Bracknaw is due west of Arley. Chris, in an ultralight plane, starts at a third town,
Champton, which is due north of Bracknaw, and flies directly towards Arley at a speed of
40 km/h in a direction of 110° T. She reaches Arley in 3 hours. Find:
a the distance between Arley and Bracknaw
b the time to complete the journey from Champton to Bracknaw, via Arley, if she increases
her speed to 45 km/h between Arley and Bracknaw.
20 From a point, A, on the ground, the angle of elevation of the top of a vertical tower due north
of A is 46°. From a point B, due east of A, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 32°.
If the tower is 85 m high, find:
a the distance from A to the foot of the tower
b the distance from B to the foot of the tower
c the true bearing of the tower from B.

21 A bird flying at 50 m above the ground was observed at noon from my front door at an angle
of elevation of 5°. Two minutes later its angle of elevation was 4°.
a If the bird was flying straight and level, find the horizontal distance of the bird:
i from my doorway at noon
ii from my doorway at 12.02 pm.
b Hence, find:
i the distance travelled by the bird
in the two minutes
ii its speed of flight in km/h.
5C The sine rule

When working with non–right-angled triangles, it is usual B
to label the angles A, B and C, and the sides a, b and c, so that side a
c a
is the side opposite angle A, side b is the side opposite angle B and
side c is the side opposite angle C. A C
In a non–right-angled triangle, a perpendicular line, h, can be drawn b
from the angle B to side b. B
h
Using triangle ABD we obtain sin (A) = . Using triangle CBD
c
h
we obtain sin (C) = . c a
a h
Transposing each equation to make h the subject, we
obtain: h = c × sin (A) and h = a × sin (C). Equate to get A C
D b
c × sin (A) = a × sin (C). h–
c = sin (A) and a = sin (C)
h–
Transpose to get
c a
=
sin (C ) sin ( A)
In a similar way, if a perpendicular line is drawn from angle A to side a, we get
b c
=
sin (B ) sin (C )
From this, the sine rule can be stated.
B
In any triangle ABC:
a b c c a
= =
sin ( A) sin ( B) sin (C ) A C
b
Notes
1. When using this rule, depending on the values given, any combination of the two equalities
may be used to solve a particular triangle.
2. To solve a triangle means to find all unknown side lengths and angles.
The sine rule can be used to solve non–right-angled triangles if we are given:
1. two angles and one side length
2. two side lengths and an angle opposite one of these side lengths.
Worked Example 7
In the triangle ABC, a = 4 m, b = 7 m and B = 80°. Find A, C and c.
Think Write
1 Draw a labelled diagram of the triangle ABC and B
fill in the given information. c 80° a = 4
A b=7 C
2 Check that one of the criteria for the sine rule has The sine rule can be used since two side lengths
been satisfied. and an angle opposite one of these side lengths
have been given.
3 Write the sine rule to find A. To find angle A:
a b
=
sin ( A) sin (B )
Substitute the known values into the rule. 4 7

4 =
sin ( A) sin (80)
5 Transpose the equation to make sin (A) the 4 × sin (80°) = 7 × sin (A)
subject. 4 × sin (80)
= sin ( A)
7
4 × sin (80)
sin ( A) =
7

−  4 × sin (80 ) 
6 Evaluate. A = sin 1  
7
−1
= sin (0.562 747 287)
= 34.246 004 71°
7 Round the answer to degrees and minutes. = 34°15′
8 Determine the value of angle C using the fact that C = 180° − (80° + 34°15′)
the angle sum of any triangle is 180°. = 65°45′
9 Write the sine rule to find c. To find side length c:
c b
=
sin (C ) sin (B )
c 7
10 Substitute the known values into the rule. =
sin (65  45′ ) sin (80 )
7 × sin (65  45′ )

11 Transpose the equation to make c the subject. c=
sin (80 )
Evaluate. Round the answer to 2 decimal places 7 × 0.911762 043

12 =
and include the appropriate unit. 0.984 807 753
6.382 334 305
=
0.984 807 753
= 6.480 792 099
= 6.48 m
The ambiguous case

When using the sine rule there is one important issue to consider. If we are given two
side lengths and an angle opposite one of these side lengths, then two different triangles
may be drawn. For example, if a = 10, c = 6 and C = 30°, two possible triangles could be
created.
B B
a = 10 a = 10
c=6 c=6
30° 30°
A C A C

In the first case, angle A is an acute angle, while in the second case, angle A is an obtuse
angle. The two values for A will add to 180°.
The ambiguous case does not work for each example. It would be useful to know, before
commencing a question, whether or not the ambiguous case exists and, if so, to then find both
sets of solutions.
The ambiguous case exists if C is an acute angle and a > c > a × sin (C), or any equivalent
statement; for example, if B is an acute angle and a > b > a × sin (B), and so on.
Worked examPle 8
eBook plus
In the triangle ABC, a = 10 m, c = 6 m and C = 30°.
a Show that the ambiguous case exists. Tutorial
int-1046
b Find two possible values of A, and hence two possible values of B and b.
Worked example 8
Think WriTe
Method 1: Using the rules
a 1 Check that the conditions for an a C = 30° so C is an acute angle.
ambiguous case exist, i.e. that C is an sin (C) = sin (30°) = 0.5
acute angle and that a > c > a × sin (C). a > c > a × sin (C)
10 > 6 > 10 sin (30°)
10 > 6 > 5
This is correct.
2 State the answer. This is an ambiguous case of the sine rule.
Case 1
b 1 Draw a labelled diagram of the b B
triangle ABC and fill in the given a = 10
information. c=6
30°
A C
a c
=
sin ( A) sin (C )
3 Substitute the known values into the 10 6
=
rule. sin ( A) sin (30)
4 Transpose the equation to make 10 × sin (30°) = 6 × sin (A)
sin (A) the subject. 10 × sin (30)
= sin ( A)
6
10 × sin (30)
sin ( A) =
6

−  10 × sin (30 ) 
5 Evaluate angle A, in degrees and A = sin 1  
 6
minutes.
A = 56°27′
6 Determine the value of angle B, using B = 180° − (30° + 56°27′)
the fact that the angle sum of any = 93°33′
triangle is 180°.
7 Write the sine rule to find b. To find side length b:
b c
=
sin (B) sin (C )
b 6
8 Substitute the known values into the =
sin (93 33′) sin (30 )

rule.
6 × sin (93 33′)
9 Transpose the equation to make b the b=
subject and evaluate. sin (30 )
= 11.98 m
Case 2
b 1 Draw a labelled diagram of the b
B
triangle ABC and fill in the given
a = 10
information. c=6
30°
A C
2 Write the alternative value for angle To find the alternative angle A:
A. Subtract the value obtained for A in If sin (A) = 0.8333, then A could also be:
Case 1 from 180°. A = 180° − 56°27′
= 123°33′
3 Determine the alternative value of B = 180° − (30° + 123°33′)
angle B, using the fact that the angle = 26°27′
sum of any triangle is 180°.
4 Write the sine rule to find the To find side length b:
alternative b. b c
=
sin (B) sin (C )
5 Substitute the known values into the b 6

=
rule. sin (26 27 ′) sin (30 )

6 Transpose the equation to make b the 6 × sin (26  27 ′ )

b=
subject and evaluate. sin (30 )
= 5.35 m
Method 2: Using a CAS calculator
1 Draw a labelled diagram of the triangle ABC B
and fill in the given information. a = 10
c=6
30°
A C
2 In part a it was shown that the ambiguous

case of the sine rule exists. Therefore, on the
Main screen, complete the entry line as:
 10 6 
solve  = , a | 0 ≤ a ≤ 180
 sin(a) sin(30) 
Then press E.
3 Convert the angles to degrees and minutes. A = 56°27′ or A = 123°33′

4 Calculate the size of the angle B given each If A = 56°27′, B = 180 - (30 + 56°27′)
angle A. = 93°33′
If A = 123°33′, B = 180 - (30 + 123°33′)
= 26°27′
5 To find the side length b, on the Main screen,
complete the entry line as:
solve  b 6 
 sin(dms(93, 33)) = sin(30) , b
solve  b 6 
 sin(dms(26, 27)) = sin(30) , b
Press E after each entry.
6 Write the answers. If B = 93°33′, b = 11.98 m

If B = 26°27′, b = 5.35 m
Hence, for this example there were two possible solutions as shown by the diagram below.
B B
a = 10 a = 10
c=6 c=6
30° 30°
A C A C
REMEMBER
1. The sine rule states that for any triangle ABC:

a b c
= =
sin ( A) sin ( B) sin (C )
2. When using this rule it is important to note that, depending on the values given, any
combination of the two equalities may be used to solve a particular triangle.
3. The sine rule can be used to solve non–right-angled triangles if we are given:
(a) two angles and one side length
(b) two side lengths and an angle opposite one of these side lengths.
4. The ambiguous case exists if C is an acute angle and a > c > a × sin (C).
Exercise
5C The sine rule
1 WE 7 In the triangle ABC, a = 10, b = 12 and B = 58°. Find A, C and c.
2 In the triangle ABC, c = 17.35, a = 26.82 and A = 101°47′. Find C, B and b.
3 In the triangle ABC, a = 5, A = 30° and B = 80°. Find C, b and c.
4 In the triangle ABC, c = 27, C = 42° and A = 105°. Find B, a and b.
5 In the triangle ABC, a = 7, c = 5 and A = 68°. Find the perimeter of the triangle.
6 Find all unknown sides and angles for the triangle ABC, given A = 57°, B = 72° and a = 48.2.
7 Find all unknown sides and angles for the triangle ABC, given a = 105, B = 105° and C = 15°.
8 Find all unknown sides and angles for the triangle ABC, given a = 32, b = 51 and A = 28°.
9 Find the perimeter of the triangle ABC if a = 7.8, b = 6.2 and A = 50°.
10 MC In a triangle ABC, A = 40°, C = 80° and c = 3. The value of b is:
A 2.64 B 2.86 C 14
D 4.38 E 4.60
11 WE 8 In the triangle ABC, a = 10, c = 8 and C = 50°. Find two possible values of A, and
hence two possible values of b.
12 In the triangle ABC, a = 20, b = 12 and B = 35°. Find two possible values for the perimeter of
the triangle.
13 Find all unknown sides and angles for the triangle ABC, given A = 27°, B = 43° and c = 6.4.
14 Find all unknown sides and angles for the triangle ABC, given A = 100°, b = 2.1 and C = 42°.
15 Find all unknown sides and angles for the triangle ABC, given A = 25°, b = 17 and a = 13.
16 To calculate the height of a building, Kevin measures the angle of elevation to the top as 48°.
He then walks 18 m closer to the building and measures the angle of elevation as 64°. How
high is the building?
17 A river has parallel banks which run directly east–west. Kylie takes a bearing to a tree on the
opposite side. The bearing is 047° T. She then walks 10 m due east, and takes a second bearing
to the tree. This is 305° T. Find:
a her distance from the second measuring point to the tree
b the width of the river, to the nearest metre.
18 A ship sails on a bearing of S20°W for 14 km, then changes direction and sails for 20 km and
drops anchor. Its bearing from the starting point is now N65°W.
a How far is it from the starting point?
b On what bearing did it sail the 20 km leg?
19 A cross-country runner runs at 8 km/h on a bearing of 150° T for 45 mins, then changes
direction to a bearing of 053° T and runs for 80 mins until he is due east of the starting point.
a How far was the second part of the run?
b What was his speed for this section?
c How far does he need to run to get back to the starting point?
20 From a fire tower, A, a fire is spotted on a bearing of N42°E. From a second tower, B, the fire
is on a bearing of N12°W. The two fire towers are 23 km apart, and A is N63°W of B. How far
is the fire from each tower?
21 MC A boat sails on a bearing of N15°E for 10 km, then on a bearing of S85°E until it is due
east of the starting point. The distance from the starting point to the nearest kilometre is, then:
A 10 km B 38 km C 110 km
D 113 km E 114 km
22 MC A hill slopes at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. A tree which is 8 m tall is growing at
an angle of 10° to the vertical and is part-way up the slope. The vertical height of the top of
the tree above the slope is:
A 7.37 m B 8.68 m C 10.84 m
D 15.04 m E 39.89 m

23 A cliff is 37 m high. The rock slopes outward at an angle of 50° to the horizontal, then cuts
back at an angle of 25° to the vertical, meeting the ground directly below the top of the cliff.
Carol wishes to abseil from the top of the cliff to the ground as shown in the diagram. Her
climbing rope is 45 m long, and she needs 2 m to secure it to a tree at the top of the cliff.
Will the rope be long enough to allow her to reach the ground?
50°
25° rock
rope 37 m
eBook plus
Digital doc
WorkSHEET 5.1
5d The cosine rule

In any non–right-angled triangle ABC, a perpendicular line can be drawn from angle B to side b.
Let D be the point where the perpendicular line meets side b, and the length of the perpendicular
line be h. Let the length AD = x units. The perpendicular line creates two right-angled triangles,
ADB and CDB.
B
Using triangle ADB and Pythagoras’ theorem, we obtain:
c2 = h2 + x2 [1]
c h a
Using triangle CDB and Pythagoras’ theorem, we obtain:
a2 = h2 + (b – x)2 [2]
Expanding the brackets in equation [2]: A
x
D
b−x
C
a2 = h2 + b2 – 2bx + x2 b
Rearranging equation [2] and using c2 = h2 + x2 from equation [1]:
a2 = h2 + x2 + b2 – 2bx
= c2 + b2 – 2bx
= b2 + c2 – 2bx
From triangle ABD, x = c × cos (A), therefore a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bx becomes
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc × cos (A)
This is called the cosine rule and is a generalisation of Pythagoras’ theorem.
In a similar way, if the perpendicular line was drawn from angle A to side a or from angle C
to side c, the two right-angled triangles would give c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab × cos (C) and
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac × cos (B) respectively. From this, the cosine rule can be stated:
In any triangle ABC B
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos (A) c a
b2 = a2 + c2 − 2ac cos (B)
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos (C) A b C
The cosine rule can be used to solve non–right-angled triangles if we are given:
1. three sides of the triangle
2. two sides of the triangle and the included angle (the angle between the given sides).
Worked Example 9
Find the third side of triangle ABC given a = 6, c = 10 and B = 76°, correct to 2 decimal places.
Think Write
Method 1: Using the rule

and fill in the given information. c = 10 a=6
76°
A b C
2 Check that one of the criteria for the cosine Yes, the cosine rule can be used since two
rule has been satisfied. side lengths and the included angle have been
given.
3 Write the appropriate cosine rule to find To find side b:
side b. b2 = a2 + c2 − 2ac cos (B)
4 Substitute the given values into the rule. = 62 + 102 − 2 × 6 × 10 × cos (76°)
5 Evaluate. = 36 + 100 − 120 × 0.241 921 895
= 106.969 372 5
b = 106.969 372 5
6 Round the answer to 2 decimal places. = 10.34 correct to 2 decimal places

and fill in the given information. c = 10 a=6
76°
A b C
2 Write the appropriate cosine rule to find side b. b2 = a2 + c2 - 2ac cos (B)
3 On the Main screen, complete the entry line
as:
solve(b2 = 62 + 102 - 2×6×10×cos(76), b)
Then press E.
4 Since b represents the side length of a triangle, b = 10.34, correct to 2 decimal places.
then b > 0.

Note: Once the third side has been found, the sine rule could be used to find other angles if
necessary.
If three sides of a triangle are known, an angle could be found by transposing the cosine rule
to make cos A, cos B or cos C the subject.
b2 + c 2 − a 2
cos (A) =
2 bc
a 2 + c 2 − b2
cos (B) =
2 ac
a 2 + b2 − c 2
cos (C) =
2 ab
Worked examPle 10
eBook plus
Find the smallest angle in the triangle with sides 4 cm, 7 cm and 9 cm. Tutorial
Think WriTe int-1213
Worked example 10
Method 1: Using the rule
1 Draw a labelled diagram of the triangle, call it B
ABC and fill in the given information. c=7 a=4
Note: The smallest angle will be opposite the
smallest side. A b=9 C
Let a = 4
b=7
c=9
2 Check that one of the criteria for the cosine The cosine rule can be used since three side lengths
rule has been satisfied. have been given.
b2 + c2 − a2
3 Write the appropriate cosine rule to find cos (A) =
angle A. 2bc
4 Substitute the given values into the rearranged 72 + 92 − 4 2

=
rule. 2×7×9
49 + 81 − 16
5 Evaluate. =
126
114
=
126
 114 
6 Transpose the equation to make A the subject A = cos−1  
126 
by taking the inverse cos of both sides.
= 25.208 765 3°
and fill in the given information. c=7 a=4
A b=9 C
2 Write the appropriate cosine rule to find the a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos (A)
angle A.
3 On the Main screen, complete the entry line as:
solve(42 = 92 + 72 − 4×9×7×cos(a), a)
| 0 ≤ a ≤ 180
Then press E.
4 Round the answer to degrees and minutes. A = 25.2088°

= 25°13′
Worked examPle 11
eBook plus
Two rowers set out from the same point. One rows N70°E for 2000 m and
Tutorial
the other rows S15°W for 1800 m. How far apart are the two rowers? int-1047
Think WriTe Worked example 11
1 Draw a labelled diagram of the triangle, call it N A

2000 m
ABC and fill in the given information. 70°
C
15°
1800 m
B
2 Check that one of the criteria for the cosine rule The cosine rule can be used since two side lengths
has been satisfied. and the included angle have been given.
3 Write the appropriate cosine rule to find side c. To find side c:
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos (C)
4 Substitute the given values into the rule. = 20002 + 18002 − 2 × 2000 × 1800 × cos (125°)
5 Evaluate. = 40 000 000 + 3 240 000 − 7 200 000 ×
−0.573 576 436
= 11 369 750.342
c = 11 369 750.342
= 3371.906 04
7 Answer the question. The rowers are 3371.91 m apart.
rememBer
1. In any triangle ABC:

a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos (A)
b2 = a2 + c2 − 2ac cos (B)
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos (C)

2. The cosine rule can be used to solve non–right-angled triangles if we are given:
(a) three sides of the triangle
(b) two sides of the triangle and the included angle (that is, the angle between the two
given sides).
3. If three sides of a triangle are known, an angle could be found by transposing the cosine
rule to make cos A, cos B or cos C the subject.
b2 + c2 − a2
cos (A) =
2bc
a2 + c2 − b2
cos (B) =
2ac
a + b2 − c2
2
cos (C) =
2ab
Exercise
5D The cosine rule
1 WE 9 Find the third side of triangle ABC given a = 3.4, b = 7.8 and C = 80°.
2 In triangle ABC, b = 64.5 cm, c = 38.1 cm and A = 58°34′. Find a.
3 In triangle ABC, a = 17, c = 10 and B = 115°. Find b, and hence find A and C.
4 WE 10 Find the smallest angle in the triangle with sides 6 cm, 4 cm and 8 cm.
5 In triangle ABC, a = 356, b = 207 and c = 296. Find the largest angle.
6 In triangle ABC, a = 23.6, b = 17.3 and c = 26.4. Find the size of all the angles.
7 In triangle DEF, d = 3 cm, e = 7 cm and F = 60°. Find f in exact form.

8 WE 11 Two rowers set out from the same point. One rows N30°E for 1500 m and the other
rows S40°E for 1200 m. How far apart are the two rowers?
9 Maria cycles 12 km in a direction N68°W, then 7 km in a direction of N34°E.
a How far is she from her starting point?
b What is the bearing of the starting point from her finishing point?
10 A garden bed is in the shape of a triangle, with sides of length 3 m, 4.5 m and 5.2 m.
a Calculate the smallest angle.
b Hence, find the area of the garden. (Hint: Draw a diagram, with the longest length as the
base of the triangle.)
11 A hockey goal is 3 m wide. When Sophie is 7 m from one post and 5.2 m from the other, she
shoots for goal. Within what angle, to the nearest degree, must the shot be made if it is to score
a goal?
12 An advertising balloon is attached to two ropes 120 m and 100 m long. The ropes are anchored
to level ground 35 m apart. How high can the balloon fly?
13 A plane flies in a direction of N70°E for 80 km, then on a bearing of S10°W for 150 km.
a How far is the plane from its starting point?
b What direction is the plane from its starting point?
14 Ship A is 16.2 km from port on a bearing of 053° T and ship B is 31.6 km from the same port
on a bearing of 117° T. Calculate the distance between the two ships.
15 A plane takes off at 10.00 am from an airfield, and flies at 120 km/h on a bearing of N35°W. A
second plane takes off at 10.05 am from the same airfield, and flies on a bearing of S80°E at a
speed of 90 km/h. How far apart are the planes at 10.25 am?
16 Three circles of radii 5 cm, 6 cm and 8 cm are positioned so that
5 cm
they just touch one another. Their centres form the vertices of a triangle. 6 cm
Find the largest angle in the triangle.
8
17 For the given shape at near right, determine: 150° x
a the length of the diagonal 7 B
b the magnitude (size) of angle B 60° 8 cm
c the length of x. 10
18 From the top of a vertical cliff 68 m high, an observer notices a yacht at sea. The angle of
depression to the yacht is 47°. The yacht sails directly away from the cliff, and after 10 minutes
the angle of depression is 15°. How fast does the yacht sail?
1
The area of any triangle is given by the rule Area = 2 bh where b is the
base length and h is the perpendicular height of the triangle.
h
However, often the perpendicular height is not given directly and B

needs to be calculated first. In the triangle ABC, b is the base length
and h is the perpendicular height of the triangle.
c h a
Using the trigonometric ratio for sine:
h A C
sin (A) = b
c
Transposing the equation to make h the subject, we obtain:
h = c × sin (A)
Therefore, the area of triangle ABC becomes:
1
Area = 2 bc sin (A)
Depending on how the triangle is labelled, the formula could read:
1 1 1
Area = 2 ab sin (C) Area = 2 ac sin (B) Area = 2 bc sin (A)
The area formula may be used on any triangle provided that two sides of the triangle and the
included angle (that is, the angle between the two given sides) are known.
Worked Example 12
Find the area of the triangle shown.

7 cm 9 cm
120°
Think Write/draw
ABC and fill in the given information. c = 7 cm 120° a = 9 cm
A C
Let a = 9 cm, c = 7 cm, B = 120°
2 Check that the criterion for the area rule has The area rule can be used since two side lengths
been satisfied. and the included angle are known.

1
3 Write the appropriate rule for the area. Area = 2 ac sin (B)
1
4 Substitute the known values into the rule. = 2 × 9 × 7 × sin (120°)
5 Evaluate. Round the answer to 2 decimal places = 27.28 cm2
and include the appropriate unit.
Note: If you are not given the included angle, you will need to find it in order to calculate the
area. This may involve using either the sine or cosine rule.
Worked examPle 13
eBook plus
A triangle has known dimensions of a = 5 cm, b = 7 cm and B = 52°.
Tutorial
Find A and C and hence the area. int-1048
Worked example 13
Think WriTe
ABC and fill in the given information.
52° a=5
A b=7 C
Let a = 5, b = 7, B = 52°
2 Check whether the criterion for the area rule The area rule cannot be used since the included
has been satisfied. angle has not been given.
a b
=
sin ( A) sin ( B)
5 7
4 Substitute the known values into the rule. =
sin ( A) sin (52)
5 Transpose the equation to make sin (A) the 5 × sin (52°) = 7 × sin (A)
subject.
5 × sin (52)
= sin ( A)
7
5 × sin (52)
sin ( A) =
7
−1  5 × sin (52) 
6 Evaluate. A = sin  
7
= 34.254 151 87°
8 Determine the value of the included angle, C, C = 180° − (52° + 34°15′)
using the fact that the angle sum of any triangle = 93°45′
is 180°.
1
9 Write the appropriate rule for the area. Area = ab sin (C)
2
1
10 Substitute the known values into the rule. = 2
× 5 × 7 × sin (93°45′)
11 Evaluate. Round the answer to 2 decimal places = 17.46 cm2.
and include the appropriate unit.
Heron’s formula
If we know the lengths of all the sides of the triangle but none of the angles, we could use the
1
cosine rule to find an angle, then use 2 bc sin (A) to find the area. Alternatively, we could use
Heron’s formula to find the area.
Heron’s formula states that the area of a triangle is:
Area = s( s − a)( s − b)( s − c)
where s is the semi-perimeter of the triangle; that is,
1
s = 2 (a + b + c)
The proof of this formula is beyond the scope of this course.
Worked Example 14
Find the area of the triangle with sides of 4 cm, 6 cm and 8 cm.
Think Write
1 Draw a labelled diagram of the triangle, call it C
ABC and fill in the given information.
4 cm 6 cm
B 8 cm A
Let a = 4, b = 6, c = 8
2 Determine which area rule will be used. Since three side lengths have been given, use
Heron’s formula.
3 Write the rule for Heron’s formula. Area = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
4 1
Write the rule for s, the semi-perimeter of the s = 2 (a + b + c)
triangle.
1
5 Substitute the given values into the rule for the = 2
(4 + 6 + 8)
semi-perimeter. 1
= 2 (18)
=9
6 Substitute all of the known values into Heron’s Area = 9(9 − 4)(9 − 6)(9 − 8)
formula.
7 Evaluate. = 9 × 5 × 3 ×1
= 135
= 11.618 950 04
8 Round the answer to 2 decimal places and = 11.62 cm2
include the appropriate unit.
REMEMBER
1. If two sides of any triangle and the included angle (that is, the angle between the two
given sides) are known, the following rules may be used to determine the area of that
triangle.
1 1 1
Area = 2 ab sin (C) Area = 2 ac sin (B) Area = 2 bc sin (A)

2. Alternatively, if the lengths of three sides of a triangle are known, Heron’s formula may
be used to find the area of the triangle:
Area = s(s − a) (s − b) (s − c)
1
s = 2 (a + b + c)
Exercise
1 WE 12 Find the area of the triangle ABC with a = 7 cm, b = 4 cm and C = 68°.
2 Find the area of the triangle ABC with a = 7.3 cm, c = 10.8 cm and B = 104°40′.
3 Find the area of the triangle ABC with b = 23.1 m, c = 18.6 m and A = 82°17′.
4 Find the exact area of the triangle DEF with d = 6, e = 9 and F = 60°.
5 Find the exact area of the triangle QPR with p = 12, r = 10 and Q = 45°.
6 WE 13 MC In a triangle, a = 15 m, b = 20 m and B = 50°. The area of the triangle is:
A 86.2 m2 B 114.9 m2 C 149.4 m2
2 2
D 172.4 m E 181.7 m
7 WE 14 Find the area of the triangle with sides of 5 cm, 6 cm and 8 cm.
8 Find the area of the triangle with sides of 40 mm, 30 mm and 5.7 cm.
9 Find the area of the triangle with sides of 16 mm, 3 cm and 2.7 cm.
10 Find the area of the equilateral triangle with sides 4 cm. Leave your answer in simplified surd
form.
11 MC A triangle has sides of length 10 cm, 14 cm and 20 cm. The area of the triangle is:
A 41 cm2 B 65 cm2 C 106 cm2
2 2
D 137 cm E 1038 cm
12 A triangle has a = 10 cm, c = 14 cm and C = 48°. Find A and B and hence the area.
13 A triangle has a = 17 m, c = 22 m and C = 56°. Find A and B and hence the area.
14 A triangle has b = 32 mm, c = 15 mm and B = 38°. Find A and C and hence the area.
15 A piece of metal is in the shape of a triangle with sides of length 114 mm, 72 mm and 87 mm.
Find its area using Heron’s formula.
16 A triangle has the largest angle of 115°. The longest side is 62 cm and another side is 35 cm.
Find the area of the triangle.
17 A triangle has two sides of 25 cm and 30 cm. The angle between the two sides is 30°. Find:
a its area
b the length of its third side
c its area using Heron’s formula.
18 The surface of a fish pond has the shape shown in the diagram at right.
1m
How many goldfish can the pond support if each fish requires
0.3 m2 surface area of water? 2m
5m
19 Find the area of this quadrilateral.
3.5 m 4m
8m
4m
60°
5m
20 A parallelogram has diagonals of length 10 cm and 17 cm. An angle between them is 125°. Find:
a the area of the parallelogram b the dimensions of the parallelogram.
21 A lawn is to be made in the shape of a triangle, with sides of length 11 m, 15 m and 17.2 m. How
much grass seed, to the nearest kilogram, is needed if it is sown at the rate of 1 kg per 5 m2?
22 A bushfire burns out an area of level grassland shown
in the diagram. What is the area, in hectares,
of the land that is burnt?
km
1.8
2 km
River
400 m
200 m
Road
23 An earth embankment is 27 m long, and has a cross-section

100°
shown in the diagram. Find the volume of earth needed to
build the embankment. 2m 130°
50° 80°
5m
24 mC A parallelogram has sides of 14 cm and 18 cm, and an angle
between them of 72°. The area of the parallelogram is:
A 86.2 cm2 B 118.4 cm2 C 172.4 cm2 D 239.7 cm2 E 252 cm2
eBook plus 25 mC An advertising hoarding is in the shape of an isosceles triangle, with sides of length
15 m, 15 m and 18 m. It is to be painted with two coats of purple paint. If the paint covers
Digital doc
12 m2 per litre, the amount of paint needed, to the nearest litre, would be:
WorkSHEET 5.2
A 9L B 18 L C 24 L D 36 L E 42 L
An identity is a relationship that holds true for all values of a pronumeral or pronumerals.
The sine and cosine functions are related functions and the following identities exist between them.
The Pythagorean identity

Think of a triangle within the unit circle. We know that the hypotenuse y
is 1 unit.
1
θ a
a b 0 b x
sin (θ ) = cos (θ ) =
1 1
a = sin (θ ) b = cos (θ )

So the triangle formed has a height of sin (θ ) and a base length of cos (θ ).
Pythagoras’ theorem then tells us that
a2 + b2 = 12
∴ sin2 (θ ) + cos2 (θ) = 1
Note: sin2 (θ ) = (sin (θ ))2 and cos2 (θ ) = (cos (θ ))2
The Pythagorean identity is sin2 (θ ) + cos2 (θ ) = 1.
Worked Example 15
5
Find the value of sin (θ ) given cos (θ ) = and 0° < θ < 90°.
13
Think Write
1 Write the Pythagorean identity. sin2 (θ ) + cos2 (θ ) = 1
2
5  5
2 Substitute the known value cos (θ ) = . sin2 (θ ) +   = 1
13 13
25
3 Solve to find the required value. sin2 (θ ) + =1
169
144
sin2 (θ ) =
169
12
sin (θ ) = ±
13
12
4 Write the final answer. As θ is in the first quadrant sin (θ ) = .
13
Complementary angles
In the diagram at right we can see that: α
b a a c
cos (θ ) = sin (θ ) =
c c
a b
cos (α ) = sin (α ) = θ
c c
So for our diagram cos (θ ) = sin (α ) and sin (θ ) = cos (α ). b
We also know that θ + α = 90°, so α = 90° - θ.
By substituting this into cos (θ ) = sin (α ) and cos (α ) = sin (θ ) we get cos (θ ) = sin (90° - θ )
and sin (θ ) = cos (90° - θ ).
Worked Example 16
Find the value of cos (70°) given sin (20°) = 0.342.

Think Write
1 Write the equation with the required cos (θ ) = sin (90° - θ )
complementary angle formula.
2 Identify the value of θ. θ = 70°
3 Substitute the angle into the equation and cos (70°) = sin (90° - 70°)
simplify. = sin (20°)
= 0.342
REMEMBER
1. The Pythagorean identity is sin2 (θ ) + cos2 (θ ) = 1.

2. cos (θ ) = sin (90° - θ ) and sin (θ ) = cos (90° - θ ).
Exercise
4
1 WE 15 Find the value of sin (θ ) given cos (θ ) = and 0° < θ < 90°.
5
12
2 Find the value of cos (θ ) given sin (θ ) = and 0° < θ < 90°.
13
6
3 Find the value of cos (θ ) given sin (θ ) = and 0° < θ < 90°.
10
2
4 Find the value of sin (θ ) given cos (θ ) = and 0° < θ < 90°.
7
5 Use your knowledge of exact values to show that the Pythagorean identity is true for θ = 30°.
6 WE 16 Find the value of sin (12°) given cos (78°) = 0.208.
7 Find the value of cos (42°) given sin (48°) = 0.743.
In all of the trigonometry tasks covered so far, the unit for measuring
angles has been the degree. There is another commonly used O P
measurement for angles, the radian. This is used in situations
involving length and areas associated with circles. OP = 1 unit
Consider the unit circle, a circle with a radius of 1 unit. OP is the
radius. P1
If OP is rotated θ ° anticlockwise, the point P traces a path along θc
the circumference of the circle to a new point, P1. θ°
The arc length PP1 is a radian measurement, symbolised by θ c. O P
Note: 1c is equivalent to the angle in degrees formed when the
length of PP1 is 1 unit; in other words, when the arc is the same OP = 1 unit
length as the radius.
1–
If the length OP is rotated 180°, the point P traces out half the 2
circumference
circumference. Since the circle has a radius of 1 unit, and C = 2πr, the arc
PP1 has a length of π. 180°
The relationship between degrees and radians is thus established. P1 O P
180° = π c
This relationship will be used to convert from one system to another.
Rearranging the basic conversion factor gives:
180° = π
π
1° =
180 
π
To convert an angle in degrees to radian measure, multiply by .
180 
180 
Also, since π = 180°, it follows that 1c = .
π
180 
To convert an angle in radian measure to degrees, multiply by .
π

Where possible, it is common to have radian values with π in them. It is usual to write radians
without any symbol, but degrees must always have a symbol. For example, an angle of 25° must
have the degree symbol written, but an angle of 1.5 is understood to be 1.5 radians.
Worked examPle 17
Convert 135° to radian measure, expressing the answer in terms of π.

Think WriTe
1 To convert an angle in degrees to radian measure, π

135° = 135° ×
π 180 
multiply the angle by .
180 135π
=
180
3π
2 Simplify, leaving the answer in terms of π. =
4
Worked examPle 18
4π
Convert the radian measurement to degrees.
5
Think WriTe
1 To convert radian measure to an angle in degrees, 4π 4π 180 

= ×
180 5 5 π
multiply the angle by . 720 
π =
5
2 Simplify. = 144°
Note: The π cancels out.
If the calculation does not simplify easily, write the answers in degrees and minutes, or radians
to 4 decimal places. If angles are given in degrees and minutes, convert to degrees only before
converting to radians.
rememBer
1. 180° = πc
π
2. To convert an angle in degrees to radian measure, multiply by .
180 
180 
3. To convert an angle in radian measure to degrees, multiply by .
π
exerCise
5G radian measurement eBook plus
1 We 17 Convert the following angles to radian measure, expressing Digital doc
answers in terms of π. SkillSHEET 5.6
Changing
a 30° b 60° c 120° d 150°
degrees to
e 225° f 270° g 315° h 480° radians
i 72° j 200°
2 We 18 Convert the following radian measurements into degrees.
π 3π 7π 5π 7π
a b c d e
4 2 6 3 12
17π π 13π 11π
f g h i j 8π
6 12 10 8
3 Convert the following angles in degrees to radians, giving answers to 4 decimal places.
a 27° b 109° c 243° d 351° e 7°
f 63°42′ g 138°21′ h 274°8′ i 326°53′ j 47°2′
4 Convert the following radian measurements into degrees and minutes.
a 2.345 b 0.6103 c 1 d 1.61 e 3.592
f 7.25 g 0.182 h 5.8402 i 4.073 j 6.167
5h arcs, sectors and segments eBook plus
arc length Interactivity

int-0972
An arc is a section of the circumference of a circle. The length of the arc
Sectors
is proportional to the angle subtended at the centre. For example, an
1
angle of 90° will create an arc which is 4 the circumference.
We have already defined an arc length as equivalent to θ radians if the circle θc
has a radius of 1 unit. θ°
r=1
Therefore, a simple dilation of the unit circle will enable us

c
to calculate the arc length for any sized circle, as long as rθ
the angle is expressed in radians. θ°
r
If the radius is dilated by a factor of r, the arc length is also dilated by a Dilation by factor of r
factor of r.
Therefore, l = rθ, where l represents the arc length, r represents the radius and θ represents
an angle measured in radians.
Worked examPle 19
Find the length of the arc which subtends an angle of 75° at the centre of a circle with radius 8 cm.
Think WriTe/draW
1 Draw a diagram representing the situation and
l = rθ
label with the given values.
75°
r=8
2 Convert the angle from 75° to radian measure by π

π 75° = 75° ×
multiplying the angle by . 180 
180  75π
=
180

3 Evaluate to 4 decimal places. = 1.3090
4 Write the rule for the length of the arc. l = rθ
5 Substitute the values into the formula. = 8 × 1.3090
6 Evaluate to 2 decimal places and include the = 10.4720
appropriate unit. = 10.47 cm
Note: In order to use the formula for the length of the arc, the angle must be in radian measure.
Worked Example 20
Find the angle subtended by a 17 cm arc in a circle of radius 14 cm:

a in radians b in degrees.
Think Write
a 1 Write the rule for the length of the arc. a l = rθ
2 Substitute the values into the formula. 17 = 14θ
3 Transpose the equation to make θ the 17
subject. θ=
14
4 Evaluate to 4 decimal places and include = 1.214 285 714
the appropriate unit. = 1.2143c
180 
b 1 To convert radian measure to an angle in b 1.2143c = 1.2143 ×
π
180 
degrees, multiply the angle by .
π
2 Evaluate. = 69.573 446 55°
3 Convert the angle to degrees and = 69°34′
minutes.
Area of a sector
In the diagram at right, the shaded area is the minor sector AOB, and Major
the unshaded area is the major sector AOB. sector
The area of the sector is proportional to the arc length. For O
1 1 B
example, an area of 4 of the circle contains an arc which is 4 of the
Minor
circumference. A sector
area of sector arc length
Thus, in any circle: =
area of circle circumference of circle
A rθ
= where θ is measured in radians.
πr 2 2 πr
rθ × π r 2
A=
2π r
1
= 2 r 2 θ
1
The area of a sector is: A = 2 r 2 θ
Worked examPle 21
A sector has an area of 157 cm2, and subtends an angle of 107°. What is the radius of the circle?
Think WriTe
π
1 Convert the angle from 107° to radian measure by 107° = 107° ×
π 180 
multiplying the angle by 180  . 107π
=
180
1
3 Write the rule for the area of a sector. A= 2
r2θ
1
4 Substitute the values into the formula. 157 = 2
× r2 × 1.8675
2 × 157
5 Transpose the equation to make r 2 the subject. = r2
1.8675
r2 = 168.139 016 5
6 Take the square root of both sides of the equation. r = 12.966 842 97
7 Evaluate to 2 decimal places and include the = 12.97 cm
appropriate unit.
area of a segment
A segment is that part of a sector bounded by the arc and the chord.
As can be seen from the diagram at right:
Area of segment = area of sector − area of triangle
1 1
A = 2 r2θ − 2 r 2 sin (θ ° )

1
= 2 r2 (θ − sin (θ °)) r θ
Segment
Note: θ is in radians and θ ° is in degrees.
1
The area of a segment: A = 2 r2 (θ − sin (θ°))
Worked examPle 22
eBook plus
Find the area of the segment in a circle of radius 5 cm, subtended by an angle of 40°.
Tutorial
Think WriTe int-1049
π Worked example 22
1 Convert the angle from 40° to radian measure 40° = 40° ×
180
π
by multiplying the angle by . 40π
180 =
180
1
3 Write the rule for the area of a segment. A = 2 r2 (θ − sin (θ °))
4 Identify each of the variables. r = 5, θ = 0.6981, θ ° = 40°
1
5 Substitute the values into the formula. A = 2 × 52 (0.6981 − sin (40°))
1
6 Evaluate. = 2 × 25 × 0.0553
= 0.691 25
7 Round to 2 decimal places and include the = 0.69 cm2
appropriate unit.

rememBer
1. Arc length: l = rθ
1
2. Area of a sector: A = 2 r2θ
1
3. Area of a segment: A = 2 r2 (θ − sin ((θ ° ))
where r = radius, θ = angle (measured in radians) and θ ° = angle (measured in degrees).
exerCise
5h arcs, sectors and segments
1 We 19 Find the length of the arc which subtends an angle of 65° at the centre of a circle of
radius 14 cm.
2 Find the length of the arc which subtends an angle of 153° at the centre of a circle of radius 75 mm.
3 Find the length of the arc which subtends an angle of 135° at the centre of a circle of
radius 10 cm. Leave answer in terms of π.
4 An arc of a circle is 3.5 cm long, and subtends an angle of 41° at the centre of the circle. What
is the radius of the circle?
5 An arc of a circle is 27.8 cm long, and subtends an angle of 205° at the centre of the circle.
What is the radius of the circle?
6 An arc of a circle is 4 cm long and subtends an angle of 60° at the centre of the circle.
What is the radius of the circle? Write your answer in terms of π.
7 We 20 Find the angle subtended by a 20 cm arc in a circle of radius 75 cm:
8 Find the angle subtended by an 8 cm arc in a circle of radius 5 cm:
9 An arc of length 8 cm is marked out on the circumference of a circle of radius 13 cm. What
angle does the arc subtend at the centre of the circle?
10 An arc of length 245 mm is marked out on the circumference of a circle of radius 18 cm. Find
the angle that the arc subtends at the centre of the circle.
11 The minute hand of a clock is 35 cm long. How far does the tip of the hand travel in
20 minutes?
12 A child’s swing is suspended by a rope 3 m
long. What is the length of the arc it travels if it
swings through an angle of 42°?
13 Find the area of the sector of a circle of radius
17 cm with an angle of 56°.
14 Find the area of the sector of a circle of radius
6.2 cm with an angle of 256°.
15 Find the area of a sector of a circle of
radius 6 cm with an angle of 100°. Write your
answer in terms of π.
16 We21 A sector has an area of 825 cm2, and subtends an angle of 70°. What is the radius of the
circle?
17 A sector with an area of 309 cm2 is part of a circle of radius 18.2 cm. Find the angle in the sector.
18 Find the area of a sector of a circle of radius 30 cm if the sector has an arc length of 18 cm.
19 A garden bed is in the form of a sector of a circle of radius 4 m. The arc of the sector is 5 m
long. Find:
a the area of the garden bed
b the volume of mulch needed to cover the bed to a depth of 10 cm.
20 The minute hand on a clock is 62 cm long. What area does the hand sweep through in
40 minutes?
21 A sector whose angle is 150° is cut from a circular piece of cardboard whose radius is 12 cm.
The two straight edges of the sector are joined so as to form a cone.
a What is the surface area of the cone?
b What is the radius of the cone?
22 WE 22 Find the area of the segment in a circle of radius 25 cm subtended by an angle of 100°.
23 Find the area of the segment of a circle of radius 4.7 m that subtends an angle of 85°20′ at the
centre.
24 A segment of a circle subtends an angle of 75° at the centre. The area of the segment is
100 cm2. Find the radius of the circle.
25 In a circle of radius 15 cm, a sector has an area of 100 cm2. Find the angle subtended by the sector.
26 Two circles of radii 3 cm and 4 cm have their centres 5 cm apart. Find the area of the
intersection of the two circles.
27 MC The angle subtended by a 28 cm arc in a circle of radius 20 cm in radians is:
A 0.71 B 40.93 C 80.21 D 1.4 E 0.4
28 MC The area of the segment in a circle of radius 12 cm, subtended by an angle of 60° is:
A 6.52 cm2 B 30.31 cm2 C 26.08 cm2 D 15.24 cm2 E 13.04 cm2
29 Two irrigation sprinklers spread water in circular paths with radii of 7 m and 4 m. If the
sprinklers are 10 m apart, find the area of crop that receives water from both sprinklers.
30 MC The length of the arc which subtends an angle of 50° at the centre of a circle with
radius 10 cm is:
A 8.73 cm B 0.87 cm C 10.43 cm D 6.25 cm E 0.63 cm

Summary
Trigonometry of right-angled triangles
• For any right-angled triangle: B
O A O
sin (θ ) = cos (θ ) = tan (θ ) = Opposite
Hypotenuse
H H A (H )
(O)
• Pythagoras’ theorem, c2 = a2 + b2 may also be used to solve right-angled
triangles. θ
C (A) A
Adjacent
c
a
• Angles of 30°, 45° and 60° have exact values of sine, cosine and tangent.
θ 30° 45° 60°

1 2
sin (θ ) 1 = 2
3
2 2 2
3 1 2 1
cos (θ ) = 2
2 2 2
1 3
tan (θ ) = 3 1 3
3
Elevation, depression and bearings

• Angles of elevation and depression are each measured from the horizontal.
• The angle of elevation is equal to the angle of depression since they are alternate ‘Z’ angles.
• True bearings are measured in a clockwise direction, starting from north (0° T).
The sine rule

• The sine rule states that for any triangle ABC:
a b c
= =
sin ( A) sin ( B) sin (C )
When using this rule, it is important to note that, depending on the values given, any combination of the two
equalities may be used to solve a particular triangle.
• The sine rule may be used to solve non–right-angled triangles if we are given:
(a) two angles and one side length
(b) two side lengths and an angle opposite one of these side lengths.
• The ambiguous case exists if C is an acute angle and a > c > a × sin (C).
The cosine rule

• In any triangle ABC:
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos (A)
b2 = a2 + c2 − 2ac cos (B)
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos (C)
• The cosine rule can be used to solve non–right-angled triangles if we are given:
(a) three sides of the triangle
(b) two sides of the triangle and the included angle (that is, the angle between the two given sides).
• If three sides of a triangle are known, an angle could be found by transposing the cosine rule to make cos A,
cos B or cos C the subject.
b2 + c2 − a2
cos (A) =
2bc
a2 + c2 − b2
cos (B) =
2ac
a2 + b2 − c2
cos (C) =
2ab
Area of triangles
• If two sides of any triangle and the included angle (that is, the angle between the two given sides) are known,
the following rules may be used to determine the area of that triangle.
1
Area = 2
ab sin (C)
1
Area = 2 ac sin (B)
1
Area = 2 bc sin (A)
• Alternatively, if three side lengths of a triangle are known, Heron’s formula may be used to find the area of a
triangle:
Area = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
1
s = 2 (a + b + c)
Trigonometric identities
• An identity is a relationship that holds true for all values of a pronumeral or pronumerals.
• The Pythagorean Identity states that sin2 (θ ) + cos2 (θ ) = 1.
• Sine and cosine are called complementary functions since:
cos (θ ) = sin (90° − θ ) and
sin (θ ) = cos (90° − θ )
Radian measurement
• 180° = πc
π
• To convert an angle in degrees to radian measure, multiply by .
180 
180 
• To convert an angle in radian measure to degrees, multiply by .
π
Arcs, sectors and segments
• Arc length: l = rθ
1
• Area of a sector: A = 2 r2θ
1
• Area of a segment: A = 2 r2 (θ − sin (θ°))
Where r = radius, θ = angle (measured in radians) and θ ° = angle (measured in degrees).

chapter review
Short answer 2 A ladder 4.5 m long rests against a vertical wall,

with the foot of the ladder 2 m from the base of the
1 A stepladder stands on a floor with its feet 2 m wall. The angle the ladder makes with the wall, to
apart. If the angle formed by the legs with the floor the nearest degree, is:
is 60°, how high above the floor is the top of the A 24° B 26° C 35°
ladder? D 64° E 66°
2 Two buildings, 15 m and 27 m high, are directly 3 A person stands 18 m from the base of a building,
opposite each other across a river. The angle of and measures the angle of elevation to the top of
depression of the top of the smaller building from the building as 62°. If the person is 1.8 m tall, how
the top of the taller one is 30°. How wide is the high is the building, to the nearest metre?
river? A 11 m B 18 m C 36 m
3 In the triangle shown at right D 22 m E 34 m
x
find the exact length of side m. 12 cm 4 A bearing of 310° T is the same as:
30° 45° A N40°W B N50°W C S50°W
4 A triangle has sides of length 12 m, 15 m and 20 m. D S50°E E N50°E
If Q is the largest angle find cos (q ). 5 In triangle ABC, a = 10, b = 7 and B = 40°. A
5 A triangle has two sides of 20 cm and 25 cm. The possible value for C, to the nearest degree, is:
angle between the two sides is 45°. Find its area. A 37° B 52° C 68°
D 73° E 113°
6 A triangular garden area is bound by three straight
edges of lengths 4 m, 5 m and 7 m. Find the exact 6 Two boats start from the same point. One sails due
area of the garden. north for 10 km and the other sails south east for
3 15 km. Their distance apart is:
7 Find the value of cos (θ ) given sin (θ ) = and A 10.62 km B 14.83 km C 17.35 km
0° < θ < 90°. 8
D 21.38 km E 23.18 km
8 a Convert the following angles to radian measure, 7 A triangle has sides measuring 5 cm, 8 cm and
expressing answers in terms of π . 10 cm. The largest angle in the triangle, to the
i 80° nearest degree, is:
ii 125° A 52° B 82° C 98°
iii 640° D 128° E 140°
b Convert the following radian measurement into 8 The area of the triangle with a = 10 m, b = 8 m and
degrees. C = 72° is:
π 15π A 12.36 m2 B 76.08 m2 C 10.15 m2
i ii iii 7π D 38.04 m 2 E 123.10 m 2
20 8
9 A paddock is in the shape of a sector with radius of 9 A garden bed is in the shape of a triangle, with
75 m and an angle of 60°. Find: sides of length 4 m, 5.2 m and 7 m. The volume of
a the amount of fencing needed to enclose the topsoil needed to cover the garden to a depth of
paddock 250 mm is:
b the area enclosed by the paddock. A 2.32 m3 B 2.57 m3 C 2.81 m3
3 3
D 3.17 m E 3.76 m
Multiple choice 10 When 75° is converted to radian measure, the value
of the angle, expressed in terms of π, is:
1 In the triangle, the value of θ, to the
12π π 5π
nearest degree, is: θ A B C
4 5 12 24
A 37° B 39°
C 51° D 52° 5π 7π
5 D E
E 53° 12 12
11 When 5.321 is converted to degrees and minutes, 14 The area of the shaded region
the value of the angle is: in the figure at right to the 40 cm 120°
A 305°27′ B 304°52′ C 5°19′ nearest cm2 is:
D 1°42′ E 152°26′ A 800 cm2 B 846 cm2
2
12 An arc in a circle of radius 5 cm is 3.5 cm long. C 898 cm D 952 cm2
2
The angle, to the nearest degree, subtended at the E 983 cm
centre by the arc is:
A 35° B 40° C 50° 15 A clock has a minute hand 75 cm long. The area
D 68° E 82° that it sweeps when passing through 48 minutes, to
13 A sector has an area of 40 cm2, and an angle of 30°. 2 decimal places, is:
The arc length of the sector, to 2 decimal places, is: A 0.90 m2 B 1.35 m2
2
A 1.64 cm B 2.66 cm C 4.83 cm C 1.41 m D 1.88 m2
D 6.47 cm E 12.36 cm E 2.01 m2
exTended resPonse
1 Three circles of radii 2 cm, 3 cm and 4 cm are placed so that they just touch each other.
A triangle is formed by joining their three centres. Find:
a the three angles of the triangle
b the area of the triangle, correct to 3 decimal places
c the shaded area correct to 3 decimal places.
2 A farmer owns a large triangular area of flat land, bounded on one side by an
embankment to a river flowing NE, on a second side by a road which meets the N
river at a bridge where the angle between river and road is 105°, and on the third River
side by a long fence. Find:
a the length of the river frontage, correct to 3 decimal places 33°
45°
b the area of the land correct to 3 decimal places. Fence
The farmer decides to divide the land into two sections of equal area, by 105°
running a fence from the bridge to a point on the opposite side.
c On what bearing must the fence be built? Road 42°
d What is the length of the fence, correct to 3 decimal places? 3.2 km

3 a A four-wheel-drive vehicle leaves a camp site and travels across a flat sandy plain in a direction of S65°E,
for a distance of 8.2 km. It then heads due south for 6.7 km to reach a waterhole.
i How far is the waterhole from the camp site?
ii What is the bearing of the waterhole from the camp site?
b A search plane sets off to find the vehicle. It is on a course that takes it over points A and B, two
locations on level ground. At a certain time, from point A, the angle of elevation to the plane is 72°.
From point B, the angle of elevation is 47°. If A and B are 3500 m apart, find the height of the plane off
the ground.
4 Christopher lives on a farm. He has decided that this year B
he will plant a variety of crops in his large but unusually
shaped vegetable garden. He has divided the vegetable garden 124 m
into six triangular regions, which he will fence off as shown in 56 m
2
1
the diagram at right. Christopher needs to calculate the A 52 m C
perimeter and area of each region so he can purchase the 95º 64º
correct amount of fencing material and seedlings. 6 38º 80º
a Separate each of the regions into single triangles and label 58º
85 m 3
each with the information provided.
b Use the appropriate rules to determine all unknown 5
68 m
lengths and relevant angles. F 43 m
c How much fencing material is required to section off the 4
six regions?
d If fencing material is $4.50 per metre (and only sold by D
the metre) what will the cost be? E
e Calculate the area of each region and hence determine the
total area available for planting.
eBook plus
Digital doc
Test Yourself
Chapter 5
eBook plus aCTiviTies
Chapter opener
Digital doc
• 10 Quick Questions: Warm up with ten quick
questions on trigonometric ratios and their
applications. (page 136)
5A Trigonometry of right-angled triangles
Digital docs
• SkillSHEET 5.1: Practise labelling right-angled
triangles. (page 141)
• SkillSHEET 5.2: Practise using trigonometric ratios.
(page 141)
• SkillSHEET 5.3: Practise degrees and minutes.
(page 141) Digital doc
• SkillSHEET 5.4: Practise composite shapes 1. • WorkSHEET 5.2: Solve more complex right-angled
(page 142) triangle problems with two unknowns, worded
• SkillSHEET 5.5: Practise composite shapes 2. problems of elevation and depression and apply the
(page 142) sine and cosine rules to non-right angled triangles.
(page 163)
Tutorial
• We6 int-1045: Watch how to determine the bearing Digital doc
of a ship from its starting point. (page 145) • SkillSHEET 5.6: Practise changing degrees to
radians. (page 166)
5C The sine rule
Tutorial
5H Arcs, sectors and segments
• We8 int-1046: Watch how to show the ambiguous Interactivity
case of the sine rule exists and apply it. (page 150) • Sectors int-0972: Consolidate your understanding of
Digital doc how to calculate the area of a sector. (page 167)
• WorkSHEET 5.1: Use trigonometry to find two Tutorial
unknowns in right-angled triangles; solve worded • We 22 int-1049: Watch how to find the area of a
problems of elevation, depression and bearings. segment. (page 169)
(page 154)
Chapter review
5D The cosine rule Digital doc
Tutorials • Test Yourself: Take the end-of-chapter test to test
• We 10 int-1213: Watch how to find the smallest angle your progress. (page 176)
in a triangle. (page 156)
• We 11 int-1047: Watch how to calculate the distance To access eBookPLUS activities, log on to
between two rowers. (page 157) www.jacplus.com.au
Tutorial
• We 13 int-1048: Watch how to find the area of a
triangle given two side lengths and an angle.
(page 160)

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5

5A Trigonometry of right-angled triangles

ratios and their

Determine the value of the pronumerals, correct a b

2 Write what is given. Have: angle and hypotenuse (H)

Chapter 5 Trigonometric ratios and their applications 137

7 Round the answer to 2 decimal places. = 7.69

Find the angle θ, giving the answer in degrees and minutes.

4 Determine which of the trigonometric ratios is tan (θ ) = O

Determine the height of the triangle shown in surd form.

Chapter 5 Trigonometric ratios and their applications 139

1 Label the sides relative to the marked angle.

2 Write what is given. Have: angle and adjacent (A) side

8 State the answer. The triangle’s height is 8 3 cm.

1. For any right-angled triangle: B

2 We 1 Find the value of the pronumerals, correct to 2 decimal places.

3 We 2 Find the angle θ, giving the answer in degrees and minutes.

Chapter 5 Trigonometric ratios and their applications 141

13 In the figure at right, find the value of the pronumerals,

14 In the figure at right, find the value of the pronumeral x, 33°

18 A gable roof has sloping sides of 8.3 m. It rises to a height

5B Elevation, depression and bearings

Angles of elevation and depression

Angles of elevation and depression are each measured

Chapter 5 Trigonometric ratios and their applications 143

2 Write what is given. Have: angle and opposite side

Conventional or compass bearings are 20°

Chapter 5 Trigonometric ratios and their applications 145

Chapter 5 Trigonometric ratios and their applications 147

5C The sine rule

Substitute the known values into the rule. 4 7

7 × sin (65  45′ )

Evaluate. Round the answer to 2 decimal places 7 × 0.911762 043

The ambiguous case

Chapter 5 Trigonometric ratios and their applications 149

5 Substitute the known values into the b 6

6 Transpose the equation to make b the 6 × sin (26  27 ′ )

2 In part a it was shown that the ambiguous

3 Convert the angles to degrees and minutes. A = 56°27′ or A = 123°33′

Chapter 5 Trigonometric ratios and their applications 151

6 Write the answers. If B = 93°33′, b = 11.98 m

1. The sine rule states that for any triangle ABC:

Chapter 5 Trigonometric ratios and their applications 153

5d The cosine rule

Method 1: Using the rule

6 Round the answer to 2 decimal places. = 10.34 correct to 2 decimal places

Chapter 5 Trigonometric ratios and their applications 155

4 Substitute the given values into the rearranged 72 + 92 − 4 2

4 Round the answer to degrees and minutes. A = 25.2088°

1 Draw a labelled diagram of the triangle, call it N A

1. In any triangle ABC:

Chapter 5 Trigonometric ratios and their applications 157

7 In triangle DEF, d = 3 cm, e = 7 cm and F = 60°. Find f in exact form.

However, often the perpendicular height is not given directly and B

Find the area of the triangle shown.

Chapter 5 Trigonometric ratios and their applications 159

Chapter 5 Trigonometric ratios and their applications 161

23 An earth embankment is 27 m long, and has a cross-section

The Pythagorean identity

Chapter 5 Trigonometric ratios and their applications 163

Find the value of cos (70°) given sin (20°) = 0.342.

1. The Pythagorean identity is sin2 (θ ) + cos2 (θ ) = 1.