By H. H.

Miller
speed Peen les, it wa8
found feed into the
wheel et. The d r jet idea was
te delivered to the

conditioned and the chilled caast-lmn shot was re-

It bat4 en ptacti-
trace of shot fmm
this tope and there
of chilled cast-iron shot in
the cut-wire shot test.
To maintain records, a form waa f m m M to the
shop to record informtion on operating conditi~m
and control. These form were completed daily,
tion to records kept by the pmduc-
manner if the new shot Is sdded in large quanWtlm.
the test, 1500 lb of cut-wbe shot
were added to the equipment dese~ibedin Table 1.

beguul. Becaw it
shot to !Illthe cad-
of shot added
dition was reached in seven days. During this
r i d , the shot was rounding although
shmed a good surface fr0m the
Arc heights, Faxlllm, impFa98Lon8 of the peened
were taken periodil'-ally
 Table I-+rating Conditions for Shot Peening Tests
Material
Coil Spring Material . . . . . . . . . . . . SAE 9260
Material Size . . . . Varying with application (0.568-0.725-in. di-
ameter)
SeSuen~eof . . Heat in walklng he& furnace-Coil-fi-
ture ~uench-~emper-~hotpeen-~craxl Test
(Breakdown solid, compress to speclfled length
and mewwe load.)
Average Hardneas of Coil Spring . 51 Rockwell C
Weights of Coil Springs . . . . . . . . . . . 9 to 13.5 lb (approximate)

TYW of Peening Equipment . . . . . . . . n Wheelabratar Equipment Corpora-

tion
Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 springs/hr/machine
Number of Wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Mameter of Wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19% in.
Width of Wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1% In.
Distance of Wheel8 from Nearest Sur-
face of work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 in.
WO* ...................... Mrpm
C m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.14 fpm
Feaaisg Sbot
Chilled Cast iron Cut Win
Size of Shot Added . . . 230 and 330 (approxi- 0.035-in. diameter x
mately 50% of 0.035-in. long
Shot Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 lb per min 300 lb per min
Wheel Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 rpm 1775 rpm
Shot Conswpption/t3pring . . . . 0.134 Ib 0.013 lb
Arc Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0155A2 average 0.0166A2 avenage

To take care of this di~culty,the shot must be con-
ditioned on new applications before production is
started. Fig. 2B shows what happens to the shot
during a 4-hr conditioning period. The remaining
photographs in Fig. 2 show the progressive rounding
of the shot by hours up to 14% hr and show the
condition at 7,28, and 68 days.
These photographs were taken of unscreened
which were secured from material being
to the wheel of the peening machine. An
effort was made to clean the machine of all chilled
cast iron before the test was begun, but note the
presence of chilled cast iron in Figs. 2B,2C, and 2D.
Chilled cast-iron grit in small quantities was found
in shot samples very late in the test.
To determine what happened to the cut-wire shot
in breakdown, a sample was screened and the mate-
rial retained on each screen was mounted, polished
to expose the cross-section, and photographed.
These photographs are shown in Fig. 3. At flrst it
appeared that the cut-wire
centers as it wore to smaller
riembles hollow chilled cast-
aminstion, however, explains this phenomenon.
of the shot in
on the 0,033-in.
SA, ha8 been cold worked to a depth of 0.002 to 0.003
in. below the surface. This material does not show
the presence of "hollow" shot. The shot taken off
the 0.0197-in. screen has received considerably more
cold work. Sections cut through the center of this
shot show cold work extending from the surface
to the center.
Other shot from this group is ragged and tarn a t
the edges, with voids in the center which give the
appearance that the centers pulled out. It 38 appar-
ent upon closer examination that these hollows are
caused by the edges of the broken particles peening
over in a secondsry rounding. On looking at a
plane through this peened-over section in which
the sample was polished, it appears that shot is ac-
tually hollow at the center, but the hollow is very
shallow.
very clearly in many
- After 3 '/l hr, which includes 1 H hr on peanin . .H - After 28 doys
i

. .
L '

Fig: 2 -Tlwsc photographs ---ten-lime magnifcotions- :

&ow p i t ) f l t c \ ~ i v ecold wmLic~gof cut w i t e shot. Before ,
putting fre,h, unused cut-wire shot to work, it must be
conditioned for about 4 hr to remove i t s sharp edges, if
otided in large quantities. Continued use after that, as ;
fherr photog~crphsshow, progressively touncfs the shot 1
--.
 D - Through 0.0232-in. on 0.0197-in.
-
screen 1.4 %

')'.
E - Through 0.0197-in. on 0.0165-in.
screen - 0.2

F - Through 0.165-in. on 0.0098-in.,

screen - 0.1 %
7

Fig. 3-Screen anotysis of

used cut-wire shot, mogni-
a M three times, showing
unatchad cross-sections.
While wmc of the shot
 tinued at 1,000,000 cycle# when no
With this fmppovemcrmt in life it
to make further mvh
The extent to which a surface is coverd with
of the shot b apparently a combination of cold de-
formation and breaking off of the cold-worked
edges. Fractures in the shot start at the surface
and the shot breaks in the direction of the grain
flow Wes. We have not been able to find internal
ruptures in the cold-worked. shot.
Although the surface hardness of the shot may
be increased in hardness considerably by use, we from control of the
have found no method of determining what the in- separators, to no co
crease might be. However, hardnmes taken on the tor. In the latter
cross-section of the used shot have shown no more
than a one point Rockwell C inc . The method
and control of cutting wire shot will undoubtedly
have an influence upon the per
will have to be made by the manufacturer to cut coverage, it is a w
the shot with a mfnimw amount rmtion eal mndition. We d
and without the formation of shear pearanee, but to secure a mtbfactorg mrvice Me for
the part. Each application mu& be proved on i b
own set of operating conditions. is lost through
Because of the greater overage size of the cut-
rrrlrc? shot it was increase the shot ftow
coverage is p m b I y
production results ths
percentage of the u

m f c k coil egirbg peened with cut-olrlre ahat. Plg.

7h w sa
Maw Cut-Win shot u