BusBar Protection

Busbar Protection
High Impedance Busbar

Protection
Without Busbar Protection
F1 F2
There are fewer faults on busbars than on other parts of the power system.
● No dislocation of system due to accidental operation of busbar protection.
● Slow fault clearance.
Busbar faults at F1 and F2 are cleared by remote time delayed protection on circuits feeding the
faults:
Time Delayed Overcurrent or
Time Delayed Distance Protection
Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 3

With Busbar Protection
BUSBAR
ZONE
F1 F2
● Fast clearance by breakers at the busbars

● Where busbars are sectionalised,
Protection can limit the amount of system
disruption for a busbar fault

Busbar Faults Are Usually Permanent
CAUSES :
● Insulation failures
● Circuit breaker failures
● Falling debris
● Isolators operated outside their ratings
● Safety earths left connected
● Current transformer failures
THEREFORE :
Circuit breakers should be tripped and locked
out by busbar protection

Busbar Protection must be :
● RELIABLE
● Failure could cause widespread damage to the substation
● STABLE
● False tripping can cause widespread interruption of supplies to
customers
● DISCRIMINATING
● Should trip the minimum number of breakers to clear the fault
● FAST
● To limit damage and possible power system instability

Methods of Providing Busbar Protection
● Frame to Earth (Leakage) Protection
● Differential Protection : High Impedance

Low Impedance
● Directional Comparison (Blocking Schemes) Protection

Frame Leakage Protection

Frame Earth Protection Scheme
● Only an earth fault system
● Involves measuring fault current from switchgear frame to earth
● Switchgear insulated by standing on concrete plinth
● Only one earthing point allowed on switchgear
● C.T. mounted on single earth conductor used to energise instantaneous

relay
● All cable glands must be insulated

Current Distribution for External Fault
Outgoing feeder
Switchgear frame
IF = I1 + I2
Generator
Busbar
Switchgear frame
bonding bar
Frame-leakage
current
transformer
System
Earth bar earthing
resistor
I1 + I2
I1
Frame insulation I1 I2 Earthing electrode
resistance to earth resistance (< 1Ω)
(> 10Ω)

Frame Leakage Busbar Protection
Simple, Economical.
Suitable for phase segregated indoor metal clad switchgear. Only E/F
protection required.
Setting of instantaneous E/F relay (64)

= < 0.3 IF(min)
= > 0.1 IF(max)
Disadvantages :
Insulation of switchgear frame and between sections.
Insulation of cable glands to prevent spurious
currents during through faults.

Frame Leakage Protection
Check Feature
To differentiate between a power system fault and an earth fault from another circuit
within the switchgear.
The check relays pick up for both internal and external faults.
Both check and discriminating relays must operate before tripping can occur.
The various methods of obtaining the check feature are :-
(a) Neutral check provided by a relay energised from a single c.t. in the
power system neutral.
(b) Residual check provided by a relay energised from a residually
connected c.t. on the busbar incomers.
(c) Residual voltage check provided by a voltage relay energised from a
broken delta v.t. supply.
Check relays are normally self-reset in order to avoid having to reset the relay
after each external fault.

Single Zone Frame - Earth Protection
with Neutral Check
Switchgear frame
G H J K
Frame-earth
fault relay
Neutral check relay
64
64 CH
Trip all breakers

circuit
+

High Impedance Protection

This is a versatile and reliable protection system applied to many different
Busbar configurations.
If CT requirements are met, scheme performance may be predicted by

calculation without heavy current conjunctive tests.
Through Fault Stability

Busbar protection stability limit is based on maximum through fault current.
Generally this value is derived from the rating of the associated switchgear
irrespective of existing fault level, since it can be expected that system will
develop up to limit of rating.

Basic Circulating Current Scheme
External Fault

Basic Circulating Current Scheme
Internal Fault

High Impedance Busbar Protection
Simple system to apply and extend.
High sensitivity for phase and earth
faults.
Extremely stable for external faults.

CT requirements:
Equal ratios
Class ‘X’
May require stabilising resistors,
RST.
May require non-linear resistors
RST (Metrosils).
METROSIL
87

Add a stabilising resistor which increases the operating

voltage of the protection such that it will not operate for
through faults
Equivalent circuit
RCT RLY RLX RCT
ZM ZM
R

Equivalent circuit with 1 CT saturated
RCT RLY RLX RCT

IY
VR CT saturated
VR = IY (RLX + RCT)
VS > VR
Stabilising resistor calculations
RST + RR is the total resistance required R
IS R = VS
RST
R
{ RR VR
R = VS
IR
IS RST = R – RR
If RR is given in VA then
RR = VA/IS²

Numeric High Impedance
● The voltage measured by the relay during CT saturation is non

sinusoidal
● The resulting measurement depends upon the analogue circuitry and
digital algorithm
● As part of type testing a Dimensioning factor K is determined
●Vs = K.Is(Rct+Rl)

Knee-Point Requirements
+10% Vk
Exciting Voltage (VS)
Vk
For High Impedance
+50% Iek Vk>2Vs
●Fast operation
●Dependant upon
maximum through fault
Iek
Exciting Current (Ie)
Operating Time
● Depends on measurement technique but will always be improved by

increasing the Vk/Vs ratio

Primary Operating Current (P.O.C)
The value of primary operating current should be around 30% of
minimum fault current available. This ensures sufficient relay
current during internal fault conditions for high speed operation.
Since in each zone of protection there are several CT’s in parallel with
the relay and each other, the combined CT magnetising currents will
increase the primary operating current (P.O.C).
P.O.C. = CT ratio (IR + INLR + nIM)
where :-
IR = Relay setting current
IM = CT magnetising current (one CT at relay
setting voltage)
n = Number of paralleled CT’s
INLR = Non linear resistor current at relay setting
voltage
Equivalent circuit for Internal fault
RCT RLY RLX RCT

IP
RST
ZM ZM
VS
RR
IM IS IM
VS = IS (RST + RR)
IM = VS/ZM
IP = T (IS + n IM)
Secondary Voltage at maximum fault level
RCT RLY RLX RCT

IP
RST
ZM ZM
VR
RR
VR < VF = IP/T (RST + RR + RCT + RLY)

VR > VK
VR ≈ 2 √ 2VK (VK – VF)
Metrosil limitation of relay voltage
IOP Required when peak

relay voltage exceeds
3kV
RST Non linear
VM resistance
(metrosil) V = C Iβ DC
RR
IM IR √2 Vs = C (Irms/0.52)β
AC

Current Transformers

CT Wiring Supervision
Open circuit connections between CT’s and relay circuit result in unbalance
currents which may operate the protection.
Supervision is applied by a voltage relay across differential relay circuit.
Supervision relay is time delayed, gives alarm and also shorts out bus wires to
protect differential relay circuit.
Typical effective setting is 25 primary amps or 10% of lowest circuit rating,

whichever is greater.

CT Wiring Supervision
I1
CT1 I3
RST I2 I4
V R ZM2 ZM3 ZM4
Super
vision RR
relay
I1
Voltage measured by supervisio n relay

V = Ι1 (R + Z M2 + Z M3 + Z M4 )
If supervisio n relay setting = VSP
Out - of - balance current to operate the supervisio n relay
V V V V
Ι = SP + SP + SP + SP
R Z M2 Z M3 Z M4

Differential Relay Circuit
A
B
Zone bus wires
C
N
95X
95X Bus wire short contacts
95X
95 Supervision
relay
Metrosil
resistors
Stabilising
v v v resistors
87 87 87

Numeric CT supervision
● Use an additional current stage
● Still requires time delay & latched CT shorting contacts
●Can use auxiliary relay
● May need to use earth fault element to achieve desired sensitivity

Effect of C.T. Location on Busbar
Protection Performance
Interlocked
Circuit overcurrent
protection relay
Circuit
Circuit protection
protection
Busbar
protection
Busbar
protection
Busbar Interlocked
protection overcurrent
relay
All C.T.s on line side All C.T.s on Busbar side

Overlapping of circuit breaker
C.T.s of circuit breaker

Low Impedance Busbar
Protection
HV Application: Busbar Protection
Kirchhoff’s Principle applied to a healthy system
ΣI=0
IA I IC
B
IA = IB + IC
IA - IB - IC = 0
HV Application: Busbar Protection - 2
Kirchhoff’s Principle applied to a system with a fault
ΣI≠0
IA I IC
B
IA ≠ IB + IC
IA - IB - IC ≠ 0 = IF
MiCOM P746 - Architecture
● The P746 or the 3 P746 are mounted in only one

cubicle.
● This architecture is ideal for the refurbishment of
existing substations
Centralised Solution

MiCOM P740 Architecture
● The Peripheral Units are installed in individual switchgear bays

distributed around the substation
● The maximum fibre optic length between the
Peripheral Units and the Central Unit is 1 km
● That leads to wiring cost reduction
Distributed Solution

High Impedance Principle
•Stability is entirely due to introducing a stabilising resistor in-
circuit.
•It is a simple, reliable and circulating current scheme
(CT must have same ratio & must be high accuracy - Class PL)
•The knee point voltage of the CTs needs to be relatively high
•Metrosil may be required
•The CTs are usually not shared with other protection
•The magnetising current can desensitise the scheme
•The scheme is very fast
•Isolator contacts are needed to switch the full CT secondary
current between the zones
•Extending the scheme is quite simple
•Buswire supervision can be offered with Bus wire supervision
relays

Low Impedance/Biased Principle
•Stability is due to the bias characteristics of the scheme
•CTs can have different ratios,
•Scheme bias characteristic can cater for lesser accuracy CTs
(class 5P)
•CTs with moderate knee point voltages can be used
•Metrosils are never required
•It is easier to share CTs with other protection
•Number of // circuits does not affect the primary operating current
•Tripping is fast
•Isolator contact are not needed to switch heavy currents.
•Expanding the scheme can be complex
•Self supervision and breaker fail protection is easier to integrate
•Numerical scheme offer many fault, event and recording
capabilities
•Some schemes allow for distributed topology

Low Impedance Requirements
•Key Requirements of Low Impedance Bus Protection
•Stability for External Faults

•Biased Differential Characteristic
•CT Saturation Detection
•Accurate Modelling of the Primary Plant

•CB Status Contacts
•Security and Reliability

•Multiple Tripping Criteria

Bias Differential Characteristic
Phase and Earth Fault Elements
idiff (t)
Tripping
area
X X
i1 i2
X
X X ID>2 RESTRAIN AREA
i3 in IS
ID>1
ibias (t)
Differential current: idiffnode (t) = i1 + i2 + i3 + … + in

Bias current: ibias(t) = |i1|+ |i2|+ | i3| + … + |in| = Σ|i|

CT Saturation Internal Fault
3000
3000 / 5/A5 A 3000 / 5 A
9000 A 3000 / 5 A 9000 A
X 10500 A X
20600 A
X
X X X
X
150 / 5 A 1500 / 5 A 500 / 5 A 150 / 5 A
100 A 1400 A 1000 A 100 A

CT Saturation External Fault
3000
3000 / 5/A5 A 3000 / 5 A
9000 A 3000 / 5 A 9000 A
X 10500 A X
X
X X X
X
500 / 5 A
150 / 5 A 1500 / 5 A 19600 A 150 / 5 A
100 A 1400 A 39.2 x In 100 A
Saturation

Typical conditions for CT saturation
● Large offset waveform

● Dependant upon fault level and X/R ratio
IA IB

CT Saturation
● Time-to-saturation is important in the design and application of protective relays
● The time-to-saturation of a CT is determined by the following parameters:
● Fault current magnitude
● Remnant flux in the CT core
● Degree of fault current offset
● Secondary circuit impedance
● Saturation voltage
● Turns ratio

CT Saturation
Secondary waveforms with increasing remanent flux

CT Saturation

CT Saturation

Low Impedance
Topology Processing

Topology Processing
The Concept of Nodes (not Zones)

Topology Useful notations
1st case: Bus coupler Open
Busbar
P742/3 P742/3 P742/3 P742/3
Dead Zone
=
Current Node 2 Dead Zones
P742/3
2nd case: Bus coupler Closed
Feeder
Remark: P742/3 P742/3

No creation of virtual zone
if one CT on the coupling Creation of a Virtual zone

Topology Processing
BB1
Isolator closed Isolator closed
CB opened CB opened
Dead Zone Dead Zone
PU 1 PU2
not connected not connected

Topology Processing
BB1
Trip Zone - Isolator Closed Isolator Closed

both breakers
closed to BB 1
Zone 1 = PU1 + PU2
CN1 = Zone 1 only
CB Closed
CB Closed
PU 1 PU 2
connected to BB1 connected to BB1
Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012

BUS BAR PROTECTION 56
Topology Processing
BB1
Trip Zone 1 -
one breaker
closed
Zone 1 = PU1
CN1 = Zone 1 CB Closed CB Open
only
Trip Other End

Intertrip
PU1 PU2 not
connected Local CN=
connected
to BB1 dead zone
Additional Tripping Zones

Topology Processing
PU3 connected
Dead Zone
to BB1
BB1 BB2
Coupling Open
Zone 1 = PU1+ PU3 Isolator Closed Isolator Closed
Zone 2 = PU2
CN1 = Zone 1
CN2 = Zone 2
Local CN=dead zone
CB Closed CB Closed
PU 1 PU2
connected to
connected to BB2
BB1
Topology Processing
PU3 connected
to BB1& BB2
BB1 BB2
Coupling Closed
Zone 1 = PU1 + PU3 Isolator Closed Isolator Closed
Zone 2 = PU2 + PU3
CN1 = Zone 1
CN2 = Zone 2
CB Closed CB Closed
PU 1 PU2
Topology Processing
PU3 connected
No CT
to BB1& BB2
BB1 BB2
Coupling Open
Zone 1 = PU1 Isolator Closed Isolator Closed
Zone 2 = PU2
CN1 = Zone 1
CN2 = Zone 2
CB Closed CB Closed
PU 1 PU2
Topology Processing
No CT PU3 connected
to BB1& BB2
BB1 BB2
Coupling Closed
Zone 1 = PU1 Isolator Closed
Zone 2 = PU2 Isolator Closed
CN1 = Zone 1+Zone 2
CB Closed CB Closed
PU 1 PU 2
Topology Processing
BB1
BB2
Zone 1 = PU1
Zone 2 = PU2
CN1 = Zone 1
CN2 = Zone 2
PU 1 PU2
Topology Processing
BB1
BB2
Zone 1 = PU1
Zone 2 = PU2
CN1 = Zone 1 +
Zone 2
PU 1 PU2
Check Zone Supervision

Check Zone Supervision
● Check Zone element must operate for a bus bar trip command to be issued
Total Idiff = Sum of current node idiff

idiff(t) CZ = Σ (Σ i) 
● Any in-zone fault will be seen as zone differential current
● Any fault will also be seen as a check or total zone differential current
● Under plant discrepancy conditions there will be an equal but opposite current in
an adjacent zone cancelling this error in the check zone value and prevent mal-
operation

Check Zone
idiff (t)
Tripping
area
X X
i1 i2
X
X X ID>2 RESTRAIN AREA
i3 in IS
ID>1
ibias (t)
Differential current: idiffnode (t) = i1 + i2 + i3 + … + in

Bias current: ibias(t) = |i1|+ |i2|+ | i3| + … + |in| = Σ|i|

Blocking Schemes

Busbar Blocking Protection
Incomer
O/C Relay
BLOCK
O/C Relay O/C Relay O/C Relay O/C Relay

Selection of Relay Current and Time
Delay Settings
10.0
1.0
IDMT incomer
Time IDMT margin
(s) IDMT feeder
0.1 I >3 incomer
t >3 incomer
Time to block
I > feeder
Start
0.01
Current

Busbar Protection

BusBar Protection

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

BusBar Protection

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Busbar Protection

High Impedance Busbar

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 3

● Fast clearance by breakers at the busbars

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 4

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 5

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 6

● Frame to Earth (Leakage) Protection

● Differential Protection : High Impedance

● Directional Comparison (Blocking Schemes) Protection

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 7

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 8

● Involves measuring fault current from switchgear frame to earth

● Switchgear insulated by standing on concrete plinth

● Only one earthing point allowed on switchgear

● C.T. mounted on single earth conductor used to energise instantaneous

● All cable glands must be insulated

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 9

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 10

Setting of instantaneous E/F relay (64)

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 11

The various methods of obtaining the check feature are :-

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 12

Trip all breakers

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 13

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 14

If CT requirements are met, scheme performance may be predicted by

Through Fault Stability

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 15

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 16

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 17

Extremely stable for external faults.

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 18

Add a stabilising resistor which increases the operating

RCT RLY RLX RCT

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 20

RCT RLY RLX RCT

RST + RR is the total resistance required R

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 22

● The voltage measured by the relay during CT saturation is non

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 23

● Depends on measurement technique but will always be improved by

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 25

P.O.C. = CT ratio (IR + INLR + nIM)

RCT RLY RLX RCT

RCT RLY RLX RCT

VR < VF = IP/T (RST + RR + RCT + RLY)

IOP Required when peak

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 29

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 30

Supervision is applied by a voltage relay across differential relay circuit.

Typical effective setting is 25 primary amps or 10% of lowest circuit rating,

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 31

Voltage measured by supervisio n relay

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 32

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 33

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 34

All C.T.s on line side All C.T.s on Busbar side

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 35

● The P746 or the 3 P746 are mounted in only one

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 39

● The Peripheral Units are installed in individual switchgear bays

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 40

Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 41