Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal

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Cecilia Cariola, Miguel Lacabana

La metrópoli fragmentada: Caracas entre la pobreza y la globalización
Eure, vol. XXVII, núm. 80, mayo, 2001, p. 0,
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Chile

Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=19608002

Eure,
ISSN (Versión impresa): 0250-7161
eure@eure.cl
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Chile

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x La profundización de la pobreza estructural expresada en el aumento de la
indigencia
x La emergencia de un nuevo segmento social de sectores medios
empobrecidos
x El incremento de la vulnerabilidad de los sectores medios
x La concentración de los ingresos en un grupo menor de sectores no pobres
o de altos ingresos.

 
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VLJXLHQWH
x Los pobres estructurales, sujetos de la zona de exclusión, constituyen un
grupo social que arrastra las carencias derivadas del modelo económico
anterior y sufre las consecuencias del nuevo. En este grupo es donde se
concentra tanto cuantitativa como cualitativamente una gran parte del
fenómeno de la extensión e intensificación de la pobreza. Son el 20,5% del
total de hogares y más de la mitad de los mismos experimenta una situación
de indigencia (13%) derivada de la falta de ingresos del mercado de trabajo o
de estrategias económicas de sobrevivencia basadas sólo en el empleo
informal. Tienen un capital social y cultural limitado que permite a algunos
hogares superar problemas de sobrevivencia, pero les impide lograr un nivel
de integración social más amplio11. En este sentido operan los bajos niveles
de formación alcanzados por los sujetos de este grupo social y también la
progresiva desvalorización de la educación como mecanismo de movilidad
social. Los pobres estructurales tienen una territorialidad definida, una
pobreza visible, ya que habitan mayoritariamente en barrios de invasión o
bien en urbanizaciones populares construidas por el Estado en la periferia
metropolitana.
x Los nuevos pobres o sectores medios empobrecidos son el producto más
evidente de la expansión de la pobreza asociada a las transformaciones en el
trabajo y a la caída de los ingresos. Llegan a constituir más de un tercio del
total de hogares, entre los cuales existe un grupo altamente excluido (11%)
cuyos bajos ingresos provienen principalmente del empleo informal y quienes
harán el tránsito hacia la pobreza estructural en la medida en que no logren
mantener las condiciones de satisfacción de sus necesidades básicas. Al
grupo de empobrecidos no se les puede atribuir una territorialidad definida.
En parte es una pobreza invisible, de puertas adentro, de sectores medios
tradicionales empobrecidos recientemente, cuyos oficios y profesiones se han
degradado en términos de ingreso e incluso socialmente. Existe un subgrupo
 con capital social y cultural acumulado en el período anterior donde
funcionaron los canales de ascenso social. Sus recursos en conocimientos,
información, relaciones sociales y su preferencia por la educación por sobre
otras necesidades los diferencia del subgrupo de pobres moderados que
ascendieron pero fueron devueltos a su condición de pobres por la crisis. Si
bien privilegian el ámbito privado para buscarle solución a la caída de sus
ingresos, eventualmente se involucran en el ámbito público a través de
movilizaciones para defender sus derechos.
x La evidencia empírica indica que el grupo de pobres moderados o "pobres
en ascenso", producto del modelo económico anterior, sufrió masivamente
los efectos de la caída de los ingresos. Sin embargo, algunos de ellos (5,3%)
que habían logrado salir de la condición de pobres con necesidades básicas
insatisfechas no pudieron revertir la caída de los ingresos. Primero transitaron
a no pobres, por haber superado su necesidad de vivienda, y luego a nuevos
pobres. Paralelamente, un grupo de estos pobres moderados (7,2%) fue a
incrementar directamente la pobreza estructural mientras que sólo un 4,2%
logró mantenerse con ingresos por encima de la canasta básica, en su mayoría
en condiciones de vulnerabilidad. El grupo de pobres moderados tiene su
carencia principal en la falta de vivienda adecuada; presenta una
territorialidad difusa, disperso por diversas áreas degradadas de la ciudad,
compartiendo algunos hábitats con los pobres estructurales.
x Los no pobres son algo más del 40% de los hogares y constituyen también
un grupo heterogéneo. Más de la mitad de ellos se encuentra en la zona de
vulnerabilidad y el resto corresponde al subgrupo que ha concentrado la
mayor parte de la riqueza en este período. El primer subgrupo está
constituido por sectores medios con un capital social y cultural acumulado
cuyos ingresos, en gran parte ligados al sector informal, los ubican en la zona
de vulnerabilidad. En el segundo se encuentran sectores de altos ingresos y
aquellos sectores medios ascendentes producto del nuevo modelo económico
que han logrado integrarse en las actividades económicas exitosas, finanzas,
comunicaciones, servicios sofisticados a las empresas, comercio y servicios
personales de lujo relacionados, en algunos casos, con los distritos de
comando de la metrópoli. Es un subgrupo social con una territorialidad
definida, cuyos hábitats son emblemáticos, muestran símbolos de integración
a la modernidad y a la globalización a la vez que se constituyen como
exclusivas áreas cerradas.
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