Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it more acceptable for a

specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow
maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the
environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their
concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to
human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.

Drinking water treatment[edit]

Main articles: Water purification and Drinking water quality standards

Treatment for drinking water production involves the removal of contaminants from raw water to
produce water that is pure enough for human consumption without any short term or long term risk
of any adverse health effect. In general terms, the greatest microbial risks are associated with
ingestion of water that is contaminated with human or animal (including bird) faeces. Faeces can be
a source of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths. [Guidelines for Drinking-water
quality]. Substances that are removed during the process of drinking water treatment, Disinfection is
of unquestionable importance in the supply of safe drinking-water. The destruction of microbial
pathogens is essential and very commonly involves the use of reactive chemical agents
such suspended solids, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, and minerals such as iron and manganese.
These substances continue to cause great harm to several lower developed countries who do not
have access to water purification.
Measures taken to ensure water quality not only relate to the treatment of the water, but to its
conveyance and distribution after treatment. It is therefore common practice to keep residual
disinfectants in the treated water to kill bacteriological contamination during distribution.
Water supplied to domestic properties, for tap water or other uses, may be further treated before
use, often using an in-line treatment process. Such treatments can include water softening or ion
exchange. Many proprietary systems also claim to remove residual disinfectants and heavy
metal ions.[citation needed]

Processes[edit]

Empty aeration tank for iron precipitation

The processes involved in removing the contaminants include physical processes such
as settling and filtration, chemical processes such as disinfection and coagulation and biological
processes such as slow sand filtration.
A combination selected from the following processes is used for municipal drinking water treatment
worldwide.
Chemical[edit]

Tanks with sand filters to remove precipitated iron (not working at the time)

 Pre-chlorination for algae control and arresting biological growth.

 Aeration along with pre-chlorination for removal of dissolved iron when present with small
amounts relatively of manganese.
 Coagulation for flocculation or slow-sand filtration.
 Coagulant aids, also known as polyelectrolytes – to improve coagulation and for more robust
floc formation.
 Disinfection for killing bacteria, viruses and other pathogens.
Physical[edit]

 Sedimentation for solids separation that is the removal of suspended solids trapped in the
floc.
 Filtration to remove particles from water either by passage through a sand bed that can be
washed and reused or by passage through a purpose designed filter that may be washable.
Technologies[edit]
Technologies for potable water and other uses are well-developed, and generalized designs are
available from which treatment processes can be selected for pilot testing on the specific source
water. In addition, a number of private companies provide patented technological solutions for the
treatment of specific contaminants. Automation of water treatment is common in the developed
world. Source water quality through the seasons, scale, and environmental impact can dictate capital
costs and operating costs. End use of the treated water dictates the necessary quality monitoring
technologies, and locally available skills typically dictate the level of automation adopted.
Desalination[edit]
Saline water can be treated to yield fresh water. Two main processes are used, reverse
osmosis or distillation.[1] Both methods require more energy than water treatment of local surface
waters, and are usually only used in coastal areas or where water such as groundwater has high
salinity.[2]
Portable Water Purification[edit]
Living away from drinking water supplies often requires some form of portable water treatment
process. These can vary in complexity from the simple addition of a disinfectant tablet in a hiker's
water bottle through to complex multi-stage processes carried by boat or plane to disaster areas.

Water Treatment Facilities

Antipinsky Refi nery is one of the major water consumers in Tyumen. Therefore,
the Refi nery is committed to continuous improvement of its manufacturing
technology, implementing wastewater treatment methods, monitoring water
consumption and water disposal volumes, and the quality of wastewater
discharged. Among the projects aimed at minimizing environmental risks are
the Refi nery’s existing treatment facilities. They enable the company to
improve the treatment quality of its industrial wastewater.

1. Water Intake and Water Treatment Facilities

To satisfy the need of the oil refi nery in process and treated water, the water
intake and water treatment facilities have been constructed.  Learn more

   

2. Water Treatment Facilities

At the beggining of 2014, JSC Antipinsky Refi nery commissioned fi ve-step water
treatment and water conditioning facilities taking up 10.7 ha which are unique
for Tyumen enterprises.

The treatment facilities capacity provides for intake and purifi cation of all
operation and storm wastewater produced by the enterprise units, as well as
domestic wastewater intake.
At the treatment facilities, wastewaters undergo the complete cycle of
treatment before they are discharged into the Tuva River: preliminary
treatment (grit-removal plants with coagulators), physical-and-chemical
treatment (separators, fl otation installations), biological treatment with the
membrane bioreactors, advanced treatment (sorbtion fi lters and UV
disinfection). The forming bottom deposits, mud, excess biological solids and
trapped petroleum products are treated in the dehydration facility using the
three-phase centrifuge fi rm, Andritz Separation AG.

   

Water Treatment Facilities consist of («Simplifi ed diagram of water

intake and treatment facilities» ):

1. Preliminary Treatment Facility.  Learn more

Wastewater undergoes preliminary treatment by sand collectors with settlers.
The preliminary treatment unit is intended for protecting the main facilities
from waste, volley and emergency pollutant discharges, for regulating irregular
primary wastewater intake. The unit peak capacity does not exceed 2670 m³/h.

2. Physical and Chemical Treatment Facility.   Learn more

The unit consists of the separation sub-unit and fl oatation sub-unit.

The separation facility consists of two separators. The separators operating

principal makes it possible to simultaneously separate suspensions and
petroleum products from wastewater. Due to tangential water supply, oil
products accumulate in the center at the top of the separator and suspended
substances peripherally at the bottom of the separator. Separated petroleum
products and suspended substances are pumped for further dehydration to the
residue and petroleum product dehydration facility.
The impeller fl oatation facility consists of two Separation Specialists units. The
separation principle used is a follows: air bubbles stick to poorly watered
particles (petroleum products and suspended substances) and take them up to
the surface. The slime collector rotated by an electric motor moves the
fl oatation slime into the so-called slime pocket, wherefrom the slime is goes to
the slime pump transporting slime to further disposal. The unit capacity is 400
m³/h.

3. Biological Treatment Facility. Learn more

The biological treatment facility is intended for wastewater treatment using
unique technologies of GE Water & Process Technologies. The technology uses
membrane bioreactors making it possible to intensify the processes the
manyfold, exclude secondary sludge basins from the process chart, remove
suspended substances by 100%, biological oxygen demand by 99% and reduce
the space occupied by 4 times compared to traditional sludge basins.

Up to 60% of wastewaters go back to the production facilities to replenish

water circulation systems yielding a signifi cant environmental and economic
eff ect with respect to reducing the consumption of natural resources, namely,
water from the Tura River to meet the needs of Antipinsky Refi nery by at least
1.7 million m³/year. The remaining water is put through advanced treatment
and discharged into the Tura River. Excessive sludge goes to the residue and
excessive sludge collection and dehydration unit. The unit capacity is 400
m³/h.

4. Advanced Treatment and Decontamination Facility.  Learn more

The purifi ed water which is not used for the replenishment of water circulation
systems goes to the advanced wastewater treatment and decontamination
facility.

Treated wastewater passed through the carbon sorption and UV

decontamination units meets all the requirements imposed on wastewater
discharged into fi shery waters. After the advanced treatment, purifi ed
wastewater is discharged into the Tura River.The facility capacity is up to 400
m³/h.

5. Trapped Petroleum Products, Residue and Surplus Activated Sludge

Dehydration Facility. Learn more
The unit receives trapped watered petroleum products from the preliminary
treatment facility and the separation unit, foam from the fl oatation unit,
surplus activated sludge from the biological treatment facility.
Watered residues, watered oil products and surplus activated sludge are
forwarded for further treatment to tanks for the accumulation and
homogenization of watered petroleum products.

The tanks are essentially vertical steel reservoirs equipped with a mixing
device. The tanks are intended for accumulating necessary amounts of raw
material for centrifugation and averaging the raw material fed quantity- and
quality-wise.

A “pipe in pipe” heat exchanger is intended for heating raw materials (heated
raw materials separate better) before centrifugation.

Two three-phase centrifuges manufactured by Andritz Separation AG are

intended for separating watered petroleum products into three phases:

 petroleum product phase;

 water phase (centrate);

 solid phase (cake).

The petroleum product phase goes through the dewatered petroleum product
tank to be pumped out for further treatment.

The water phase goes to the preliminary treatment facility.

The solid phase goes to the sludge disposal unit.

Dewatered sludge is disposed of by slime bio-destruction at bio-destruction

sites. After bio-destruction, cake is classifi ed as waste of hazard class IV and
can be used to backfi ll trenches and pits.
    

Unique Features of Water Treatment Facilities

The treatment facilities ensure that the quality of water discharged into the
Tura River fully meets fi shery water requirements, i.e. the quality of water
discharged is better than the quality of source water from the Tura River.

All types of waste undergo necessary treatment (dewatering, purifi cation, bio-
destruction), which makes them reusable: trapped petroleum products are used
as raw hydrocarbons, and sludge and residues as soil for backfi lling in
construction.

The treatment facilities take up a record-small area (of about 6 hectares). Such
a limited area could not have accommodated treatment facilities of that scale
were it not for the cutting-edge equipment and water purifi cation and
wastewater slime treatment technologies used. For instance, the biological
treatment facility built using the GE membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology
saved the Refi nery the trouble of building bulky secondary sludge basins for
trapping activated sludge after aeration tanks, thus reducing the area used 3-4
times.

Using Separation Specialists separators and impeller fl oaters helped to reduce

2-3 times the area of physical and chemical treatment facility structures by
making it possible to separate petroleum products and suspended substances
as the wastewater moves spiral-wise in a vertical, rather than horizontal
direction normally used in oil traps at Russian treatment facilities.

Using the centrifuges manufactured by Andritz Separation AG helped the

Refi nery to do without a bulky system of the following facilities: sludge
concentration, stabilization, fermentation, sludge dewatering, excess sludge
and wastewater slime, and at the same time, the technologies used improve
the quality of dewatered slime and sludge for further treatment and disposal.
    

The water treatment, water intake and water conditioning facilities:

 neither have negative impact on the bed of the Tura River nor restrain
the water transport traffi c (operation of the water intake facilities);

 provide the oil refi nery with water the quality complies with the
requirements to the primary and support process facilities;

 minimize the operating expenses (low energy consumption, use of the

most recent chemicals, etc.);

 reduce the harmful impact on the environment and personnel (noise,

vibration, effl uents and waste waters).

3. Auxiliary Facilities

The auxiliary facilities include:

 treatment facilities control room;

 10/0.4 kV transformer substation equipped with 0.4 кV switchgear.

The operations of water intake, water conditioning and treatment facilities are
managed by a shared process control system located in the treatment facilities
control room.

It should be emphasized that the Refi nery’s new facility uses only hi-tech
equipment manufactured by most advanced Russian companies, such as
ZAVKOM Industries, LIT, ECO-Umvelt, TEKO-FILTER, and foreign companies,
such as Zickert (Sweden), Separation Specialist (USA), GE Water & Process
Technologies (Hungary), Andritz Separation AG (Germany) and other companies
known throughout the world.
The implementation of the aforesaid project has won Antipisky Refi nery 2014
“Russian Water” First National Water Industry Award in the category “Best
project aimed at reducing water pollution”.

Wastewater quality is controlled at all treatment stages using the modern

equipment installed at the Eco-Analytical Laboratory of JSC Antipinsky Refi nery.