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    SECTION 8 (SI): WOOD STRUCTURES TABLE OF CONTENTS 8.4. Wood Products 8-4 8.4.1.1. Base Resistance and Modulus of Elasticity 8-5 8.4.1. Glued Laminated Timber 8-11 8.4.1.2... Metal Fasteners and Hardware 8-16 8.4.2.2. Split Ring Connectors 8-16 8.42.2. Nails and Spikes 8-17 8.4.2.2. Drift Pins and Bolts 8

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    SECTION 8 (SI): WOOD STRUCTURES TABLE OF CONTENTS 8.4. Wood Products 8-4 8.4.1.1. Base Resistance and Modulus of Elasticity 8-5 8.4.1. Glued Laminated Timber 8-11 8.4.1.2... Metal Fasteners and Hardware 8-16 8.4.2.2. Split Ring Connectors 8-16 8.42.2. Nails and Spikes 8-17 8.4.2.2. Drift Pins and Bolts 8

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    Section 8 - Wood Structures

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    tecanasio
    SECTION 8 (SI): WOOD STRUCTURES TABLE OF CONTENTS 8.4. Wood Products 8-4 8.4.1.1. Base Resistance and Modulus of Elasticity 8-5 8.4.1. Glued Laminated Timber 8-11 8.4.1.2... Metal Fasteners and Hardware 8-16 8.4.2.2. Split Ring Connectors 8-16 8.42.2. Nails and Spikes 8-17 8.4.2.2. Drift Pins and Bolts 8

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    SECTION 8 (SD: WOOD STRUCTURE! TABLE OF CONTENTS 8.1 SCOPE... 8.2 DEFINITIONS. 8.3 NOTATION, 84 MATERIALS... 84.1 Wood Products. 84.1.1 Sawn Lumber 84.1.1.1 General 8.4.1.1.2 Dimensions... 8.4.1.13 Moisture Content... 8.4.1.1.4 Base Resistance and Modulus of Elasticity 8.4.1.2 Glued Laminated Timber 84.1.2.1 General 84.1.2.2 Dimensions. 8.4.1.2.3 Base Resistance and Modulus of Elasticity 84.13 Piles. . 8.4.2 Metal Fasteners and Hardware... 842.1 General c 8.4.2.2 Minimum Requirements 8.4.2.2. Fasteners 8.4.2.2.2 Prestressing Bars 8.4.2.23 Split Ring Connectors. 8.4.2.2.4 Shear Plate Connectors... 8.4.2.2.5 Nails and Spikes. 8.4.2.2.6 Drift Pins and Bolts 84.2.2.7 Spike Grids... : 8.4.2.2.8 Toothed Metal Plate Connectors 8.4.2.3 Corrosion Protection. 8.4.23.1 Metalic Coating. 84.232 Alternative Coating. 8.4.3 Preservative Treatment, 84.3.1 Requirement for Treatment. 8.43.2 Treatment Chemicals 8.4.33 Inspection and Marking 8.4.3.4 Fire Retardant Treatment... 8.4.4 Modification Factors for Resistance and Modulus of Elasticity . 8.44.1 General... 8.4.4.2 Size Effect Factor. 84.4.3 Wet Service Factor 84.44 Deck Factor 8.4.4.5 Time Effect Factor. 8.5 LIMIT STATES... 85.1 Service Limit Stat. 8.5.2 Strength Limit State 8.5.2.1 General 8.5.2.2 Resistance Factors 8.5.2.3 Modified Resistance Factors... 85.24 Stability... . 8.5.3 Extreme Bvent Limit State... 8.6 COMPONENTS IN FLEXURE 8.6.1 General 8.6.2 Rectangular Section 86.3 Circular Section 8.7 COMPONENTS UNDER SHEAR... 8.8 COMPONENTS IN COMPRESSION 88.1 General 8 AASHTO LRFD Baunce Desicy SreciricaTions (SD. 8.8.2 Compression Parallel to Grain... 8.8.3 Compression Perpendicular to Grain 8.9 COMPONENTS IN TENSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN. 8,10 COMPONENTS IN COMBINED FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADING. 8.10.1 Components in Combined Flexure and Tension ... _ 8.10.2 Components in Combined Flexure and Compression Parallel to Grain... 8.11 BRACING REQUIREMENTS nn —- 8.11.1 General 8.11.2 Sawn Wood Beams 8.11.3 Glued Laminated Timber Girders. 8.11.4 Bracing of Trusses 8.12 CAMBER REQUIREMENTS... 8.12.1 Glued Laminated Timber Girders 8.12.2 Trusses... : 8.12.3 Stress Laminated Timber Deck Bridge... SECTION 8 (SI) WOOD STRUCTURES 8.1 SCOPE This section specifies design requirements for structural components made of sawn lumber products, stressed wood, glued laminated timber, wood piles, and ‘mechanical connections. 8.2 DEFINITIONS Base Resistance—The resistance specified for wet-use conditions and two-month load duration for wood products treated with preservatives, Beams and Stringers (B&S)—Beams and stringers are rectangular pieces that are 125 or more mm thick, with a depth more ‘than 50-mm greater than the thickness. B&S are graded primarily for use as beams, with loads applied tothe narrow face. ‘Bent—A type of pier consisting of two or more columns or column-like components connected at their top ends by a cap, strut, or other component holding them in their correct positions. ‘Cap—A sawn lumber or glulam component placed horizontally on an abutment or pier to distribute the live load and dead load of the superstructure. Also, a metal, wood, or mastic cover {o protect exposed wood end grain from wetting Combination Symbol—A product designation used by the lumber industry, see Ritter (1990), Crib—A structure consisting of a foundation grillage and a framework providing compartments that are filled with gravel, stones, or other material satisfactory for supporting the structure to be placed thereon, Decking—A subcategory of dimension lumber, graded primarily for use with the wide face placed flatwise. Delamination—The separation of laminations. Diaphragm—Blocking between two main longitudinal beams consisting of solid lumber, glued laminated timber, or steel X-bracing. Dimension Lumber—Lumber with a nominal thickness of from 50 mm up to but not including 125 mm and having a nominal width of $0 mm or more. Dowel—A relatively short length of round metal bar used to interconnect or attach two wood components in a manner to ‘minimize movement and displacement. Dressed Lumber—Lumber that has been surfaced by a planing machine on one or more sides or edges. Dry—The condition of having a relatively low moisture content, ie., not more than 19 percent for savin lumber and 16 percent for glued laminated timber. Frame Bent—A type of framed timber substructure Glued Laminated Timber (glulam)—An engineered, stress-rated product of a timber laminating plant comprised of setnblies of specially selected and prepared wood laminations securely bonded together with adhesives. Grade—The designation of the material quality of a manufactured piece of wood. Grade Mark—The identification of lumber with symbols or lettering to certify its quality or grade. Grain—The direction, size, arrangement, appearance, or quality of the fibers in wood or lumber. 8 82. AASHTO LRED Brune Desicn SPECIFICATIONS (ST) Green Wood—A freshly sawn or undried wood. Wood that has become completely wet after immersion in water would not be considered green but may be said to be in the green condition Hardwood—Generally one of the botanical groups of trees that have broad leaves, The term has no reference to the actual, hardness of the wood. Horizontally Laminated—Laminated wood in which the laminations are arranged with their wider dimension approximately perpendicular to the direction of load. Laminate—A product made by bonding together two or more layers (laminations) of material or materials, Laminated Wood—An assembly made by bonding layers of veneer or lumber with an adhesive, nails, or stressing (© provide a structural continuum so that the grain of all laminations is essentially parallel, Laminating —The process of bonding laminations together with adhesive, including the preparation of the laminations, preparation and spreading of adhesive, assembly of laminations in packages, application of pressure, and curing. Lamination—A full-width and full length layer contained in a component bonded together with adhesive. The layer itself ‘may be composed of one or several wood pieces in width or length. Machine Stress Rated (MSR) Lumber—A grade of structural lumber determined by measuring the stiffness ofeach piece by use of a grading machine, ‘Modulus of Rupture (MOR}—The maximum stress at the extreme fiber in bending, calculated from the maximum bending ‘moment on the basis of an assumed stress distribution, ‘Moisture Content (MC)—An indication of the amount of water contained in the wood, usually expressed as a percentage of the mass of the oven dry wood. [NDS—National Design Standards by the National Forest Products Association. NELMA—Grading rules by Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association NLGA—Grading rules by National Lumber Grades Authority. [Net Size—The sie used in design o calculate the resistance ofa component. Nt size is close tothe actual dry size. [Nominal Size—As applied to timber or lumber, the size by which itis specified and sold; often differs from the actual size. [NSLB—Grading rules by Northern Softwood Lumber Bureau Oil-Bore Preservative—A preservative that is itroduced into wood inthe form of an oil-based solution, Plank—A broad board, usually more than 25 mm thick, laid with its wide dimension horizontal and used as a bearing surface or riding surface. Posts and Timber (P&T}—Posts and timbers pieces with a square or nearly square cross-section, 125 by 125 mm and larger, with the width not more than 50 mm greater than the thickness. Lumber in the P&T size classification is graded primatily for resisting axial loads. Preservative—Any substance that is effective in preventing the development and action of wood-decaying fungi, borers of various kinds, and harmful insects. Rough Lumber—Lumber that has not been dressed but that has been sawn, edged, and trimmed. Sawn Lumber—The product of a sawmill not further manufactured other than by sawing, resawing, passing lengthwise through a standard planing mill, and cross-cutting to length. ‘SECTIONS (SI): Woon Srucrunes 83 Softwood—Generally, one of the conifers or the wood produced by such trees. The term has no reference to the actual hardness of the wood. Specified Resistance—Nominal resistance adjusted by time effect factor, size effect factor, wet service factor, and deck factor. ‘SPIB—Grading rules by Southern Pine Inspection Bureau. Stress Grades—Lumber grades having assigned working stress and modulus of elasticity in accordance with accepted principles of resistance grading. Structural Lamber—A lumber that is intended for use where predictable material properties are required. Timbers—Lumber that is nominally 125 mm or more in least dimension, Vertically Laminated—Laminated wood in which the laminations are arranged with their wider dimension approximately parallel to the direction of load. Visual Stress Grade Lumber—Structural lumber graded solely by visual examination, Waterborne Preservative—A preservative tha is introduced into wood in the form of a water-based solution, WCLIB—Grading rules by West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau, Wer-Use—Use conditions where the moisture content of the wood in service exceeds 16 percent for glulam and 19 percent for sawn lumber. WWPA—Grading rules by Western Wood Products Association. 8.3 NOTATION Ap = bearing area (mm*) (8.8.3) Ay = net cross-sectional area of the component (mm) (8.9) a coefficient (8.4.4.2) B parameter for compression (8.8.2) 6 width of the component (see Figure 1) (mam) (8.4.4.2) G modification factor for bearing (8.8.3) © deck factor (8.4.4.1) Ce ‘modification factor for size effects (8.4.4.1) Gu wet service factor (8.4.4.1) c ‘modification factor for compression parallel to grain (8.8.2) ¢ ‘modification factor for lateral stability (8.6.2) d= depth of the beams or stringers or width of the dimension lumber component as shown in Figure | (mm) (8.4.4.2) E = _ specified modulus of elasticity (MPa) (8.4.4.1) E, = _ base modulus of elasticity (MPa) (8.4.1.1.4) E ¥y parallel to grain (MPa) (8.4.1.2.3) 5 ¥y perpendicular to grain (MPa) (8.14.1.2.3) F ince (MPa) (8.4.4.1) Fy = _ specified resistance in flexure (MP2) (8.4.1.2.3) Foo base resistance of wood in flexure (MPa) (8.4.1.1.4) F specified resistance of wood in compression parallel to grain (MPa) (8.4.4.1) F base resistance of wood in compression parallel to grain (MPa) (8.4.1.1.4) Fy specified resistance of wood in compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) (8.4.4.1) Foo base resistance of wood in compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) (8.4,1.1.4) re base resistance (MPa) (8.4.4.1) F, = specified resistance of wood in tension (MPa) (8.4.4.1) 84. AASHTO LRED Brine Desig SreciricaTions (ST) Fee base resistance of wood in tension (MPa) (8.4.1.1.4) i specified resistance of wood in shear (MPa) (8.4.4.1) Fu base resistance of wood in shear (MPa) (8.4.1.1.4) f stress level used in grade designation (MPa) (8.4.1.1.4) K effective buckling length factor (8.8.2) L Tength (mm) (8.4.4.2) Le effective length (mm) (8.6.2) (8.8.2) L laterally unsupported length of the component (mm) (8.6.2) My ‘nominal flexural resistance (N-mm) (8.6.1) M, factored flexural resistance, M, (N-mm) (8.6.1) M, factored moment (N-mm) (8.10.1) Py nominal compression or tension resistance (N) (8.8.1) P, factored axial resistance (N) (8.8.1) Pe factored axial load (N) (8.10.1) s seetion modulus (mm’) (8.6.2) Vy nominal shear resistance (N) (8.7) V, = _ factored shear resistance, 9 V, (N) (8.7) 4 resistance factor (8.5.2.2) Direction of Load Depth b Thickness y_ [oer (b) Glutam Figure 83-1 Dimensions as Defined for Various Types of Wood Products. (@) Sawn Lumber ‘84 MATERIALS 84.1 Wood Products Nominal resistance for wood products shall be based on specified size and conditions of use with respect to ‘moisture content and time effect. To obtain nominal resistance and stiffness values for design, the base values specified in Tables 8.4.1.1.4-1, 8.4.1.23-1, 84.1.2.3-2, ‘and 8.4.1.3+1 shall be adjusted for actual conditions of use in accordance with Article 8.4.4. cat Base values are based on wet-use conditions, withthe wood moisture content exceeding 19 percent for sawn lumber and 16 percent for glued laminated timber. Base values are applied to material preservatively treated in accordance with AASHTO M 133. SECTION §(S1): Woo STRUCTURES 84.1.1 Sawn Lumber 84.1.1.1 General Sawn lumber shall comply with the requirements of AASHTO M 168, ‘When solid sawn beams and stringers are used as continuous or cantilevered beams, the grading provisions applicable tothe middle third ofthe length shall be applied to at least the middle two-thirds of the length of pieces to be used as two-span continuous beams and to the entire length of pieces to be used over three or more spans or as cantilevered beams. 84.1.1.2 Dimensions ‘Structural calculations shall be based on the actual net dimensions for the anticipated use conditions. Dimensions stated for dressed lumber shall be the ‘nominal dimensions, Net dimensions for dressed lumber shall be taken as 12 mm less than nominal, except that the net width of dimension lumber exceeding 150 mm shall be taken as 20 mm less than nominal. For rough-sawn, full-sawn, or special sizes, the actual dimensions and moisture content used in design shall be indicated in the contract documents, 84.1.1.3 Moisture Content The moisture content of lumber 100 mm or less in ‘nominal thickness shall not be greater than 19 percent. 84.1.1.4 Base Resistance and Modulus of Elasticity Base resistance and modulus of elasticity for visually ‘graded sawn lumber shall be as specified in Table 1 Base resistance and modulus of elasticity for ‘mechanically graded dimension lumber shall be as specified in Table 2 C84.1.1.2 These net dimensions depend on the typeof surfacing, ‘whether dressed, rough-sawn, or full-sawn, The designer should specify surface requirements on the plans, Rough-sawn lumber is typically 3.2 mm larger than standard dry dressed sizes, and full-sawn lumber, which is not widely used, and is cut to the same wensions as the nominal size, In both of the later cases, thickness and width dimensions are variable, depending on the sawmill equipment, Therefore, it is impractical to use rough-savin or full-sawn lumber ina structure that requires close dimensional tolerances, For more accurate dimensions, surfacing can be specified on one side (S1S), two sides ($28), one edge (SIE), two edge (S2E), combinations of sides and edges (ISIE, S2S1E, $1S2E) or all sides (S45). CBALIA [NDS allowable stresses are provided for ten-yearload duration and dry use. Factors listed in this article transform allowable stress to the lower Sth percentile ofthe ultimate stress for two-month load duration and wet-use. 86 [RED Brin: Desten SPECIFICATIONS (SI) ‘Table 8.4.1.14-1 Base Resistance, MPa, and Modulus of Elast ly Graded Sawn Lumber. SpeciesGrade Size Fa | Fo | Fu | Fe | Fa] £, | Grading Rules Agen, [Douglas Fir-Larch Select Structural b=50- 100mm | 250] 186 | 19] 9.0| 280] 13100 NELMA INo. 1 and Bur a=50mm_ [20.0 140[ 19] 9.0 | 25.0] 12400 No.1 180 [130] 19] 90 240] 11 700 WWPA No.2 150[ 110] 19] 9.0[ 220] 11000 [Dense Select Structural Bas 330] 200| 1.7] 100 | 22.0) 11 700 Select Structural 28.0] 180] 1.7] 9.0 | 18.0] 11 000 wou [Dense No. | 27.0 | 140[ 17 | 100 | 180 | 11700 No.1 240/130] 17] 9.0] 15.0] 11000 No.2 Ts0] 80] 1.7| 90/100] 9000 Dense Select Structural P&T 310] 21.0 | 17 | 100 | 22.0] 11 700 Select Structural 260] 19.0] 17| 9.0] 19.0] 11000 wou [Dense No. 1 25.0] 180 | 1.7 | 100 | 20.0] 11700 INo. 1 210] 15.0[ 17 | 90] 17.0] 11 000 [No.2 130] 88] 17| 90/120] 9000 [Dense Select Structural BES 32.0] 200 | 17) 100 | 220 | 11 700 [Select Structural 28.0] 180[ 17] 9.0] 190] 11000 WWPA [Dense No. 1 27.0] 14.0] 1.7 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 11700 INo. 1 260] 13.0] 17] 9.0] 17.0] 11000 [Dense No.2 180] 93] 17[ 100) 90] 9700 [No.2 Tso] 79] 17| 90] 80] 9000 [Dense Select Structural P&T 310 | 210 | 17] 10.0] 22.0] 11700 [Select Structural 260] 19.0| 17| 9.0| 19.0] 11000 WWPA [Dense No. I 25.0] 180] 1.7] 10.0 | 200) 11700 [No.1 210] 150 | 17] 9.0] 17.0] 11000 [Dense No.2 140/100] 17| 100] 9.0] 9700 [No.2 120] 88] 17] 90] 80] 9000 [Eastern Softwoods NELMA, [Select Structural b=50—100mm | 20] 10] 14] 48{200| 8300 NSLB [No.1 d=somm_ | 140] 66| 14] 48] 17.0] 7600 [No.2 Too, si] 14] 48] 140] 7600 [Hem Fir WoL Select Structural b=50— 100mm | 250[ 170 [ 15] 58] 250] 11000 WWPA [No. 1 and Btr dzs0mm | 18.0] 130] 15] 58] 220] 10000 [No.1 170[ 10] 1S] 58] 22.0] 10000 No.2 150[ 93] 15] 58] 21.0] 9000 Select Structural Bas Bolo] 14] 58 | 150] 9000 WCLIB [No. 180 [100] 14[ 58] 120] 9000 SECTION 8 (S1): WOOD STRUCTURES ‘SpecievGrade Size Fue | Fa | Fo No.2 120] 66] 1.4 Select Structural P&T 210 [150 | 14 No.1 170] 120] 14 No.2 Too] 70, 14 Select Structural Bas 0] 140] 14] 58] 150] 9000 WWPA INo.T 780| 100] 14 58/130] 9000 No.2 120] 61 14[ ss] 80] 7600 iSelect Structural P&T 210] 150] 14) 58| 160] 9000 WWPA No. rol izo, 14[ se] 140] 9000 No.2 92[ 66) 14] 58[ 62) 7600 [Mixed Southern Pine Select Structural b=50— 100mm | 360| 220] 20] 81 | 300] 11 000 SPIB No. somm| 21 | 1.0] 23 | 8300] NLGA. SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA 1350813 24 [140] 26 | 9000] NGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA TAS0F13E. 25 [150] 27 | 9000] _NLGA, WCLIB, WWPA, 1S00F 1.3 26 | 17.0] 27 _| 9000 SPIB 1500F1.4E 26 [17.0] 27_| 9700| NUGA, SPI, WCLIB, WWPA 16506146. 29 [190] 28 | 9700 SPIB 16505-1.5E 29 | 190] 28 | 10000} NGA, SPiB, WCLIB, WWPA T800F-1.6E 32_[ 220 29 |11000| NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA 1950F-1.5E, 34_[ 260] 30 | 10000 ‘SPIB 19505-1.7E 34_[ 260] 30 [11 700 NLGA, SPIB, WWPA Pi00r LE 37_| 29.0 | 31_[12400| NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA 22506 1.6E 39 [330] 32 [11000 ‘SPIB 2250F1.9E 39_| 33.0] 32 [13.000 NLGA, SPIB, WWPA [24008 1.7E 42_[ 360 | 33 | 11700 ‘SPIB [2400F2.0E | 360] 33 [13800] _NUGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA 2550F2.1E 45_ [380 | 34 [14500 NLGA, SPIB, WWPA [2700r-2.28 47_| 400 | 35_|15200| NUGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WPA [28502.3E 30_| 430 36 [15900 NLGA, SPIB, WWPA_ [300062.4 33_[ 450] 36 | 16500 NLGA, SPIB [3150F2.5E 35 [470 | _37_[17200 SPIB 30082.6E 38 [490 38 [17900 SPI [9001.26 b<50mm] 16 | 66| 17 | 17900 WCLIB 12008 1 5E. fa> 150mm] 21 | 11.0] 23 [17900 WCLIB 1S00F L.8E 26 [17.0] 27 [17900 WCLIB 1800-2.1E 32 [220] 29 | 17900 WCLIB [Machine Evaluated Lamber (MEL) IM-10 bS0mm} 27 [160] 28 | 10000 [Mera 28 | 160 28 [11000 IMI 28_[ 180] 28 | 9700 [seus 32 | 19.0 [ 29 [11 700 [Meas 32_| 200 | 29 | 10000 IM-i6 32_[ 240] 29 [10000 NLGA, SPIB IM-I7 34_| 240] 34 [11 700 MAS 35_| 22.0] 30 [12400 Maa 35_| 240] 30 [11000 IM-20 35 | 30.0] 35_| 13100 M21 40_| 260] 32_[13 100 M22 41_[ 280] 32_|11700 [e23 42_[ 350] 33_| 12400 M24 47_[ 340] 35 [13100 I-25 48_[370 | 35_[15200 M26 49_[ 340] 36 [13800 M27 33_[37.0| 40 [14500 SECTIONS (SI): Woon STRUCTURES 8a Unless otherwise indicated, base resistance in flexure for dimension lumber and posts and timbers shall apply to ‘material where the load is applied either to the narrow or wide face. Base resistance in flexure for decking grades shall apply only with the load applied to the wide face. Base resistance in flexure for beam and stringer grades shall apply only with the load applied to the narrow face. 84.1.2 Glued Laminated Timber BA.121 General ‘Glued laminated timber shall be manufactured using wetuse adhesives and shall comply withthe requirements of AASHTO M 168, Glued laminated timber may be manufactured from any lumber species, provided that it meets the requirements of AASHTO M 168 and is treatable with wood preservatives in accordance with the requirements of Article 8.4.3, Wer-use adhesives shall conform with the requirements of ASTM D 2559 Standard Specification for Adhesives for Structural Laminated Wood Products for Use Under Exterior (Wet Use) Exposure Conditions. The contract documents shall require that each piece of glued laminated timber be distinctively marked and provided with a Certificate of Conformance by a qualified inspection and testing agency, indicating that the requitements of AASHTO M 168 have been met and that straight or slightly cambered bending members have been stamped TOP on the top at both ends so that the natural ‘camber, if any, shall be positioned opposite tothe direction of applied loads, Industrial appearance grade, as defined in AITC #110. Standard Appearance Grades for Structural Glued Laminated Timber, shall be used, unless otherwise specified. 84.1.2.2 Dimensions Dimensions stated for glued laminated timber shall be taken as the actual net dimensions. In desiga, structural calculations shall be based on the actual net dimensions. Net width of glued laminated timber shall be as specified in Table 1 ‘When post and timber sizes are graded to beam and stringer grade requirements, base values for the applicable beam and stringer grades may be used, C84.1.2.1 When wet-use adhesives are used, the bond between the laminations, which is stronger than the wood, will be ‘maintained under all exposure conditions. Dry-use adhesives will deteriorate under wet conditions. For bridge applications, itis not possible to ensure that all areas ofthe components will remain dry. Glued laminated timber can be manufactured to virtually any shape or size. The most efficient and economical design generally results when standard sizes are used. Acceptable manufacturing tolerances are given in AASHTO M 168, Glued laminated timber is normally available in three appearance grades: industrial, architectural, and premium, Architectural and premium grades are typically planed or sanded, and exposed irregularities are filled with a wood filler that may crack and dislodge under exterior exposure conditions 8:12 able 8.4.1.2.2-1 Net Dimensions of Glued Laminated Timber. - TI.) Somer Fine Ne] Nominal | Westem Species Net Finished Dimension | Finished Dimension | Dimension (am) (mm) (mm) 700 80 75 150. 130. 125; 200 17 171 250 222 216 300, 273 267, 350 3iL 305 400 362 356 Net thickness of a laminations shall be determined using the dry dimensions for sawn lumber as specified in ‘Article 8.4.1.1.2. The total glulam depth shall be taken as the product of the thickness of the lamination and the ‘number of laminations. 8:4.1.2.3 Base Resistance and Modulus of Elasticity Grade combinations for glued laminated timber shall bbe as provided in AITC 117-2001 Design, Standard Specifications for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species, or AITC 119, Standard Specifications for Hardwood Glued Laminated Timber. Base resistance and modulus of elasticity for glued- laminated timber shall be as specified in: ‘© Table 1 for components stressed primarily in bending with loads applied perpendicular to the wide faces of the laminations, and * Table 2 for components stressed primarily in axial tension or axial compression or loaded in bending parallel to the wide face of the laminations, Base resistance and modulus of clasticity for ‘combination symbols not given in Table I or Table 2 shall bbe the design values specified in the AITC 117-2001 Design, Standard Specifications for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species. AASHTO LRFD Baince Destox Srectr1caT1ons (St) se se Soper ope 5 = me | me | mee | mee 2 a e ‘ovssauduory | oqo, = = w= l aoe suman on seonpuodiog -Apoog oy ao cates eee ‘saoRouRN] ‘swoneunery | a penne VEY RY “T10 1 ous—SuppmEg wy Caseig pos soquUL, pareERN] PINES 20} 1 APN JO SOMPOW Pur BUESIOY IEF -ETTYE IMEL ‘BIRIDARLLS GOON TIS) 8 NOLLIAS oF we var ve ost Sul ERSTE ER RaN RT Bea a “2407 ous—Suypung uy Sse PIs] AIqUUL, PIREURUE'T POND 205 “P| “GYPHSEEL JO sHIMPOYY PUE SOURIS HT ETT PS ATL Ts) NOTONING NOG aOaIG GATT OLHSVY se st | woe [woe [co | rw | vee se si | coe | voc [cee [ove | ste se si | ste [ste | ose | eee [roe [se si [ee [cw [oe [on | vie ee ot | ex | ox | 6 | om | vie ee ot | eon | eo | or | ox | ove ee of es [es | sa | oo | oot ee er | eve [woe [rz | sre | eve ce wi | vee | ee [eve | one | ose oz |e | ce eu | wae [ree [ste | ox [rie ot | ce | ce ev sa Tow [vse [os | oe = eng erie TRY FA aT PRT Sv 3x may pe “Soper rey wt Suse g pos Jog, pT POOLS) 205 RAY SHONSELA JO SHIMpowY puw IUESIDY W964 ZETT YE AEN, re ‘SITING GOON HAS) BNOTIOAS 816 8.4.1.3 Piles Wood piles shall comply with the requirements of AASHTO M 168. ‘The base resistances and modulus of elasticity for round wood piles shall be as specified in Table 1 AASHTO LRFD Brune Desioy SrEcirIcATIONS ($1) 8.4.1.3 ‘The unmodified resistances and modulus of elasticity for wood piles are based on wet-use conditions. Table 8.4.1.3 Base Resistance and Modulus of Elasticity for Piles, MPa. Species Fy | Fo | Fe | Fo | [Pacific Coast Douglas-Fir™ 21 | _43_| 330 | 227 [10300 JRed Oak? 1s] 43 | 502 | 268 | 8600 Red Pine” 1s | 33 | 220 | 165 | 8800 [Southern Pine™ io | 38 | 358 [ 206 | 9600 * pacific Coast Douglas-Fir reference strengths apply to this species as defined in ASTM Standard D 1760-86. For connection design use Douglas Fir-Larch, * Red Oak reference strengths to Northern and Souther Red Oak. 5 Red Pine reference strengths apply to Red Pine grown in the U.S. For connection design to Norther Pine. * Southern Pine reference strengths apply to Loblolly, Longleaf, Shortleaf, and Slash Pine. 84.2 Metal Fasteners and Hardware 84.2.1 General Structural metal, including shapes, plates, bars, and welded assemblies, shall comply with the applicable ‘material requirements of Section 6. 84.22 Minimum Requirements 84.2.2.1 Fasteners Bolts and lag screws shall comply with the dimensional ‘and material quality requirements of ANSVASME BI8.2.1 ‘Square and Hex Bolts and Screws—Inch Series. Strengths {or low-carbon steel bolts, Grade 1 through Grade 8, shall bbe as specified in Society of Automotive Engineers Specification SAE-429, Mechanical and Material Requirements for Externally Threaded Fasteners. Bolt and lag screw grades not given in SAE-429 shall have a ‘minimum tensile yield strength of 228 MPa. 8.4.2.2.2 Prestressing Bars Prestressing bars shall comply with the requirements of AASHTO. M27SM (ASTM 722M), Standard Specification for Uncoated High-Strength Steel Bar for Prestressing Concrete, and the applicable provisions of Section 5, 84.2.2.3 Split Ring Connectors Split ring connectors shall be manufactured from hot-rolled carbon steel complying with the requirements of SECTION 8 (SI): Woon STRUCTURES 817 Society of Automotive Engineers Specification SAE-1010. Each circular ring shall be cut through in one place in its circumference to form a tongue and slot. 4.2.2.4 Shear Plate Connectors ‘Shear plate connectors shall be manufactured from pressed steel, light gage steel, or malleable iron. Pressed steel connectors shall be manufactured from hot-rolled carbon steel meeting Society of Automotive Engineers Specification SAE-1010, Malleable iron connectors shall be ‘manufactured in accordance with ASTM A 47M, Grade 2010. Each shear plate shall be a circle with a flange around the edge, extending at right angles to the plate face from one face only 84.2.2.5 Nails and Spikes [Nails and spikes shall be manufactured from common steel wire or high-carbon steel wire that is heat-treated and tempered. When used in withdrawal-type connections, the shank of the nail or spike shall be annularly or helically threaded, 84.2.2.6 Drift Pins and Bolts Drift pins and drift bolts shall have a minimum flexural yield strength of 210 MPa. 84.2.2.7 Spike Grids Spike grids shall conform to the requirements of ASTM. ‘A47M, Grade 22010, for malleable iron casting. 84.2.2.8 Toothed Metal Plate Connectors Metal plate connectors shall be manufactured from galvanized sheet steel that complies with the requirements of ASTM A 653M, Grade A, or better, with the following ‘minimum mechanical properties: Yield Point 228 MPa Ultimate Strength 310 MP2 Elongation in 50. mm 20% 84.2.3 Corrosion Protection 84.2.3.1 Metallic Coating Except as permitted by this section, all steel hardware for wood components shall be galvanized in accordance with AASHTO M 232M (ASTM A 153M) or cadmium plated in accordance with AASHTO M 299 (ASTM B 696). Except as otherwise permitted, all steel components, timber connectors, and castings other than malleable iron shall be galvanized in accordance with AASHTO M I11M €8.4.2.3.1 Galvanized nuts should be retapped to allow for the increased diameter ofthe bolt due to galvanizing, Protection for the high-strength bars used in stress-laminated decks should be clearly specified. Standard hot-dip galvanizing can adversely affect the properties of high-strength post-tensioning materials. A lower temperature galvanizing is possible with some high-strength bars. The 818 (ASTM A 123M), 84.2.3.2 Altemative Coating Alternative corrosion protection coatings may be used when the demonstrated performance of the coating is sufficient to provide adequate protection for the intended exposure condition during the design life of the bridge. When epoxy coatings are used, minimum coating requirements shall comply with AASHTO M 284M. ‘Heat-treated alloy components and fastenings shall be protected by an approved alternative protective treatment that does not adversely affect the mechanical properties of the material. 8.4.3 Preservative Treatment 84.3.1 Requirement for Treatment All wood used for permanent applications shall be pressure impregnated with wood preservative in accordance ‘with the requirements of AASHTO M 133, Insofar as is practicable, all wood components should be designed and detailed to be cut, drilled, and otherwise fabricated prior to pressure treatment with wood preservatives. When cutting, boring, or other fabrication is necessary after preservative treatment, exposed, untreated ‘wood shall be specified to be treated in accordance with the requirements of AASHTO M 133 84.3.2 Treatment Chemicals Unless otherwise approved, all structural components that are not subject to direct pedestrian contact shall be ‘reated with oil-borne preservatives, Pedestrian railings and nonstructural components that are subject to direct pedestrian contact shall be treated with water-bome preservatives or oil-borne preservatives in light petroleum solvent. 8.4.3.3 Inspection and Marking Preservative treated wood shall be tested and inspected in accordance with the requirements of AASHTO M 133. ‘Where size permits, each piece of treated wood that meets ‘reatment requirements shall be legibly stamped, branded, or tagged to indicate the name of the treater and the specification symbol or specification requirements to which AASHTO LRED Bripcr Deston Srectrications (ST) ‘manufacturer ofthe bars should be consulted on ths issue, cs. 2 ‘The oil-borne preservative treatments have proven t0 provide adequate protection against wood attacking organisms. In addition, the oil provides a water repellant coating that reduces surface effects caused by cyclic _moisture conditions. Water-borne preservative treatments do ‘not provide the water repellency of the oil-borne treatment, ‘and components frequently split and check, leading to poor field performance and reduced service life. Direct pedestrian contact is considered to be contact that ‘can be made while the pedestrian is situated anywhere inthe access route provided for pedestrian trafic. ‘Treating of glued laminated timbers with water-borne preservatives after gluing is not recommended, Use of ‘water-borne treatments for glued laminated timber after sluing may result in excessive warping, checking, or spiting of the components due to post-treatment re-drying, SecTion 8 (S1): Wooo SraUCTURES a9 the treatment conforms. ‘When requested, a certification indicating test results and the identification of the inspection agency shall be provided. 8, 4 Fire Retardant Treatment Fire retardant treatments shall not be applied unless itis, demonstrated that they are compatible with the preservative treatment used, and the usable resistance and stiffness are reduced as recommended by the product manufacturer and applicator, ‘84.4 Modification Factors for Resistance and Modulus of Elasticity 8 A General ‘Nominal resistance and modulus of elasticity values shall be obtained by adjusting base values by applicable ‘modification factors in accordance with the following equations: FEEL CoCr A411) EEL, (644.12) where F = applicable nominal resistance Fa Fy Fy Fo oF Fey (MPa) Fy = base resistance Fhe Foe Fun Foe OF Fw Specified in Amicle 8.4 (MPa) E = base modulus of elasticity (MPa) ‘base modulus of elasticity specified in Anicle 84.1.1.4 (MPa) Co = size effect factor specified in Article 84.4.2 Cy = wet service factor specified in Article 8.4.4.3 deck factor specified in Article 8.4.4.4 Cr = time effect factor specified in Anticle 8.4.4.5 C8434 Use of fire retardant treatments is not recommended. because the large sizes of timber components typically used in bridge construction have inherent fire resistance ‘characteristics. The pressure impregnation of wood products with fire retardant chemicals is known to cause certain resistance and stiffness losses in the wood. These resistance and stiffness losses vary with specific resistance characteristic, ic., bending resistance, tension parallel to grain resistance, ete, treatment process, wood species and type of wood product, ie, solid sawn, glued laminated, or other. 8.20 AASHTO LRED Baunce Drsicy Srecwications ($1) 84.42 Size Effect Factor C8442 Size effect factor, Cp, shall be 1.0, unless specified otherwise herein. For sawn dimension lumber, Cy shall be as specified in Table I without modification. For flat-wise use, the size effect factor, Cp, shall be taken as follows: for 100x150 for 1003200 Cr= LIS for 100x250 Cy= 1.25 for 100x300 Cr= 1.50 Table 8.44.2-1 Size Effect Factor, Cr, for Sawn Dimension Lumber. —— | ‘ALL OTHER | Fee Fy | Fo | PROPERTIES Thickness ‘30 mam and GRADE | WIDTH (mm) |“ 75mm__| 100mm | au | all All ‘Structural Light Framing—S0 mm x 50 mm through 100 mm x 100 mm Structural Joists and Planks—S0 mm x 125 mm through 100 mm x 400 mm 100 is4 | 154_[ 154 | 116 135, 140 [1.40 [1401.13 Sel. Str. 150. 1.30, 130. 1.30_| 1.10 ne 200. 119 130 | 1.19 [1.06 1.00 No.2 250. 1.09 1.20 [1.09 [1.03 300 1.00 | _1.10| 1.00 [71.00 350 093 | 102 | 093| 098 400 088 | 097 _| 088 | 096 For sawn beams and stringers and posts and timbers ‘The directions of length, width, and thickness are and for vertically laminated, glued laminated timber with shown in Figure 8.3-1 loads applied parallel to the wide face of the laminations, Fig shall be adjusted by Cr determined as: © Ifd<300mm, then Cre 10 (84.4241) © Ifd> 300mm, then (300) = 2) (84422) Ca where 4 = net width as shown in Figure 83-1 For glued horizontally laminated timber, with loads SectioN§ (SI): Woon STRUCTURES applied perpendicular to the wide face of the laminations, Fe shall be reduced by Cy, given below, when the depth, width, or Iength of a glued laminated timber exceeds 300 mun, 130 mm, oF 6400 mm, respectively: Ge (2 400) <1.0 (8.44.23) GNONE) where: d= depth ofthe component (mm) b= width ofthe component but need not be taken as greater than 270 (mam) L = length of the component measured between points of contraflexure (mm) 0.05 for Southern Pine and 0.10 for all other species 84.4.3 Wet Service Factor ‘The dry use resistance values specified in Tables 8.4.1.1.4-1 and 8.4.1.1.4-2 shall be adjusted for moisture content using the wet service factor Cy specified below: ‘© For sawn lumber with a moisture content of 19 percent or less, Cy shall be taken as 1.0. For glued laminated timber with a moisture content of 16 percent or less, Cy shall be taken as 1.0. Otherwise, Cy shall be taken as specified in Table 1 and 2 for sawn lumber and glued laminated timber, respectively. In applying Tables 1 and 2, the values of F,, shall be taken as the size-adjusted resistances. ‘Table 8.4.4.3-1 Wet Service Factor for Sawn Lumber, Cy. 821 8.4.43 [An analysis of in-service moisture content should be ‘based on regional, geographic, and climatological conditions. Nominal Fis20 | F220 Fes? | Fa>l2 Thickness MPa MPa Fy MPa Mpa_|_r, | F, 100 mm oriess | _1.00) 0.85 1.00) 1.00 ‘0.80 | 0.97 | 067 | 090 ‘over 100 mun 1.00) 1.00 1.00) 091 ‘ogi | 1.00 [067 [1.00 ‘Table 8.4.4.3-2 Wet Service Factor for Glued Laminated Timber, Cys Fa Foo Fy 0.80_| 0.875 0.80, 0.73 0.53 0.833 822 84.4.4 Deck Factor Unless specified otherwise in this article, the deck factor, Cp, shall be equal to 1.0. For stressed wood, nail-laminated, and spike- laminated decks constructed of solid sawn lumber 50 mm, to 100 mm thick, Fy, may be adjusted by Cp as specified in Table 1 Table 8.4.4.4 Deck Factors, Cp, for Mechanically Laminated Solid Sawn Lumber Decks. Deck Type [amber Grade | Go Suesed Wood | “Sele Sincwral | 130 No-toeNo.2 | 150 Spike Laminated or all us] Nail- Laminated 84. Time Fifet Factor ‘The time effect factor, Cr, for live load shall be taken as 038. 8.5 LIMIT STATES 8.5.1 Service Limit State The provisions of Anticle 2.5.2.6.2 should be considered. 8.5.2 Strength Limit State 8.5.2.1 General Factored resistance shall be the product of nominal resistance determined in accordance with Article 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, and 8.9 and the resistance factor as specified in Article 85.22, 8.5.2.2 Resistance Factors Resistance factors, 9, shall be as given below, except for load combination TV, which is specified in Article 85.23 Flexure. Shear 85 Compression Parallel to Grain ‘Compression Perpendicular to Grain... Tension Parallel to Grain Resistance During Pile Driving... BSS For Strength Load Combination IV, Table 3.4.1-1, AASHTO LRFD Bence DesteN SrrcTFICATIONS (SI) cada “Mechanically laminated decks made of stressed wood, spike-laminated, or nail-laminated solid sawn lumber exhibit an increased resistance in bending. The resistance cof mechanically laminated solid sawn lumber decks is calculated by multiplying Fy, in Table 8.4.1.1.4-1 by the deck factor. 85.22 In the case of timber pile foundations, the resistance factor may be raised to 1.0 when, in the judgment of the Engineer, a sufficient number of piles is used in a foundation element to consider it to be highly redundant. This is indicated to be a judgment issue because there are no generally accepted quantitative guidelines at this writing, For timber piles, the resistance factor to be applied when determining the maximum allowable driving resistance accounts for the short duration of the load induced by the pile driving hammer. 8.5.23 Resistance of wood subjected to long-duration loads is SECTION 8 (S1): Woon Sraucrunes 8.23 resistance factors shall be multiplied by 0.75. 85.2.4 Stability ‘The structure as a whole or its components shall be proportioned to resist sliding, overturning, uplift, and buckling. 85.3 Extreme Event Limit State For extreme event limit state, the resistance factor shall be taken as 1.0. 8.6 COMPONENTS IN FLEXURE 8.6.1 General ‘The factored resistance, M,, shall be taken as: (66.1) where M, = nominsl resistance specified herein (N-ram) 6 = resistance factor specified in Article 85.2 8.6.2 Rectangular Section ‘The nominal resistance, M, of a rectangular ‘component in flexure shall be determined feom: M, 862-9 in whic wea fray a 1a AY A cc, 662-2 19 V 361 095 : + For visually graded, sawn lumber: 043826? Ge (2: oe 623) For glued laminated timber and mechanically sraded tumber: 60980? penne 86.24 “A (862-4) where: Fy = specified sistance in flexure specified in Anicle 8.44 (MPa) reduced. Load Combination IV consists of permanent loads, including dead load and earth pressure, (8.62 8.24 E = specified modulus of elasticity specified in Anicle 8.4.4 (MPa) Cr = size effect factor specified in Anicle 8.44.2 d= net depth specified in Article 8.4.1.1.2 (mum) b= net width, as specified in Anite 8.4.1.1.2 (mm) Le = effective unbraced length (mm) 5. = section modulus (mm?) Where the depth of a flexural component does not exceed its width, or where lateral movement of the ‘compression zone is prevented by continuous support and ‘where points of bearing have lateral support to prevent rotation, the stability factor, C, = 1.0. For other conditions, the beam stability factor shall be determined in accordance with the provisions specified herein. For the purpose of this article, Cr shall not be taken less than 1.0. ‘The effective unbraced length, L,, may be determined as: © WEL /d<7, then L, = 2.06 L, © If7sL/ds 143, then L, = 1.631, +34 © TEL /a> 14.3, then L, = 1.84 L, where! L, = distance between points of lateral and rotational support (mm) d= net depth specified in Article 8.4.1.1.2 (mm) In all cases, the following shall apply: f# <50 (8625) 8.63 Circular Section ‘The nominal resistance, M, of a circular component in flexure shall be taken as: M, =1.1875 863-1) 8.7 COMPONENTS UNDER SHEAR Shear need not be considered in the design of wood decks. For components other than decks, shear shall be investigated at a distance away from the face of support AASHTO LRED Brince Destex SrectricaTioys (SI) If lateral support is provided to prevent rotation at the points of bearing, but no other lateral support is provided ‘throughout the bending component length, the unsupported length, Lis the distance between points of bearing or the length of cantilever. If lateral support is provided to prevent rotation and lateral displacement at intermediate points as well as atthe bearings, the unsupported length, Ly, is the distance between such points of intermediate lateral support. 8.7 The critical section is between one and three depths from the support. ‘The critical shear in flexural components is horizontal shear acting parallel to the grain of the component. The SECTION 8 (SD): Wooo Srauctunes equal tothe depth ofthe component, When calculating the ‘maximum design shear, the live load shall be placed so as to produce the maximum shear at a distance from the support equal to the lesser of either three times the depth, 4, of the component or one-quarter of the span L ‘The factored shear resistance, V, of a component of rectangular cross-section shall be calculated from: V, = OY, (7-1) in which: v=o 672) 3 where © = resistnce factor specified in Arle 8.5.2 F, = specified resistance of wood in shear, specified in Article 8.4.1 (MPa) 8.8 COMPONENTS IN COMPRESSION 88.1 General ‘The factored resistance in compression, P,, shall be taken as: P= OP, (8.8.1-1) where: P, = nominal resistance as specified in Article 8.8.2 and 8.8.3 (N) 9 = resistance factor specified in Article 8.5.2 8.82 Compression Parallel to Grai For the purposes of this article, Cr shall not be taken tobe less than 1.0. ‘Where components are not adequately braced, the nominal stress shall be modified by the column stability factor, C, Ifthe component is adequately braced, C, shall be taken as 1.0 ‘The nominal resistance, P,, of a component in the compression parallel to grain shall be taken as: P.=FAC, (882-1) in which: For sawn lumber: 8.25 resistance of bending components in shear perpendicular to grain need not be investigated. Note that Eg. 4.6.2.2.2a1 requires a special distribution factor in the calculation ofthe live load force effect when investigating shear parallel to the grain 8.26 — (9 2 cc, 6822) 256 0.80 © For round piles: —farBy 8 (8823) 289 085 ‘© For glued laminated timber and mechanically sraded timber: AB. a+b) Be (8824) 324 09 © For visually graded lumber: 432 Ed? (8825) © For glued laminated timber and mechanically ‘graded timber: 60.2Ed* aE (88.2.6) where: F. = nominal resistance in compression parallel to the agrain specified in Article 8.4.4 (MPa) L, = effective length taken as KL (mm) L= length of column (mm) K = factor specified in Article 4.6.2.5 B= parameter for compression 8.8.3 Compression Perpendicular to Grain ‘The nominal resistance, P,, of a component in compression perpendicular to the grain shall be taken as: FAG, (883-1) where: Fey = nominal resistance in compression perpendicular to grain, as specified in Article 8.4.4 (MPa) Ay = beating area (mm?) G, = bearing modification factor specified in Table 1 ‘SECTION 8 (SI): Woop SraUCTURES ‘When the bearing area is n a location of high flexural stress or is closer than 75 mm from the end of the ‘component, C, shall be taken as 1.0, In all other cases, Cy, shall be as specified in Table 1 ‘Table 88.3-1 Modification Factors for Bearing. Length of bearing measured along the grain, mm 3 [25 [38 [30 [75 [100 3150 G, [a7s_ [ise [as [9 | as a.0 1.00 8.9 COMPONENTS IN TENSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN ‘The factored resistance, P,, of a component in tension shall be taken as: P=or, 9.1) in which: RaFA (89.2) where F, = specified resistance of wood in tension specified in Article 8.4.4 (MPa) Ay = smallest net cross-sectional area of the ‘component (mm) = resistance factor specified in Article 8.5.2 8.10 COMPONENTS IN COMBINED FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADING 8.10.1 Components in Combined Flexure and Tension ‘Components subjected to flexure and tension shall satisfy: (8.10.1-1) where: P, = factored tensile load (N) P, = factored tensile resistance calculated as specified in Article 8.9 (N) ‘M, = factored flexural moment (N-mm) ‘M, = factored flexural resistance as specified in Article 827 8:28 8.6 (N-mm) 8.10.2 Components in Combined Flexure and Compression Parallel to Grain ‘Components subjected to flexure and compression parallel to grain shall satisfy () +Mesi (8.1021) Peau whee: P, = factored compression load (S) P, = factored compressive resistance ealeulted at specified in Article 8.8 (N) ‘M, = factored flexural moment (N-mm) ‘M, = factored flexural resistance calculated as specified in Article 8.6 (N-mm) 8.11 BRACING REQUIREMENTS 8.11.1 General Where bracing is required, it shall prevent both lateral and rotational deformation, 8.11.2 Sawn Wood Beams ‘Beams shall be transversely braced to prevent lateral displacement and rotation of the beams and to transmit lateral forces to the bearings. Transverse bracing shall be provided at the supports for all span lengths and at intermediate locations for spans longer than 6000 mm, The spacing of intermediate bracing shall be based on lateral stability and load transfer requirements but shall not exceed 7500 mm, The depth of transverse bracing shall not bee less than three-fourths the depth of the stringers or girders, Transverse bracing should consist of solid wood blocking or fabricated steel shapes. Wood blocking shall be bolted to stringers with steel angles or suspended in steel saddles that are nailed to the blocks and stringer sides. Blocking shall be positively connected to the beams. ‘Transverse bracing at supports may be placed within a distance from the center of bearing equal tothe stringer or sider depth AASHTO LRFD Brine Destcw Srecirications (SD) cat In detailing of the diaphragms, the potential for shrinkage and expansion of the beam and the diaphragm should be considered. Rigidly connected steel angle framing may cause splitting ofthe beam and diaphragm as the wood attempts to swell and shrink under the effects of cyclic moisture, ca2 The effectiveness of the transverse bracing directly affects the long-term durability of the system. The bracing facilitates erection, improves load distribution, and reduces relative movements of the stringers and girders, thereby reducing deck deformations. Excessive deformation can lead to mechanical deterioration of the system. Bracing should be accurately framed to provide full bearing against stringer sides. Wood cross-frames or blocking that are toe-nailed to stringers have been found to be ineffective and should not be used. SECTION 8 (SI): Woon SravcruRES 8.11.3 Glued Laminated Timber Girders ‘Transverse bracing should consist of fabricated steel shapes or solid wood diaphragms, Girders shall be attached to supports with steel shoes or angles that are bolted through the girder and into or through the support. 8.11.4 Bracing of Trusses ‘Wood trusses shall be provided with a rigid system of lateral bracing in the plane of the loaded chord. Lateral ‘bracing in the plane ofthe unloaded chord and rigid portal and sway bracing shall be provided in all trusses having sufficient headroom, Outrigger bracing connected to extensions of the floorbeams shall be used for bracing ‘through-trusses having insufficient headroom for a top chord lateral bracing system, 8.12 CAMBER REQUIREMENTS 8.12.1 Glued Laminated Timber Girders Glued laminated timber girders shall be cambered a ‘minimum of two times the dead load deflection at the service limit state. 8.12.2 Trusses ‘Trusses shall be cambered to sufficiently offset the deflection due to dead load, shrinkage, and creep. 8.12.3 Stress Laminated Timber Deck Bridge Deck bridges shall be cambered for three times the

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