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In the current scenario, silicate glasses are so much a piece of our regular day to day existence. Glass
is broken and shattered into fragments or into minute particles during the commission of the crime
can be used to linked the suspect with the scene of crime. Sometimes the fracture of glass could be
the commission of an offense might be the consequence of an intentional act or unintentional act.
Glass fractures are of foremost significance in shooting cases where a firearm is used as it can
provide significant information and facilitates a variety of evaluations related to the occurrence.
Glass or glass fragments leave a great value for the investigation of any criminal offenses such as the
burglary, arson, hit and run cases, shooting, assault, etc. Glass is an inorganic result of the
combination, which has been cooled to a solid state condition without crystallization. The glass is a
non-crystalline amorphous solid that is often transparent. When silicon oxides mixed with various
alkaline such as soda, lime, potash resultant will be glass [31,26]. Scientifically, the term "Glass" is
often defined in a broader sense, encompassing every solid that possesses a non-crystalline structure
at the atomic scale and that exhibits a glass transition when heated towards the liquid state.
1330 "Crown glass" for artwork and vessels at firstly made in Rouen, France. Moreover
"Broad Sheet" was also created.
1500 A technique for making mirrors to out of plate glass was produced by Venetian.
1620 "Blown plate" first created in London. Utilized for mirrors and coach plates.
1678 "Crown glass" first created in London. This procedure dominating until the
nineteenth century.
1843 An early type of "float glass" concocted by Henry Bessemer, pouring glass onto the
fluid in. Costly and not a business achievement.
Formation of glass
The arrangement of crystal, fluid and glass can be clarified from the temperature volume
relationship, that eases slow cooling process prompts the formation of crystal nuclei and
crystallization happens. In the event that the cooling rate is fast, leaving no opportunity to the
arrangement of crystal nuclei, a structure of supercooled fluid state turns to rigid and forms a glass.
Glass can be express by the accompanying formula:
R2SiO3. M SiO3. 6 SiO2
Where; R= Mono-valent Metal
M= Divalent Metal
Consequently, the formula of glass might be express as:
Na2 SiO3.Ca SiO3. 4 SiO2
Following fixing are required for manufacturing the glass.
1. Acidic oxides: For the most part SiO2, P2O5 and so on are used.
2. Basic Oxides: Na2O, CaO are utilized. It may carbonates of Na and Ca are used. These carbonates
get the change over into their oxides on warming.
Na2CO3→ Na2O + CO2
3. Coloring material: All together gives color in the glass, following compounds are utilized by
required shading shown in the Table 2.
Doping Salts
Dopants like halides or sulfates are acquainted in the host glass with differing the properties of the
glass like the conductivity. For example: AgI, NaI, NaF, NaCl, NaBr, KI, KF, LiI, LiF, LiCl and so
forth are added to the host glass framework to deliver versatile particle species Li+, Ag+, Na+, K+
and so forth. It was observed from different examinations that the dopant salts don't go into the
macromolecular chain of the glass. Along these lines, glasses are great solvents of the metal ion.
Manufacturing process involves following two steps:
1 . Formation of Batch: All fixings are taken in proper proportion and grind. In this mixture
porportion are as follows: SiO2 : Na2CO3 : CaCO3 :: 100 : 35 : 15.
2. Formation of glass by batch: Batch is warmed up to 1400 oC in tank heater with the help of
producer gas (CO+N2). At this temperature, all fixing respond together and shape the glass.
CaCO3 + Na2CO3+6SiO2→Na2SiO3 + Ca + SiO3 + 4SiO2 + 2CO2
Lead Alkali Silicate Glasses: In these type of glasses the maximum percentage is lead oxide. It
have high reflection & dispersion capacity. Such glasses are used in video tube, neon light, etc.
Glass Fractures
Griffith rule states that “Fracture start from the previous flaw” [13]. Laws of material science
expresses, the exchanges of a specific measure of vitality that is consumed by the glass will scatter
along the easy way out accordingly splits are made. As opposed to most different materials, the sub-
atomic structure of glass does not comprise of a standard geometry of crystals, but of an irregular
network of silicon and oxygen particles with basic parts in the middle.
Any force is applied to any of the glass surfaces it bends; when the breaking point of its flexibility is
achieved, the glass cracks. As often as possible, cracked window glass will uncover data that can be
identified with the power and direction of an effect; such information might be valuable for
reproducing crime scene investigation.
Radial Fractures: When any projectile hit the
glass surface, the stretching occur and
compression occur in the inside layer. When it
crossed the threshold limit of elasticity, results
the crack will occur as a wavy line runs in a
straight line called the Radial fracture [26] as
shown in Fig. 5.
Cone or crater (Hertzian cone): It is a funnel or round crater shaped which is surrounded by the
radial and concentric fractures, damage caused by a high-velocity impact [11,26]. Cone fractures
determined the point of impact and the direction of the force applied on the glass [31,26,22].
Rib mark (Stress mark): The edges of the broken fragment of glass bears a number of curved lines
or conchodial lines, that marks is known as the Rib mark or Stress mark. Stress marks are like curves
that are opposite to one glass surface and bent almost parallel to the contrary surface. The
significance of stress marks comes from the perception that the opposite edge dependably faces the
surface on which the break started [26].
Walner Lines: In the high energy impact the glass fragments get rubbed with another fragment, due
to this small intended lines are formed called the Walner lines.
The shape of the mist zone may help to determine the angle of impact. If the bullet strikes at right
angle, the chip pattern around the hole is evenly distributed. If bullet strikes from the right side, it
will make the elliptical hole and also the considerable chipping pattern [31,26,29].
Frequently it is hard to decide just from the size and hole in glass whether it was made by a bullet or
by some other projectile. For example, a little metallic ball throned at a sufficient velocity against a
sheet of glass will frequently deliver an opening fundamentally the same as that created by a
projectile. Then again, a big stone can totally smash a sheet of glass in a way intently taking after the
consequence of a close run shot. In any case, in the last instance, the presence of black powder
deposited on the fractured glass pieces caused by the air gun.
When it penetrates glass, a high-speed shot, for example, a projectile regularly leaves around hole
shaped opening that is encompassed by an almost symmetrical example of spiral and concentric
breaks. The hole is inevitably wider at the exit side, and subsequently, its examination is an essential
factor in deciding the bearing of effect. As the speed of the penetration shot decreases, the
abnormality of the state of the gap and of its encompassing splits builds, so that sooner or later the
gap shape will give no help to deciding the course of effect. Right now, data got from an examination
of the radial and concentric fractures lines may demonstrate a valuable option in the investigation. A
convenient way for remembering these observations are as follows.
3R Rule: Radial cracks form a Right angle on the Reverse side of the force.
4R Rule: Radial cracks form a Right angle on the Rim of Reverse side of the force. The Walner lines
on the radial cracks nearest the point of impact are at right angles to the side opposite, or to the rear
of the impact, this phenomenon is called as the 4R Rule. Although, the 4R Rule is unreliable for
laminated, tempered and window glass which are tightly held in a frame [19].
Multiple Fracture Rule: The radial crack of the second target do not cross the crack of the first
target [26].