ICM - Mutual Fund Distributors (Study and Reference Guide-January 2013)

ICM - Mutual Fund Distributors Certification
Mutual Fund
Distributors
Certification
(Previously Mutual Funds Sales Agents Certification)
Study and Reference Guide
January 2013
Institute of Capital Markets © 2013

Mutual Fund Distributors

Certification
January 2013
Copyright © 2013
Institute of Capital Markets

Karachi, Pakistan
All rights reserved
This is document is for educational purposes only and the Institute of Capital Markets (ICM)
accepts no responsibility for persons undertaking trading or investments in whatever form.
While every effort has been made to ensure its accuracy, no responsibility for loss
occasioned to any person acting or refraining from actions as a result of any material in this
publication can be accepted by the ICM or its members.
ICM has prepared its study guides with the best intent for educational reference purposes
only and the documents shall not be considered as an ultimate authority on the subject or
to pass the ICM qualifications. Readers are encouraged to study additional relevant material
and as recommended by ICM.
The ICM's training materials are solely for the purpose of referencing and the matter
provided may not be taken as any empirical theory on the subject which is dynamic and
evolving with latest research and developments. While some of the content has been taken
from third-party sources, their efforts and work on the topic are highly acknowledged.
For any comments, suggestions and information, you may reach ICM at info@icm.org.pk
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Objective of the Examination………………………………………………………………. 05

2. Target Audience………………………………………………………………………………... 05
3. Syllabus Structure ……………………………………………………………………………… 05
4. Exam Specification ……………………………………………………………………………. 06
5. Assessment Structure ……………………………………………………………………….. 06
6. Summary Syllabus ……………………………………………………………………………… 07
7. Recommended Readings ………………………………………………………………….. 17
8. Detailed Study Material…………………………………………………………………..… 18
9. Acronyms ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
10. Element 1 - Introduction to Financial Services and Products …………..… 20
11. Element 2 - Introduction to Mutual Funds ………………………………………... 32
12. Element 3 - Regulatory Framework …………………………………………………. 48
13. Element 4 - Fund Features and Mechanics ………………………………………. 52
14. Element 5 - Fund Accounting and Performance Measure …………………. 64
15. Element 6 - Retirement Planning and Pension Funds ….……………………. 76
16. Element 7 - Islamic Shariah Funds………………..…..….………………………….. 85
17. Element 8 - Ethics, Disclosure and Best practices………………………………. 94
18. Element 9 - Economics and Finance …………………………………………………. 106
19. Glossary …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 124
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OBJECTIVE OF THE EXAMINATION
This Certification Exam is specifically designed to meet the minimum qualification needs of
the mutual fund distributors working either directly with a fund management company or
through a distribution agent. It intends to ensure that they are competent to provide buying
& selling services to the mutual fund investors.
TARGET AUDIENCE
This exam has been mandated for Sales Staff of Mutual Fund Companies/ Collective
Investment Schemes and their distributors.
SYLLABUS STRUCTURE
The curriculum is divided into elements and these are broken down into a series of learning
objectives. Each learning objective begins with one of the following prefixes: know,
understand, be able to calculate and be able to apply. These words indicate the different
levels of skill to be tested. Learning objectives prefixed:
 know require the candidate to recall information such as facts, rules and principles
 understand require the candidate to demonstrate comprehension of an issue, fact,
rule or principle
 be able to calculate require the candidate to be able to use formulae to perform
calculations
 be able to apply require the candidate to be able to apply their knowledge to a
given set of circumstances in order to present a clear and detailed explanation of a
situation, rule or principle
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EXAMINATION SPECIFICATION
Each examination paper is constructed from a specification that determines the weightings
that will be given to each element. The specification is given below.
It is important to note that the numbers quoted may vary slightly from examination to
examination as there is some flexibility to ensure that each examination has a consistent
level of difficulty. However, the number of questions tested in each element should not
change by more than plus or minus 2.
Examination Specification
100 multiple choice questions
Element number Element Questions

1 Introduction to Financial Services and Products 10
2 Introduction to Mutual Funds 10
3 Regulatory Framework 10
4 Fund Features and Mechanics 20
5 Fund Accounting and Performance Measure 20
6 Retirement Planning and Pension Funds 5
7 Islamic and Shariah Compliant Funds 5
8 Ethics, Disclosures and Best Practices 10
9 Economics and Finance 10
Total 100
ASSESSMENT STRUCTURE
This will be a two-hour examination of 100 multiple choice questions. All questions will
carry equal marks. There will be no negative marking.
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SUMMARY OF THE SYLLABUS
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ELEMENT 1
Introduction to Financial Services and Products
On completion, the candidate should:
1.1 know the function of the financial services industry in the economy – transferring
funds between individuals, businesses and government
1.2 know the main institutions/ organizations – markets, retail institutions, wholesale
institutions
1.3 know the role of the Securities Market and Financial System including
 stockbrokers
 stock exchanges
 retail/commercial banks
 investment banks
 pension/mutual funds
 insurance companies
 fund managers/asset management companies
 custodians
 industry trade bodies
1.4 understand the relationship of Securities Market and Economic Development
1.5 know the products and asset classes including:
 Cash deposits
 Government securities and Corporate Bonds
 Equities
 Real estate
 Commodities & Derivatives
 Foreign exchange
1.6 know the Investor Population including retail and institutional investors
1.7 understand the role and functions of Primary Market
1.8 understand the role and functions of Secondary Market
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ELEMENT 2
Introduction to Mutual Funds
2.1 know the Concept and Role of Mutual Funds including:
 Emergence of Mutual Funds

 Importance of Mutual Funds in the Financial Markets
 Concept of Mutual Funds
 Advantages Mutual Funds
2.2 know the evolution of Mutual funds in Pakistan including:
 Types of Funds
 Significance of various types of Funds
2.3 know the Categories of Mutual Funds including:
 Equity Funds
 Debt Funds
 Money Market Funds
 Sector Funds
 Balanced Funds
 Index Funds
 Pension Funds
2.4 know the Risks associated with Mutual Funds including:
 Market Risk
 Credit Risk
 Liquidity Risk
 Inflation Risk
 Interest Rate Risk
 Currency and Exchange Rate Risk
 Settlement Risk
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ELEMENT 3
Regulatory Framework
3.1 understand the scope, core functions and powers of the Securities and Exchange
Commission of Pakistan (SECP) as conferred in SECP Act, 1997
3.2 understand the NBFC and Notified Entities Regulations 2008 including:
 Section 2: Definitions
 Section 37: Terms and conditions to undertake asset management services
 Section 38: Obligations of the Asset Management Company
 Section 44: Registration of Open End Scheme or Closed End Scheme
 Section 47: Conditions applicable to Investment Company
 Section 48: Appointment of Asset Management Company
 Section 49: Custody of assets
 Section 50: Conditions applicable to custodian
 Section 51: Maintenance of books of accounts and other records
 Section 52: Periodical reports to shareholders, etcetera
 Section 55: Investment policy and diversification
 Section 57: Pricing, issue and redemption of units
 Section 59: Transactions with connected person and employees
 Section 65: Conversion or cancellation or winding-up of Closed End Fund
 Section 66: Calculation of net assets
 Section 67: Managing discretionary and non-discretionary client portfolio
3.3 understand the NBFC Rules 2003
3.4 understand the Investment Companies and Investment Advisers Rules, 1971
3.5 understand the Voluntary Pension System Rules, 2005
3.6 understand the Real Estate Investment Trust Regulations 2008
3.7 understand and interpret the SECP Directives to Fund Management Companies on
Conduct of Business, Investor Warnings, etc.
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ELEMENT 4
Fund Features and Mechanics
4.1 understand the structure and importance of Regulatory Documents including
 Prospectus/Offering Documents
 Trust Deed
4.2 know Investor Services and requirements including:
 Account Statements
 Electronic Issuance and Certificates
 Minimum Balance Requirements
 Fund Expenses
 Transaction Costs
 Sales and Purchase of Units/ Offer and Redemption
 Registration of Unit Holders/ Investors
4.3 know the requirements for delisting from the stock exchanges
4.4 understand the factors leading to funds being suspended or placed on the
Defaulters’ Counter.
4.5 understand the investment planning and various funds asset allocation strategy
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ELEMENT 5
Fund Accounting and Performance Measure
5.1 understand and be able to calculate the Net Asset Value (NAV) of the Fund and units
5.2 know the Zakat applicability, exemption and should be able to calculate Zakat on
Units/ investment
5.3 understand the Fund Redemption and Transfer procedure including:
 Payment of redemption proceeds

 Partial redemption
 Partial transfer
 Verification of redemption form
 Verification of transfer form
5.4 understand the Fund Valuation and Taxation including:
 International Accounting Standards (IAS) applicability

 Various accounting treatments
 Taxation on Fund Units
 Taxation on Dividends and Bonus
 Tax Exemptions, Rebates and Allowances
5.5 know the Mutual Fund ratings, Fund Manager ratings and benchmarks
5.6 understand the Fund performance measurement methods and tools including:
 Alpha and Beta

 Sharpe and Sortino Ratio
 STDV
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ELEMENT 6
Retirement Planning and Pension Funds
6.1 know the purpose, benefits and financial protection provided by Pension Funds,
6.2 know the type and categories of Life assurance products available through Mutual
Funds,
6.3 know the Income protection policies attached with Pension Funds,
6.4 Understand and be able to calculate the Tax treatment of pensions,
6.5 Know Legislation and taxation benefits on Pension Funds.
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ELEMENT 7
Islamic and Shariah Compliant Funds
7.1 know the structure, functioning and conditions of Shariah compliant Islamic Mutual
Funds
7.2 know the types of Shariah compliant Islamic Mutual Funds including:
 Islamic Equity Fund

 Ijarah Fund
 Commodity Fund
 Murabahah Fund
 Mixed Fund
7.3 understand the Management and Management Fee of Shariah Funds
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ELEMENT 8
Ethics, Disclosures and Best Practices
8.1 know the methods of information dissemination and disclosure requirements
8.2 know the requirements and importance of NAV announcement related to:
 Matching investments and redemption

 Cut-off and market timings
 Performance
8.3 understand the disclaimers, policies and their disclosure requirements related to
Investments and Risks
8.4 understand the duty to investors relating to mis-selling under and overselling
8.5 understand the importance and methods of investor profiling for affordability and
suitability
8.6 know the importance of maintenance of investor records
8.7 understand the Prohibitions and Restrictions related to:
 Clients’ Assets
 Material information
 Insiders
8.8 know the relevant sections of Anti Money Laundering Ordinance and KYC/CDD
requirements
8.9 know the requirements of Fair Dealing including:
 Risks & Rewards of Investing

 Maintenance of Records
 Time Stamps
 Misstatements & Mis-selling/ False Selling
8.10 know the process and handling of Investor Complaints
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ELEMENT 9
Economics and Finance
9.1 know the Taxation laws relevant to capital markets including:
 Income Tax
 Capital Gain Tax
 Capital Value Tax
9.2 understand and interpret the Financial Statements and conduct basic Financial
Statement Analysis including:
 Revenue and profit growth

 Earnings and Distributions
 Book value and Intrinsic value
9.3 understand and be able to apply basic mathematics and statistics including:
 Mean, Median and Mode

 Measure of central tendency, dispersion and regression analysis
 Time value of money, annuities and perpetuities
9.4 know Principal Factors Affecting Stock Markets & Prices including:
 Business Cycles and its Indicators

 Effect of the Business Cycle
 Money Markets
 Equities Markets
 Price/ Earnings & Price/ Book value multiples
 Dividend
 Capital gain Yield
9.5 know the Macroeconomic indicators including:
 GDP
 Inflation
 Money Supply
 The Role of State Bank of Pakistan
 International/ Regional Economies and Markets
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Recommended Readings
The next section of this study guide covers a brief extract from some of the below
mentioned documents. Candidates are advised to study the respective documents (in detail
and original) which are available free-to-download from ICM's website and / or the
respective organization's websites.
1. Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2010

2. Anti-Money Laundering Ordinance, 2009
3. Anti-Money Laundering Regulations, 2007
4. Anti-Money Laundering Rules, 2008
5. Companies Ordinance, 1984
6. CDC Act, 1997
7. CDC Regulations
8. Code of Corporate Governance, 2002
9. Income Tax Ordinance, 2001
10. ISE/ KSE/ LSE Listing Regulations
11. KSE Investor Protection Fund Regulations
12. KSE Broker Agents Registration Rules
13. KSE Cash Settled Future Contract Regulations
14. Deliverable Future Contract Regulations
15. KSE General Regulations
16. KSE Investor Protection Regulations
17. KSE General Regulations
18. NBFC (Establishment and Regulations) Rules, 2003
19. NBFC and Notified Entities Regulations, 2008
20. NCCPL Procedure, 2003
21. NCCPL Regulations, 2003
22. NCEL General Regulations
23. SECP Act, 1997
24. Securities & Exchange Ordinance, 1969
25. Voluntary Pension System Rules, 2005
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STUDY MATERIAL
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ACRONYMS
AFS Available For Sale
AMC Asset Management Company
CDC Central Depository Company (of Pakistan Limited)
CDS Central Depository System
CEF Closed-End Fund
CGT Capital Gain Tax
CRA Credit Rating Agency
CVT Capital Value Tax
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GNP Gross National Product
ICM Institute of Capital Markets
IFRS International Financial Reporting System
ISE Islamabad Stock Exchange (Guarantee) Limited
KSE Karachi Stock Exchange (Guarantee) Limited
KMI Karachi Meezan Index
LSE Lahore Stock Exchange (Guarantee) Limited
MUFAP Mutual Funds Association of Pakistan
NAV Net Asset Value
NBFC Non-Banking and Finance Companies
NCCPL National Clearing Company of Pakistan Limited
PMEX Pakistan Mercantile Exchange Limited
NCSS National Clearing and Settlement System
REIT Real Estate Investment Trust
RMS Risk Management Ratio
SECP Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan
SBP State Bank of Pakistan
TFC Term Finance Certificates
VPS Voluntary Pension System
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ELEMENT 1
Introduction to Financial Services and Products
1.1 know the function of the financial services industry in the economy
transferring funds between individuals, businesses and government
The basic function of the finance industry is to move money within the financial system by
collecting from one group of people or institutions who have surplus money to invest and
providing this collected money to groups of people or institutions with a need for money
(called a ‘flow of funds’). Money is lent indirectly from one person to another through a
financial ‘intermediary’ (a ‘go between’). This intermediation is the basic function of a
financial institution.
Money lent directly
Example 1
Mr. A borrows Rs. 500 from a friend; Mr. B. Mr. A agrees to return the
money at a later date plus interest of 10% i.e. a total of Rs.550. Mr. A
then lends that Rs. 500 to another friend, Mr. C for a return of Rs.600. Mr.
A therefore makes a profit of Rs.50 i.e. Rs.600 less Rs.550.
Without investors there would be no money for borrowers and without borrowers there
would be no customers for the investors.
Money lent via an intermediary
Example 2
Mr. D wishes to invest a capital amount of Rs. 50,000 for a period of 10 years
so chooses to invest in a 10-year term deposit with a bank. The bank
guarantees to return the capital together with a growth amount of Rs. 5,000
at the end of the 10-year period.
The bank then acts as an intermediary and offers Mr. E a loan of Rs. 50,000
allowing him to repay the loan over the next 10 years but charging him an
amount of Rs. 10,000 as interest for use of the money. At the end of the 10
years Mr. E will therefore repay a total of Rs. 60,000 to the bank. The bank
repays Mr. D the amount promised of Rs. 55,000. The bank has therefore
made a profit of Rs. 5,000. Throughout the 10-year period the bank will be
holding an increasing balance of Mr. E’s loan. This can be used to fund
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shorter-term loans as long as everything ties up by the time Mr. D is due for
his return of capital and profit. This is the basic method by which pensions,
savings, loans and even mortgages are funded.
The market is made up of different types of investors wanting to make use of their money
for differing periods of time. There are short, medium and long-term investors (savers) and
short, medium and long-term borrowers.
For the market to function effectively there has to be a balance between savers and
borrowers to ensure equilibrium in the system. This balance ensures that the economy
remains strong and always has enough liquidity (cash) to meet its short-term liabilities.
Bank Run
A ‘bank run’ or a run on economy occurs when a large number of investors who have
money invested with a bank wish to withdraw their investments all at once. This usually
happens when investors believe that the bank is about to 'crash' or become insolvent. This
perception sparks a panic among investors, causing depositors to begin withdrawing their
money.
The bank will have problems if it does not have enough cash available to repay the
investors. In such cases, the economy’s central bank may step in to help the bank meet its
short-term liabilities. Banks are, however, obliged by the State Bank to maintain cash
reserves to meet the normal expected cash withdrawals.
1.2 know the investor population, main institutions/ organizations – markets,

retail institutions, wholesale institutions
Historically, buyers and sellers have been individual investors, such as wealthy
businessmen, with long family histories to particular corporations. Over the time, markets
have become more "institutionalized"; buyers and sellers are now largely institutions (e.g.,
pension funds, insurance companies, mutual funds, index funds, exchange traded funds,
hedge funds, investor groups, banks and various other financial instruments). The rise of the
institutional investor has brought with it some improvements in market operations and
governance.
INVESTOR
An investor is any party that makes an Investment. However, the term has taken on a
specific meaning in finance to describe the particular types of individual people and
corporate entities that regularly purchase equity or debt securities for financial gain. Less
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frequently the term is also applied to parties who purchase real estate, currency,
commodity derivatives, personal property, or other assets.
INSTITUTIONAL INVESTOR
An institutional investor is normally a corporate entity, such as a bank, insurance company,
pension fund or mutual fund that is financially sophisticated and makes large investments,
often held in large portfolios of investments. Because of their sophistication, institutional
investors often participate in private placements of securities, in which certain aspects of
the securities laws may be inapplicable.
RETAIL INVESTOR
A retail investor is an individual investor who has investments in shares of a given security
or units of a fund. Investments are slightly different to savings as these carry possibilities of
growth and accompanying risk. Retail investors in Pakistan can generally be divided into two
categories of share ownership.
 A retail investor holds shares of their securities directly through the issuer or its
transfer agent in their Depository Company account. Some registered shareholders
also have physical copies of their stock certificates.
 An investor in the mutual fund units.
WHOLESALE INSTITUTIONS
A mutual fund wholesale institution is a company or person who takes the responsibility of
talking to brokers and financial planners and sells the units/shares of the Mutual Fund. The
wholesale institution in the context of Mutual Funds tries to convince the investors to buy
the mutual funds they are whole selling. The mutual fund wholesalers help in reviewing the
mutual funds and tailor investment to meet the investment objectives and risk profiles of
the investors.
SPECULATION
Speculation, can be in many forms, however, in the narrow sense of financial speculation,
involves the buying, holding, selling and short-selling of stocks, bonds, commodities,
currencies, collectibles, real estate, derivatives or any valuable financial instrument
primarily to profit from fluctuations in its price as opposed to buying it either for use or for
income via methods such as dividends or interest and/or for long term capital gains.
In short, speculators in an asset have no intention to have long term exposure but seek
short term profits.
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1.3 know the role of the Securities Market and Financial System including:
 retail/commercial banks
 investment banks
 pension/mutual funds
 insurance companies
 fund managers/asset management companies
 stockbrokers
 custodians
 industry trade bodies
 stock exchanges
RETAIL/ COMMERCIAL BANKS

A commercial bank is a type of financial intermediary and a type of bank. It is a bank that
provides checking accounts, savings accounts, and money market accounts and it accepts
time deposits. Commercial banks also function as retail bank. Retail banking refers to
banking in which banking institutions execute transactions directly with consumers, rather
than corporations or other banks. Services offered by commercial banks include: savings
and cheque accounting, mortgages, personal loans, debit cards, credit cards, and so forth.
Most banks offer both commercial and retail banking services.
INVESTMENT BANKS
An investment bank is a financial institution that raises capital, assists in initial sale of
securities in primary market (IPO), trades in securities and arranges and manages corporate
mergers and acquisitions. Investment banks also earn profit by raising money through
issuing and selling of securities in the capital markets (both equity and bond) and as well as
providing advice on investments and transactions such as mergers and acquisitions.
Investment banks offer strategic advisory services for mergers, acquisitions, divesture or
other financial services for clients, such as the trading of fixed income, commodity, and
equity securities including mutual funds.
MUTUAL AND PENSION FUNDS

Mutual Fund is a pool of money (Collective Investment) belonging to a group of investors,
who entrust it to a Fund Manager (Asset Management Company) for making prudent
investments on their behalf. These investments are made strictly in accordance with the
Investment Policy laid down in the Constitutive Documents of the Fund. The ownership of
the Fund Property vests in the investors and the Fund manager is entitled only to certain
fees, paid by the Fund (by the investors) for managing the Fund.
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Asset Management Companies have professional management, with a portfolio manager to

monitor its holdings and decide which security to buy, hold or sell. Shares/units are sold to
the public at Net Asset Value (NAV) price that are subject to certain adjustments. How well
the Fund is performing at any time is partly reflected in a rising or declining NAV at that
time.
Mutual Funds are primarily structured in two ways; the more common structure is an Open
End Fund, from which shares can be redeemed at any time at a price that is tied to asset
value of the fund. Mutual Funds can also be structured as Close End Fund in which a fixed
number of redeemable shares are sold at an initial offering and are then traded like
common stock on the Stock Exchange or Over-The-Counter (OTC) market.
There are, however, different types of mutual funds. There are funds that specialize in debt
instruments that may, in turn focus/specialize in corporate or sovereign debt. Similarly
funds that invest in common stocks may specialize and invest solely in specialized markets
or sectors. Another type of fund, known as an index fund, doesn't try to beat the
performance of the overall market, but tries to equal it. Manager of Index Funds buy a
portfolio that is a mirror image of an index and therefore less research and expertise is
required to manage such funds.
A mutual fund's performance can be judged from the consistency of returns on year after
year basis. Buying the top funds of the prior year can sometimes be disappointing, since
high flyers of one year may not guarantee similar results in latter years. Investing in mutual
funds requires first doing some basic homework, setting goals, selecting appropriate funds
closely matching investment objectives. Mutual Funds should normally be seen by the
investors as a relatively longer term investments (minimum five year horizon)
A pension fund is a pool of assets similar to Mutual Funds but forming an independent legal
entity that are bought with the contributions to a pension plan for the exclusive purpose of
financing pension plan by the investor.
INSURANCE COMPANIES
Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to
another, in exchange for payment of a premium, and can be thought of as a guaranteed
small cost (premium) to prevent a large, possibly devastating loss. Insurance companies
perform risk management that is primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent
loss. An ‘insurer’ is the company selling the insurance while; an ‘insured’ is the person or
entity buying the insurance. Insurance companies are one of the major institutional
investors in equity and debt markets.
ASSET MANAGEMENT COMPANIES (AMC)

Asset Management Company provides the professional management of various securities
(shares, bonds etc.) and assets (e.g., mutual funds), to meet specified investment goals for
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the benefit of the investors. Investors may be institutions (insurance companies, pension
funds, corporations etc.) or private investors.
Non-Banking Finance Companies and Notified Entities Regulations, 2008 define AMC to
mean “Non-Banking Finance Companies licensed by the Commission to provide asset
management services”.
While the Voluntary Pension System Rules, 2005 define AMC to mean “A company which has
been licensed by the Commission under rule 5 of the Non-Banking Finance Companies Rules,
2003, to offer investment schemes under trust deeds and to issue redeemable securities”.
STOCKBROKERS
A stock broker is a key to functioning of a capital market and has been defined as “any
person engaged in the business of effecting transactions in securities for the account of
others” (Securities and Exchange Ordinance 1969). He is basically a regulated professional
who buys and sells shares and other securities at the stock exchange on behalf of investors.
CUSTODIAN
Custodian is a trust company, bank or similar financial institution responsible for holding
and safeguarding the securities owned within a mutual fund on behalf of investors. A
mutual fund's custodian may also act as the mutual funds transfer agent, maintaining
records of unit-holder transactions and balances. Since a mutual fund is essentially a large
pool of funds from many different investors, it requires a third-party custodian to hold and
safeguard the securities that are mutually owned by all fund's investors. This structure
mitigates the risk of dishonest activity by separating the fund managers from the
physical/holding of securities and investor records.
STOCK EXCHANGES
A stock exchange is a corporation or mutual organization which provides "trading" facilities
for stock brokers and traders, to trade stocks and other securities. Stock exchanges also
provide facilities for the issue and redemption of securities as well as other financial
instruments including the payment of income and dividends. The securities traded on a
stock exchange include: shares issued by companies, unit trusts, pooled investment
products and TFCs/bonds. For a security to be able to trade on a certain stock exchange, it
has to be listed at that exchange. Historically there used to be a central location at least for
recordkeeping, but now trade is less and less linked to such a physical place, as modern
markets are electronic networks, which gives the Stock Exchanges efficiencies and also the
advantages of speed and reduced cost of transactions.
Trade on a not demutualized exchange is done by members only. The initial offering of
stocks and bonds to investors is by definition done in the primary market and subsequent
trading is done in the secondary market. Stock not traded through the stock exchange is
said to be traded off-exchange or over-the-counter (OTC) market. This is normally the
manner that bonds are traded.
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INDUSTRY TRADE BODIES

Each segment of financial industry has its own sector specific Associations; like leasing
sector has Leasing Association of Pakistan (LAP) and Commercial Banking has Pakistan Banks
Association (PBA). The Mutual Funds Association of Pakistan (MUFAP) is the representative
trade body of the Asset Management Companies managing Mutual Funds in Pakistan. The
money managed by its members in a wide variety of investment vehicles including stocks,
bonds, money market instruments, government securities and bank deposits.
These trade bodies try to promote transparency, ethical conduct and growth of industry.
These trade bodies are also policy advocacy mechanisms for each financial sector they
represent. Trade Bodies have invariably been established as Associations not-for-profit
licensed under the Section 42 of the Companies Ordinance 1984.
1.4 understand the relationship of Securities Market and Economic Development
The securities markets have experienced significant changes over recent decades, driven by
advances in information and communications technology and widespread reductions in
international barriers to trade and investment. Securities markets are now recognized to
affect growth through various investment channels like direct investments, portfolio
investments, etc., that determine the accumulation and allocation of capital. Countries with
efficient financial systems are able to better harness their long-term growth potential
through efficiency of the system to allocate resources to growth sectors.
Regulations and regulatory enforcement are the foundations of any financial systems.
Regulation is needed to protect investors, promote efficient capital markets, and enhance
investor confidence in the markets. Regulators are expected to balance the needs of
investor protection (which calls for stringent regulations) with the need to promote market
efficiency (which call for minimal interference in markets). The objectives, as a general rule,
of any regulations are to promote the domestic market that enjoys domestic and
international confidence and is competitive.
SECURITIES MARKETS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

As a matter of internationally accepted principle, the efficient securities markets are
expected to accelerate economic growth by providing a boost to domestic savings and
increasing the quantity and the quality of investment in a country. Securities markets do
encourage savings by providing individuals with additional financial instruments that may
better meet their investment objective, risk profiles and liquidity restraints. A better savings
mobilization increases the savings rate which eventually leads to higher investments,
greater productivity and thus leads to rising GDP growth rate. The securities markets also
26
provide an avenue for growing companies to raise capital at lower cost through public
offerings of the shares in the stock market. In addition, companies in countries with highly
developed stock markets are less dependent on bank financing, which may reduce the risk
of a credit crunch in the financial system. Securities markets, therefore, are able to
positively influence economic growth through encouraging savings amongst individuals and
by simultaneously providing avenues for firm financing.
The securities markets are supposed to ensure through the takeover mechanism that past
investments are also most efficiently used. Theoretically, the threat of takeover is expected
to provide management with an incentive to maximize firm value. The presumption is that,
if management does not maximize firm value, another economic agent may take control of
the firm, replace management and reap the gains from creating more efficiency in the firm.
Thus, a free market in corporate control, by providing financial discipline, is expected to
provide the best guarantee of efficiency in the use of assets. Similarly, the ability to effect
changes in the management of listed companies is expected to ensure that managerial
resources are used efficiently.
Efficient and well-organized securities markets also reduce the costs of acquiring
information. This is effectively, done by generation and dissemination of firm specific
information that is quickly and efficiently reflected in the stock prices. Stock markets are
only efficient if prices of the traded security incorporate all available information quickly
into them. Reducing the costs of acquiring information facilitate and improve the
acquisition of information about investment opportunities and thereby improve resource
allocation in the economy. Stock prices determined in a transparent manner at Stock
Exchanges combined with other publicly available information helps the investor to make
better investment decisions; this ensures better allocation of resources among corporations
and as a result efficiency is rewarded that help growth of the efficient companies as well as
the economy.
Liquid Securities market reduces the downside risk of stock prices and also the costs of
investing in projects that do not pay off for some time. With a liquid market, the investors
do not lose access to their savings and investments because they can easily; sell their stake
(shares) in the company. Liquid securities markets provide ease of investment thus improve
the allocation of capital and enhance prospects for long-term growth. The illiquid securities
markets have adverse effect on the economic growth of the country as the initial investors
get stuck and may not, be able to withdraw their investments despite bad management of
the companies, thus money is locked in inefficient enterprises.
The absence of a well-developed stock market is of serious disadvantage for any economy
as ease of equity generation is essential for the emergence and growth of firms. The
efficiency of securities markets is a necessity for maintaining the competitiveness of an
economy, especially given the increased international competition, rapid technological
progress, and the increased integration of international economies and globalization.
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1.5 know the products and asset classes including:
 Cash deposits
 Government securities and corporate TFCs/ bonds
 Equities
 Real estate
 Commodities
 Foreign Exchange
CASH DEPOSITS
A cash deposit is held at a financial institution and is either in form of a demand deposit or
term deposit. The demand deposit can be withdrawn at any time, in other words the
deposited amount is available to the account holders on demand. The term deposits are
generally for short to medium term with maturities ranging anywhere from few days to few
years. When a term deposit is purchased, the lender (the customer) understands that the
money can only be withdrawn after the term has ended or by giving a predetermined
number of days’ notice.
Cash deposits are comparatively safer investments as compared to some securities and are
therefore very appealing to conservative, low-risk profiled investors, with the return on
investment being the prevailing interest rate that is normally much lower than the rate of
inflation. By having the money tied up for fixed period of time (term), investors generally
get a higher rate of returns compared with a demand deposit.
GOVERNMENT BONDS/ SECUIRTIES

A bond is a debt security or a formal contract where the issuer (borrower) agrees to repay
the holder (lender) the money with an interest rate (coupon) at fixed intervals. The Bond
Market is important to economic activity because it enables the private businesses/
corporations or the Government to borrow money from the private individuals or financial
intermediaries to finance their activities.
A government bond is simply a contract between the State and investor to repay borrowed
money to the lender who can either be individuals or institutions. Raising money by
government through issuance of bonds and/or borrowing from intermediaries (banks) is
normal for governments especially when the revenue resources are limited.
CORPORATE TFCs
Usually, the corporate TFCs/ bonds are issued by corporations to raise money in order to
finance its business. The term the ‘TFC/Bond’ is usually applied to longer-term debt
instruments, generally with a maturity date falling at least one year after their issue date.
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The term "commercial paper" is used for similar instruments but which has a shorter
maturity.
Corporate TFCs/ bonds are often listed on stock exchanges (are called "listed" TFCs/ bonds),
and the coupon (i.e. interest payment) is usually taxable. Sometimes this coupon can be
zero, the zero coupon bond also called ‘discount bond’ is bought at a price below its face
value (discount) and the face value is repaid at the maturity date. Unlike coupon bond a
discount bond does not make any interest payments; it just pays off the face value. Some
corporate TFCs/ bonds have an embedded call option that allows the issuer to redeem the
debt before its maturity date. Other bonds, known as convertible bonds, allow investors to
convert the bond into equity.
EQUITIES
Equity investment generally refers to the buying and holding of shares/securities of
company on a stock market by individuals and funds in anticipation of income from
dividends and capital gain. By buying shares/equities of the company, the investor becomes
part owner of the company. When the investment is made in shares of infant companies, it
is referred to as venture capital investing and is generally understood to be of higher risk
than investment in listed going-concern companies that have a long proven track record of
performance.
REAL ESTATE
Real Estate refers to land, buildings or improvements/constructions on the land that are
financially profitable, such as residential and commercial properties. Investors and financial
intermediaries such as banks often engage in the buying, selling or transfers of real estate.
Real Estate is often considered a lower-risk, less volatile option than other investment
opportunities because they are a real, physical asset but they are simultaneously at times
illiquid and difficult to convert into cash when need arises, and thus the investor can get
stuck with the real estate investments.
COMMODITIES
Commodity is a basic good used in commerce for which there is demand, but which is
supplied without qualitative differentiation across a markets i.e. it is essentially the same no
matter who produces it and that it is interchangeable with other commodities of the same
type. One of the important characteristics of a commodity is that its price is determined as
a function of market and is normally universal and fluctuates on a daily basis on global
supply and demand considerations; examples are petroleum, gold, sugar, wheat or copper.
The commodities can be differentiated from the manufactures by the simple fact that
manufactured products have many aspects of product differentiation, such as the brand,
the user interface, the perceived quality etc.
Generally, Commodities are basic resources and agricultural products such as iron
ore, crude oil, coal, ethanol, salt, coffee beans, sugar, soya beans, aluminium, copper, rice,
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wheat, gold, silver, palladium, and platinum. Soft commodities are goods that are grown,
like wheat, maize while hard commodities are the ones that are extracted through mining.
Because these are used in consumption or as raw material therefore these are sensitive to
consumer sentiments. Commodity markets can be highly volatile and respond very quickly
to changes in supply and demand equilibriums. Investors normally can gain exposure to
future changes in commodity markets through the commodity future market or a
commodity Fund.
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
Trading in Currencies of different countries takes place in Foreign Exchange markets. These
markets are characterized by over-the-counter trading and very low cross-border
restrictions. Regulation is limited since no single exchange rate system exists, as currencies
may operate on both a fixed and floating exchange rate regimes. Financial institutions such
as banks (retail, commercial and central) Hedge funds, Investment management firms,
Retail Foreign and Non-bank Foreign exchange companies and Money transfer companies
participate in this market. The value of currencies is determined by normal supply and
demand principles. Trading undertaken on speculation by investors also has a considerable
impact on the value of currencies.
1.6 understand the role and functions of Primary Market
The Equity Market, also known as the Stock Market or the Stock Exchange, is the market
where investors can buy shares of listed companies that have already floated their shares
through an IPO.
Primary Market:
When new issues of a security, such as bonds or stock/shares are sold to the initial buyers
by a Company [as in the case of an Initial Public Offering (IPO)] or a government agency, it is
known as a transaction in the Primary Market.
Advantages of Primary Market (as opposed to Secondary Market):
 Shares/Units are, normally, offered at their Face Value

 Tax Credit can be claimed in Pakistan on the invested amount under Section 62 of
the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001
Disadvantages of Primary Market (as opposed to Secondary Market):
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 If the Issue is oversubscribed, the investors will receive shares only if they succeed in
the balloting. Hence, one can, normally, expect to buy only a small quantity of
shares through the Primary Market.
1.7 understand the role and functions of Secondary Market
Secondary Market
When there is a sale/purchase transaction of securities that have previously been issued
(and thus second hand), between two investors through their Brokers on the Stock Market,
it is known as a transaction in the Secondary Market.
Advantages of Secondary Market (as opposed to Primary Market):
 Subject to availability of a willing seller at the right price, any number of shares can
be bought/sold
Disadvantages of Secondary Market (as opposed to Primary Market):
 Buyer has to pay the Market Price of the share, which is determined on the basis of
demand and supply
 Tax Credit is not available on such transactions
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ELEMENT 2
Introduction to Mutual Funds
2.1 know the Concept and Role of Mutual Funds including:
 Emergence of Mutual Funds

 Importance of Mutual Funds in the Financial Markets
 Concept of Mutual Funds
 Advantages of Mutual Funds
 Disadvantages of investing through Mutual Funds
CONCEPT OF MUTUAL FUNDS

A mutual fund is a Collective Investment Scheme (CIS), which specializes in investing a pool
of money collected from many investors for the purpose of investing in securities such as
stocks, bonds, money market instruments and similar assets. A fund's portfolio is structured
and maintained to match the investment objectives stated in its prospectus.
One of the main advantages of Mutual funds is that they give small investors access
to professionally managed, diversified portfolios of equities, bonds and other securities,
which would be quite difficult, if not impossible, to create with a small amount of capital.
The income earned through these investments and the capital appreciations are shared by
unit holders of the fund in proportion to the number of units owned by each of them.
Mutual Funds usually have low minimum initial investment requirements. This gives the
investors an access to the market and a chance to add to holdings in small increments.
Mutual fund is a pool of money belonging to a group of investors, who

entrust it to a Fund Manager for making prudent investments on their
behalf, strictly in accordance with the Investment Policy laid down in the
Constitutive Documents of the Fund. The ownership of the Fund Property
vests in the investors and the Fund Manager is entitled only to certain
fees, paid by the Fund, i.e., by the investors, for managing the Fund.
Every mutual fund publishes an offering document that states its investment goal,
investments (such as stocks or bonds) that it purchases, past performance, name of the
fund manager, fees and how it derives its returns. A potential investor can also examine the
annual and semi-annual reports.
When examining a mutual fund's performance, consistency of returns year after year is
normally studied. Investing in Mutual Funds requires doing homework, setting goals,
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selecting appropriate funds and then keeps funds invested for long period (usually five
years) so that seasonal variations or cycles are smoothed out.
Mutual Funds are operated by Asset Management Companies (AMC) which exists in the
form of a Corporation, owned by its shareholders. The AMC launches new funds
through the establishment of a Trust Deed, entered between the Asset Management
Company and the Trustee, which in most cases is the Depository Company , with due
approval from the SECP under the framework provided by the Non-Banking Finance
Companies and Notified Entities Regulations, 2008 (the “Rules”).
The Depository Company performs the functions of the custodian and trustee, whereas the
AMC can act as the registrar or can appoint an external registrar. Banking/financial
companies may be authorized to act as distributors/ sales agents. The Board of Directors of
AMC must also approve and appoint a legal advisor and auditor for legal and compliance
affairs.
Mutual Funds in Financial Markets
Professional Investment Management:

By pooling the funds of large number of investors, mutual funds provide full-time and high-
level professional management that few individual investors can afford to obtain
independently. Such management is vital to achieving results in today's complex markets.
The fund managers' interests are tied to the investments made, because their
compensation is based not on sales commissions, but on how well the investments made
under the fund perform. These Fund Managers have access to crucial market information
and are able to execute trades on the large and cost-effective scale. In short, managing
investments is a full-time job for these Funds manager who are qualified professionals.
Diversification:
Mutual funds invest in a broad range of securities. This limits investment risk by reducing
the effect of a possible decline in the value of any one security. Mutual fund shareowners
can benefit from diversification techniques that can only be available to real wealthy
investors who can buy significant positions in a wide variety of securities.
Low Cost:
If somebody tried to create his own diversified portfolio of 50 stocks, he would need a very
large amount of money and pay thousands more in commissions to assemble the portfolio.
A mutual fund investor can participate in a diversified portfolio for as little as Rs.5000/- and
sometimes even less.
Convenience and Flexibility:

The Investor in Mutual Fund units/shares owns just one security rather than many, yet
enjoy the benefits of a diversified portfolio and a wide range of services. Fund managers
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decide what securities to trade, and see that dividends on portfolio securities are received
and rights exercised. It's fairly easy to purchase and redeem mutual fund units,
Total Liquidity and Easy Withdrawal:

An Investor can easily redeem his mutual fund units anytime when he needs cash and the
sale proceeds are usually available to the investor within two – three days in case of most
AMCs. The law, however, provides for a maximum of 6 days.
Life Cycle Planning:

Investors can tailor their investment products according to their plans of future individual
and family needs, and make adjustments as their life cycle needs change. They can invest in
growth funds for future college tuition needs of their children and then in income funds for
retirement, and adjust the investments as their needs change with age and responsibilities
in life.
Market Cycle Planning:

For investors who want to actively manage their investments. They can move their funds
within the family of funds as and when they perceive any change in market conditions.
Investor can place their investments in equities fund when the market is bullish and move
into money market funds in the anticipation of bearish stock market and rising interest rate
atmosphere. A word of caution: since it is almost impossible to predict how the market will
behave at any point in time, staying on a long-term in a diversified investment portfolio is
recommended for most investors.
Investor Information:
Mutual fund unit holders receive regular reports from the funds, including details of
holdings on a year-to-date basis. The current Net Asset Value of mutual fund units (the price
at which investor may purchase or redeem the units subject to normal adjustments) also
appears in the mutual fund price listings on business pages of major daily newspapers.
Taxation Benefits:
Because new units are issued every time an investment is made in Open-end Funds, such
investments enjoy a Tax-break under Section 62 of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, (just
like the Tax-break enjoyed on investments in new shares of Companies), provided that the
Fund is listed on at least one of the Stock Exchanges and such investment is not en-cashed
for at least one year.
Regulatory Protection:
All Mutual Funds are regulated under the Non-Banking Finance Companies and Notified
Entities Regulations, 2008 and are controlled and regulated by the Securities and Exchange
Commission of Pakistan (SECP). The Commission’s controls are fairly stringent and even an
advertisement of a Mutual Fund has to be first approved by SECP before it can be released
to the media.
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Protection through Trustee:

All Mutual Funds are obliged to appoint a Trustee which can be a Scheduled Bank having a
minimum of ‘A+’ rating or a Depository Company. All the moveable and immoveable assets
of the funds are vested in the Trustee for the benefit of the Unit-holders, i.e., the beneficial
ownership of the assets of the Fund vests in the Unit-holders. The Trustee is obligated to
ensure that the Fund Manager:
 Takes all investment decisions within the framework of defined Investment Policy,
and
 Does not take any action that is not in accordance with the provisions of the Trust
Deed, the Offering Document or, which do not protect the interests of the Unit-
holders.
Mutual Funds: Advantages and Disadvantages
Every investment has some advantages and also some disadvantages and so do the Mutual
Funds. However, mutual funds provide an attractive investment choice because they
generally offer the following features:
 Professional Management — Professional and skilled managers research, select,

and monitor the performance of the securities the fund purchases on continuous
basis.
 Diversification — Spreading investments across a range of companies and industry

sectors help lower risk if a company or sector fails. Individual investors in general
can only achieve diversification through ownership of mutual funds rather than
through ownership of individual stocks or bonds.
 Low entry cost — Investors can start their investments from as low as Rs 5000/- and
can subsequently and gradually increase their investments when they have some
money to invest.
 Liquidity — Mutual fund investors can readily redeem their units at the current NAV
after deduction of any fees and charges applicable on redemption.
Mutual funds also have features that some investors might view as disadvantages, such as:
 Costs— Investors have to pay charges like annual fees, and other expenses
regardless of how the fund performs.
 Price-day trading — with an individual stock, investor can obtain even real-time
pricing information by calling their broker. In case of a mutual fund, the purchase or
redemption prices depend on the fund's NAV that is calculated only once every
business day. Mutual Funds’ investments have, therefore, to be on a long term
perspective and are not meant for speculators seeking immediate gains.
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Fund’s Tax Liability:
The Fund does not incur any tax liability if it distributes at least 90% of its income amongst
the investors, by way of Dividends or Bonus Units.
Fund Management Fee:
The Fund Management Company is entitled to a Management Fee that is allowed at

maximum of 3% for first five years and there after a maximum of 2%, of the total funds
under management and is to be paid out of the Fund. The management fee covers all the
work done and expenses incurred in the management of the Fund.
Last, but not least, the greatest convenience of investing through a Mutual Fund is that all
investment/business are transacted under the ‘one window’ concept and that too with the
greatest of ease.
2.2 know the evolution of Mutual funds in Pakistan including:
 Types of Funds
 Significance of various types of Funds
Mainly, there are two types of Mutual Funds; i) Open-end Funds and; ii) Closed-end Funds.
OPEN-END FUNDS
The Open End Mutual Funds continuously issue new units on demand and simultaneously
redeem these units on demand. Therefore, the numbers of units outstanding at any
particular point in time vary. An Open-end Fund does not have a fixed pool of money. The
Fund Manager is committed to continuously issue Units to new investors at the Offer Price
and buy-back Units from ‘old’ investors at the Repurchase Price, also known as Redemption
Price. The units do not trade on a stock market.
Open-ended fund units are issued and can be purchased or redeemed as needed at the
fund's current net asset value (NAV) per share adjusted for offer/redemption price whereas
mostly closed-end funds are listed on the stock exchanges and are freely traded as shares of
any other company. Net Asset Value (NAV) of the units of an Open End Mutual Fund is
published on the respective website of the fund manager and also in the newspapers.
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The Fund is set up as a Trust, with an independent Trustee, who has custody of the assets of
the Trust. Each share of the Fund is called a Unit and its Fund Manager is known as the
Asset Management Company (AMC). The Fund, itself, is called a Unit Trust.
Net Asset Value (NAV):

At the close of every day the AMC calculates the Net Assets of the Fund which are divided
by the then the total issued and outstanding Units of the fund which gives the Net Asset
Value (NAV) of each Unit.
The Net Asset Value (NAV) is calculated everyday by dividing the Net Assets by the number
of units issued and outstanding. (Explained under Element 5)
Net Asset Value = Mutual Fund’s Net Asset

Shares Outstanding
Offer Price:
This is the price at which the Fund sells its Units to the investors. It is usually published in
the newspapers as well as posted on the AMC’s website every day.
Repurchase Price:
This is the price at which the Fund buys-back its Units from the Unit-holders.
Mutual fund companies have professional management, with a portfolio manager to

monitor investment holdings in a fund and who decides what equities to buy, hold or sell.
Units of an Open End Mutual Fund are sold to the public at Net Asset Value (NAV) price
adjusted for load. How well the fund usually makes the difference between a rising and a
declining NAV.
CLOSE-END FUNDS
A closed-end fund (CEF) is a publicly traded investment company. It collects money from
investors through an initial public offering (IPO) and uses this money to invest in securities.
The shares of a CEF are trade on a stock exchange like that of any other company.
Closed-end funds issue a specific number of shares and their capitalization is fixed. The
shares are not redeemable, but are readily transferable and traded on either a stock
exchange or the over-the-counter market. The price of a closed-end fund share fluctuates
based on investor supply and demand i.e. the price is not linked to its book value but
determined exclusively by the supply and demand factor. Closed-end funds are not required
to redeem their shares unlike in the case of open ended funds.
A closed-end fund, as with any other incorporated public listed company, has a board of
directors elected by the shareholders. The board appoints an investment advisor (and,
possibly, sub-advisors) for investment research and portfolio management. The investment
advisor employs a portfolio manager who is often assisted by a team of analysts, who make
the actual investment decisions, in accordance with the guidelines listed in the offering
37
document issued during the initial public offering of the fund and any subsequent
amendments made to it.
The day-to-day administrative duties such as mailing shareholder reports or responding to

shareholder concerns may be performed by the investment advisor, or a separate
administrator may be employed for the purpose.
The CEFs offer a wide array of investment choices for the investor. These are Diversified
Domestic Funds, Sector Funds, Single Country Funds, Regional Funds, Emerging Markets,
Global Funds and etc.
The net asset value (NAV) of a CEF is the current worth of a share of the CEF. It is computed
by deducting the total liabilities of the CEF from the total assets (the current market value
of the securities held by the CEF plus cash), and dividing the result by the total number of
outstanding shares or units.
NAV = Total Assets - Total Liabilities

Shares Outstanding
The NAV of a CEF fluctuates with the changes to the market price of the securities in which
the CEF has invested. CEFs are publicly traded, that is, the shares of the CEF change hands in
stock exchanges. The price at which the share of the CEF trades is called the market price.
The market price of a CEF shares are determined by the normal demand and supply
principles of the market. Sometimes, when demand exceeds supply, the market price at
which the shares of a CEF trade may be at a premium to the NAV, that is, the shares of the
CEF cost more than its NAV. Likewise, when supply exceeds demand, the shares of the CEF
may trade at a discount to its NAV, that is, the shares of the CEF cost less than its NAV.
For example, if the NAV of a CEF is 10 and its market price is 12, the CEF is
trading at a premium of 20%. If the NAV is 10 and its market price is 8, the
CEF is trading at a discount of 20%.
The premium/discount may be computed using the following formula:

Premium or Discount = Market Price – NAV
NAV
Though some funds do at times trade at a premium, the majority of CEFs trade at a
discount, often as much as 15% to 20%. The premium or discount is not constant, but
usually fluctuates with market conditions. Often a fund that is trading at a discount may
shoot up to a steep premium or vice versa, as investors’ perceptions of the market changes.
The Closed End Fund is a Mutual Fund that has a fixed pool of money which is collected
from the investors when the Fund is set up and subscription are received through Initial
Public Offering (IPO). The Fund Manager invests the money in accordance with the declared
Investment Policy of the Fund and distributes the returns achieved to the investors, from
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time to time, in the shape of Cash Dividends or Bonus shares. Each share of the Fund is
called a Unit and its Fund Manager is also known as the Investment Advisor.
In the case of a Closed End Fund, if an investor wants to sell his mutual fund shares, he can
do so on the Stock Exchange, through a Stock Broker, at the prevailing market price, just like
selling Shares of any other listed Company. The price is determined by the demand and
supply of those Certificates at that given time and not in any way linked to its intrinsic value.
2.3 know the Categories of Mutual Funds including:
 Equity Funds
 Debt Funds
 Money Market Funds
 Sector Funds
 Balanced Funds
 Index Funds
 Pension Funds
SECP through its Circular No. 07 of 2009 issued on 6 March 2009 has devised detailed
criteria for categorization of Open End Funds (Collective Instruments Schemes). Please
consult the SECP’s circular for details. The circular is available on the website of the ICM:
www.icm.org.pk
The different categories of funds in general are explained below for understanding purposes:
EQUITY FUNDS
An equity fund is a mutual fund that invests primarily in stocks. For this reason it is also
known as a 'stock' fund. Equity funds vary in size and composition. They are determined by
company size and the investment style of the portfolio holdings. The size of the fund is
determined by its market capitalization. Equity funds may be domestic or foreign/
international and can be broad market or sector specific. These can geographically be
international, regional or single-country funds.
In any Equity Scheme at least 70% of its net assets should remain invested in listed
securities during the year based on quarterly average investment, calculated on daily basis.
The remaining assets of the fund can be invested in cash and/or near cash instruments
which include cash in bank accounts (excluding TDRs), and treasury bills not exceeding 90
days maturity.
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BALANCED FUNDS
The basic objectives of balanced funds are to generate income as well as long-term growth
of the principal amount that has been invested. These funds generally have portfolios
consisting of bonds, preferred stocks with some percentage of common stocks. The funds
are not expected to rise steeply, but simultaneously have a high degree of safety and
moderate to high income potential. Investors who desire to invest in secure fund with a
minimum downside i.e. who seek some current income and moderate growth with low-
level risk, would do well to invest in balanced mutual funds.
SECP has laid down a criteria that provides that under balanced schemes/funds investment
should be made in listed equity securities, government securities, cash in bank accounts,
money market placements, deposits, certificate of deposits (COD), Certificate of
Musharakas (COM), TDRs, Commercial papers, REPO, TFCs/Sukkuks, and preference shares.
However, the rating of any debt security in the portfolio has necessarily to be not lower
than A- (A Minus).
ASSET ALLOCATION FUNDS

Asset allocation funds don't invest in just stocks, instead, they focus on stocks, bonds, gold,
real estate, and money market funds. This portfolio approach provides a very broad asset
allocation and diversification and decreases the reliance on any one segment of the
marketplace.
FUND OF FUNDS
A "fund of funds" (FoF) is an investment strategy of holding a portfolio of other investment
funds rather than investing directly in shares, bonds or other securities. This type of
investing is also referred to as ‘multi-manager investment’. There are different types of
'fund of funds', each investing in a different type of collective investment schemes e.g.,
mutual fund, hedge fund, private equity or investment trust.
Investing in Collective Investment Scheme (CIS) increases the diversity for a small investor
who can at best hold small range of securities directly. Investing in a Fund of Funds achieves
even greater diversification.
ISLAMIC FUNDS
In case of Islamic Funds, the investments are made in different instruments but these have
to be in line with the Islamic Shariah Rules. The Fund investments are guided by Islamic
Shariah Board. Islamic Funds have been discussed in more detail under ‘Element 7’ in this
study guide.
INDEX FUNDS
The intent of an Index Fund is basically to track the performance of a specific index of the
stock market. If the overall market advances, a good Index Fund follows the rise. If the
market declines, so will the index funds. Index Funds' portfolios consist of securities listed
on the popular stock market indices. It is also the intent of an Index Fund to materially
40
reduce expenses by eliminating the fund portfolio manager. Instead, the fund merely
purchases stocks that make up the particular index it follows.
The securities/stocks in an Index Fund portfolio rarely change and are weighted the same
way as in particular market index which it tracks. Thus, there is little or no need for any
great turnovers of the portfolio of securities. The funds are "passively managed" in a fairly
static portfolio. An Index Fund is almost fully invested in the securities of the index it tracks.
An index mutual fund never outperforms the market if judged against the tracked index but
may out or under perform other indexes. The reduction of administrative cost in the
management of an Index Fund also adds to its profitability.
In short Index Funds/schemes strive to mimic the stated index and discloses the likely
tracking error in the Offering Document. Index schemes and Index Tracker Schemes
however can only select an index (or a subset thereof) established by a recognized
independent third party like a Stock Exchange.
CAPITAL PROTECTED FUND

A Capital Protected Fund is a type of mutual fund that guarantees an investor at least the
initial investment made, plus any capital gains, if the units in the Fund are held for the
contractual term. The idea behind this type of fund is that investor will be partly exposed to
capital market returns because the fund is able to invest in the stock market, but
simultaneously have the safety and the guaranteed return principal.
A Capital Protected Fund essentially tries to guarantee that investor never loses his initial
money but the fund can only increase its value. Most people use these types of funds to
“protect” a certain percentage of their total investments. Most capital protected products
have average to poor performance. But, they don’t lose value because the fund invests in a
mix of fixed income government securities and blue chip securities. So capital protected
fund is type of low risk low return fund.
MONEY MARKET FUND

A money market fund is a mutual fund that invests its assets only in the most liquid of
money instruments. The portfolio seeks stability by investing in very short-term, interest-
bearing instruments and other debt certificates that can be converted into cash readily, and
can be considered as the equivalent of cash.
Usually money market funds are considered as the safest for novice investors while being
the easiest, least complicated to follow and understand. Almost every mutual fund
investment company offers money market funds which are favourite investment tool for
the new investors. They are regarded as the basic and conservative of all the mutual funds
available.
Money market funds are considered appropriate for investors seeking stability of principal,
total liquidity, and earnings that are as high, or higher, than those available through bank
41
certificates of deposit. And unlike bank Term Deposits, money market funds have no early
withdrawal penalties.
The Money market Mutual Fund is recommended as an ideal investment for risk averse
investor due to the advantages they offer including:
1. Safety of principal, through diversification and stability of the short-term portfolio

investments
2. Total and immediate liquidity
3. Better yields than offered by banks
4. Low minimum investment
INCOME FUNDS
The objective of Income funds is to seek a high level of current income commensurate with
each portfolio's risk potential. In other words, the greater the risk, the greater the potential
for higher income yields, but simultaneously there is greater risk of loss of principal as well.
The risk/ reward potential are low to high, depending upon the type of securities that make
up the fund's portfolio. The risk is very low when the fund is invested in government
obligations, blue chip corporations and short-term securities. The risk is high when a fund
seeks higher yields by investing in long-term corporate bonds, offered by new
undercapitalized, risky companies.
Investors seeking current income higher than money market rates are willing to accept
moderate price fluctuations and "balance" their equity (stock) portfolios with a fixed
income investment usually invest in Income funds.
Income funds focus on dividend income, while also enjoying the capital gains that usually
accompany investment in common and preferred stocks. These funds are particularly
favoured by conservative investors.
AGGRESSIVE FIXED INCOME FUND

Aggressive fixed income fund focuses on generating current income on investments while
maintaining the prospects for capital appreciation and potential for capital growth. These
funds may invest up to specified percentages in accordance with its Offering Document in
any one type of Authorized Investment and may aggressively change weightings to take
advantage of economic trends. These Funds may hold some or even all of their assets in
cash to either provide liquidity or for defensive purposes.
These Funds usually invest in a portfolio of diverse securities including:
a. Government Securities
b. Fixed Income debt securities
c. Deposits with Bank(s)
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d. Clean placements with other financial investments

e. REPO transactions
f. Spread Transactions
g. Certificates of Investments and Deposits
h. Commercial Papers
i. Any other Authorized Investment Instrument
SECTOR FUNDS
As was stated earlier, most mutual funds have fairly broad-based, diversified portfolios. In
the case of Sector Funds, however, the portfolio consists of investments in only one sector
of the economy. Thus sector funds concentrate in one specific market segment; for example
these can be fund investing in energy, transportation, precious metals, health sciences,
utilities, leisure industries, etc. In other words, they are narrowly based.
Investors in Sector Funds must be prepared to accept the rather high level of risk inherent
in funds that are not particularly diversified. Diversification in sector funds is attained
through variety of securities, but all of these are in the same market sector. Substantial
profits are attainable by investors astute enough to identify which market sector is ripe for
growth.
INCOME GROWTH FUNDS

The primary purposes of ‘Income and Growth Funds’ are to provide a steady source of
income to the investor and moderate growth of principal invested. Such funds are ideal for
retirees needing a supplementary source of income without forsaking growth entirely.
The primary objectives of ‘Income and Growth funds’ are to seek long-term growth of
principal and reasonable current income. By investing in a portfolio of stocks believed to
offer growth potential plus market or above-market dividend income, the Fund appeals to
investors seeking growth of capital and moderate income over the long term (at least five
years). Such funds require that the investor should be willing to accept some share-price
volatility, but this is less than that found in pure growth funds.
Income Growth funds specialize in blue chip stocks and high rate fixed income securities.
These funds are suitable as a substitute for conservative investment in the stock market.
GROWTH FUNDS
The primary objective of Growth Funds is to seek long-term appreciation (growth of capital).
The secondary objective is to make one's capital investment grow faster than the rate of
inflation. Dividend income is considered an incidental objective of Growth Funds. Growth
funds are best suited for investors interested primarily in seeing their principal grow and are
therefore to be considered as long-term investments - held for at least three to five years.
Jumping in and out of growth funds tends to defeat the purpose.
43
Investors likely to participate in Growth Funds are those willing to accept moderate to high
risk in order to attain growth of their capital and those investors who characterize their
investment temperament as "fairly aggressive."
Growth funds are similar to aggressive growth funds, but do not trade stock options or
borrow money with which to trade. Most growth funds usually do a little better during bull
markets, but do a lot worse than average during bear markets.
SPECIALIZED FUNDS
Specialized funds resemble sector funds in most respects. The major difference is the type
of securities that make up the fund's portfolio. For example, the portfolio may consist either
of common stocks only or foreign securities only or bonds only, new stock issues only, over-
the-counter securities only, and so on. Those who are not very experienced in the
investment business should normally avoid both ‘Specialized’ and ‘Sector Funds’ in their
early stages of investments and concentrate on more traditional, diversified mutual funds
instead because of low level of diversification provided by the funds.
REGIONAL / INTERNATIONAL FUNDS

Regional funds confine themselves to a single economic region, like South Asia, North
America, Europe or Asia. When an investor buys one of these funds, he is betting on an
economic region as a whole. International funds invest exclusively abroad, while global
funds combine domestic and foreign shares in the same portfolio.
International funds hold primarily foreign securities. There are two elements of risk in this
investment: The normal economic risk of holding stocks; as well as the currency risk
associated with repatriating money after liquidating the investment profits. These funds are
essential component of many portfolios, but any single International fund may prove too
volatile for the average private investor who holds it as his sole investment.
PENSION FUNDS
Employee Pension Funds

A fund established by an employer to facilitate and organize the investment of employees'
retirement funds contributed by the employer and employees. The pension fund is a
common asset pool meant to generate stable growth over the long term, and provide
pensions for employees when they reach the end of their working years and commence
retirement. Pension funds are commonly run by some sort of financial intermediary for the
company and its employees, although some larger corporations operate their pension funds
in-house. Pension funds control relatively large amounts of capital and represent the largest
institutional investors in many nations.
Private Pension Funds

Private Voluntary Pension Schemes have been explained in detail under Element 6 of this
study guide.
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2.4 know the Risks associated with Mutual Funds including:
 Market Risk
 Credit Risk
 Liquidity Risk
 Inflation Risk
 Interest Rate Risk
 Currency and Exchange Rate Risk
 Settlement Risk
All investment carry some risk, primarily because of changes occurring in the fundamentals
of an economy, a specific company or industry, as well as changes in interest rates,
economic conditions and other factors like wars natural disasters etc..
Mutual Funds like other capital market instruments are subject to the same risks as the
underlying investments. Some specific risks that can be associated with the Mutual Funds
include:
RISK MANAGEMENT
It is important for the fund manager to take proper risk management measures so as to
avoid undue risks while investing the Mutual Fund's money. Investment process has to be
transparent and adequately documented, with investment decisions taken by an
investment committee. Such decisions are to be implemented ethically, without any conflict
of interest and with no ambiguity as to the responsibilities of the personnel concerned and
must not violate different applicable laws including SECP Laws, Rules and Regulations.
MARKET RISK
Market risk is the risk that the fair value or the future cash flows of a financial instrument
may fluctuate as a result of changes in market prices. The Asset Management Company
manages market risk by monitoring exposure on marketable securities by following the
internal risk management policies and investment guidelines approved by its Board of
Directors and also the regulations laid down by the Securities and Exchange Commission of
Pakistan.
CREDIT RISK
There is a possibility that companies whose TFCs are held by the Fund fail to meet their debt
obligations. Similarly there is a probability that an investment in value will go down when
the issuer of the security is assigned a negative rating (downgraded) by a reputable credit
rating service.
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PRICE RISK
The Fund is exposed to security price risk because of investments held by the Fund and
classified on the Statement of Assets and Liabilities as available for sale at fair value through
profit or loss. To manage its price risk arising from investments in securities, the Fund
diversifies its portfolio within the eligible stocks prescribed in the trust deed. The Fund's
constitutive document / NBFC Regulations also place limits on individual different classes of
assets/securities which a fund must hold.
INFLATION RISK
Inflation is the increase in the level of prices and as such, decreases the real value of money.
Therefore, there is a threat that one's assets may decrease significantly in value over longer
periods of high inflation. Inflation Risk refers to the risk posed to the value of assets or
income by the inflation.
To avoid the pitfalls posed by inflation, portfolio allocation is important. Commodities such
as oil, grains, metals etc. are often seen as a hedge against inflation. This is because
commodity prices often rise with increased inflation but simultaneously there are certain
other risks associated with commodities and inflation;
i. Commodities have no income or earnings stream unlike stocks/equities. As a result,

they have no inherent value beyond their market prices, which are dependent on
the perceptions of agents in the market.
ii. Stocks play a crucial role, and have inflation cushion in growth in earnings with
inflation, when they are highly over-valued, their future returns, however, (and
therefore their inflation-fighting power) are likely to be diminished. Bonds on the
other hand, tend to fall in price in response to inflation and the risk that inflation will
outpace and erode investment returns overtime is a serious concern for money
market funds.
iii. In general, it is important to have a well-constructed, diverse portfolio to counter

the adverse effects of inflation. When considering inflation risk, it is important to
keep long-term effects in mind since inflation tends to have a more significant
impact on markets in the long-run.
DEFAULT RISK
It is the risk associated with an issuer of a debt instrument that may not have the financial
ability to meet regular scheduled payments or is incapable of repaying the debt at maturity.
INTEREST RATE RISK

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument
will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. It is thus the risk resulting from
increased interest rates in the market place.
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LIQUIDITY RISK
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Fund may not be able to generate sufficient cash resources
to settle its obligation in full as they fall due or can only do so on terms that are materially
disadvantageous.
The Fund is exposed to cash redemptions, at the option of unit holders. The Fund's
approach to managing liquidity is to ensure, as far as possible, that the Fund will always
have sufficient liquidity to meet its liabilities when due under both normal and stressed
conditions, without incurring unacceptable losses or risking damage to the Fund's
reputation. The funds therefore try to invest the majority of their assets in investments that
are traded in active market and can be readily disposed and are also considered readily
realisable.
In short liquidity risk in the context of securities markets is the risk that the market for
assets becomes too thin to enable fair and efficient trading to take place. This is the risk
that assets cannot be sold or bought as and when required.
CURRENCY & EXCHANGE RATE RISK

Exchange Rate risk is the risk of value of investments changing due to changes in currency
exchange rates. This risk can affect investors making international investments.
For example, if money must be converted to another currency to make a

certain investment, then any changes in the currency exchange rate will
cause that investment's value to either decrease or increase when the
investment is sold and converted back into the original currency.
SETTLEMENT RISK
Settlement risk is the risk that one party will fail to deliver the terms of a contract with
another party at the time of settlement. Settlement risk can be the risk associated with
default at settlement and any timing differences in settlement between the two parties.
This type of risk can lead to principal risk. As such, settlement risk comprises both credit and
liquidity risks. The former arises when a counterparty cannot meet an obligation for full
value of the obligation on due date and thereafter because it is insolvent.
47
ELEMENT 3
Regulatory Framework
3.1 understand the scope, core functions and powers of the Securities and
Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) as conferred in SECP Act, 1997
Introduction to SECP
The Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) was set up in pursuance of
the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Act, 1997 (SECP Act). The Act
provides for the constitution, structure, powers and functions of the SECP and
simultaneously lays down the basis for its administrative authority and independence in
carrying out its regulatory and statutory responsibilities.
The SECP is the successor organisation of Corporate Law Authority; became operational
in its present shape in January 1999 and was initially concerned with the regulation of
the Corporate Sector and Capital Markets only. However, over time; its mandate has
expanded to include supervision and regulation of Insurance Companies, Non-Banking
Finance Companies, REITs and the Private Pension Schemes. The SECP is also entrusted
with the oversight of various external service providers to the corporate and financial
sectors, like Chartered Accountants, Cost and Management Accountants, Credit Rating
Agencies, Corporate Secretaries, Stock and Commodity Brokers and Insurance Surveyors
etc. SECP as the regulator and promoter of the Capital Markets is also one of the
sponsors of the Institute of Capital Markets and Pakistan Institute of Corporate
Governance.
Powers and functions of SECP (Commission) can be broadly categorized under:
1. Functional responsibility (powers)

2. Approval according body
3. Power to call for information
4. Enforcement and investigative powers
For further details regarding the Powers and Functions of SECP, candidates are advised
to refer to the Section 20 – 22 (Chapter VI – Powers and Functions) of SECP Act 1997.
3.2 understand The NBFC and Notified Entities Regulations 2008 particularly:
 Section 2: Definitions
 Section 37: Terms and conditions to undertake asset management
services
 Section 38: Obligations of the Asset Management Company
 Section 44: Registration of Open End Scheme or Closed End Scheme
 Section 47: Conditions applicable to Investment Company
 Section 48: Appointment of Asset Management Company
 Section 49: Custody of assets
 Section 50: Conditions applicable to custodian
 Section 51: Maintenance of books of accounts and other records
 Section 52: Periodical reports to shareholders, etcetera
 Section 55: Investment policy and diversification
 Section 57: Pricing, issue and redemption of units
 Section 59: Transactions with connected person and employees
 Section 65: Conversion or cancellation or winding-up of Closed End Fund
 Section 66: Calculation of net assets
 Section 67: Managing discretionary and non-discretionary client portfolio
In order to understand the above mentioned sections, candidates are advised to refer to
NBFC and Notified Entities Regulation 2008.
3.3 understand the NBFC Rules 2003
NBFC RULES, 2003

The Non-Banking Finance Companies (Establishment and Regulation) Rules, 2003
provide detailed requirements for establishment of Non-Banking Finance Companies
and lays down the rules that govern their operations. The Rules establish the eligibility
criteria and conditions for grant of permission/license and operations of the NBFCs. The
Rules also prescribe the forms, schedules and other procedural requirements applicable
to NBFCs.
The NBFC Rules, 2003 carry a host of "do's" and "don'ts" which have to be fully complied
with for every action taken for fund management by the Investment Advisor and/ or
Asset Management Company. The Rules also lay down the penalties for non-
compliance.
3.5 understand the Voluntary Pension System Rules, 2005
The Voluntary Pension System has been dealt in detail under Element 6 of this study
guide.
3.6 understand the Real Estate Investment Trust Regulations 2008
REIT
A Real Estate Investment Trust is a real estate based Collective Investment Scheme
launched by the Real Estate Management Company and registered under the Real
Estate Investment Trust Regulations 2008. REITS include both the i) Developmental REIT
Scheme and; ii) Rental RIET Scheme.
REITs are traded on major exchanges just like stocks and are also granted special tax
considerations on the analogy of the Mutual Funds. REITs offer the investors several
benefits over actually owning real estate properties. First, they are highly liquid, unlike
traditional real estate. Second, REITs enable sharing in non-residential properties as
well, such as hotels, shopping malls, and other commercial or industrial properties.
Third, there is a very low minimum investment requirement with REITs and unit of REITS
can be bought for as little as Rs.5,000. REITs also do not necessarily increase and
decrease in value in parallel with the broader equities market as the sentiments about
the performance of the real estate and the stocks may not be the same at any one
point in time. REITS also pay yields in the form of dividends and are valued based upon
fundamental measures, similar to the valuation of stocks, but the base numbers tend to
be different for REITs than are used for the valuation the stocks. Presence of REITs in
any investment portfolio suggests a fair amount of diversification in the portfolio.
The REITS are new to Pakistan, No REIT have as yet been floated but two companies
have been awarded the permission by the SECP to float REITS and one of these
companies is reportedly in fairly advanced stage of launching it.
(For details, candidates may consult the Real Estate Investment Trust Regulations, 2008
available on websites of SECP and ICM)
50
3.7 understand and interpret the SECP Directives to Fund Management Companies
on Conduct of Business, Investor Warnings, etc.
The SECP under Section 282.B. (3) of the Companies Ordinance 1984 has broad powers
and the Commission is empowered to issue ‘directives, circulars, codes, notifications
and Guidelines for the regulation of NBFCs, notified entities and their businesses and
activities’.
SECP as matter of routine, in exercise of its responsibilities and discharging of its

functions issues, instructions to its regulated entities like Asset Management Companies
that are called ‘Circulars’ or ‘Directives” etc. These ‘Circulars/Directives...etc.’ issued by
the SECP have the force of law as these are issued under enabling provisions of the
primary law.
The circulars and directives etc. are issued by SECP can be found on the website of the
SECP (www.secp.gov.pk)
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ELEMENT 4
Fund Features and Mechanics
4.1 understand the structure and importance of Regulatory Documents including
 Prospectus/Offering Documents
 Trust Deed
PROSPECTUS/ OFFERING DOCUMENTS
A standard offering document of a Fund is a fairly comprehensive document and

contains almost all the relevant information that may be of relevance to the investor.
Some of the details covered by the documents are; i) Regulatory Approvals and; ii)
Constitution of the Scheme. The Constitution of the Scheme includes; i) objectives and
investment Policy; ii) Trust Deed; iii) nature of the Fund (whether Open End Fund or
not); iv) Size of initial offer and information about transactions of the units after initial
period.
The other component of the document contains details of; i) Investment Objectives,
policies and Restrictions if any along with the possible risks involved in the investments.
This is followed by the portion which contains the details of the Operators and Principals
of the Fund the Management Company (Asset Management Company), financial
highlights, experience of Directors and Principal Shareholder of the AMC. This also
contains full details of the Trustees, External Auditors, Registrar and the Legal Adviser.
Then there is information about the type of Units and Minimum investments, Opening
and Closing of Initial Offering Period. The information about the determination of NAV,
Offer Price, procedures of purchase and redemption of the units that is followed by
information about distribution Policy of income and liquidation proceeds. There is a
separate section dedicated to the disclosure of the Fees and Charges that includes; i)
Management Company Remuneration; ii) Trustee Fee; iii) Formation Cost; iv) Allocation
of Front End/Back End Load Fee and v) Charges of the Fund. There is also the
information about Taxation, Accounts and lastly there is General information including
warnings.
52
TRUST DEED
The trust deed specifies the responsibilities of the trustees and the Investment Advisor/
Asset Management Company which need to be strictly adhered to by each concerned
party. Emphasis is laid on good governance and ethical behaviour by all stakeholders in
the mutual fund business. In order to gain acceptability with the investing public, it is
imperative that the affairs of the funds are conducted in a most transparent manner,
with dissemination of the maximum amount of information to the investors. Trust deed
also spells out the objective and Investment policy, valuation of assets, pricing, fee and
charges and details of dealings of the funds.
4.2 know Investor Services and requirements including:
 Account Statements
 Electronic Issuance and Certificates
 Minimum Balance Requirements
 Fund Expenses
 Transaction Costs
 Sales and Purchase of Units/ Offer and Redemption
 Register and Registration of Unit Holders/ Investors
ACCOUNT STATEMENT
The Registrar sends, directly to each unit holder, a non-transferable statement of
account, each time there is a transaction in the account, i.e. each time units are
subscribed, redeemed, transferred to third person, transferred from a third person,
consolidated/split, additional units issued against bonus issue or reinvestment of
dividend. A statement of account is posted to the investor after each relevant
transaction.
ELECTRONIC ISSUANCE AND CERTIFICATES

When an application, duly filled in is delivered to the authorized branch along with the
payment in the prescribed form to a fund distribution company, units applied for are
allotted (issued) to the investor as per policy of the Fund. In most cases the effective
date is the date of realization of the funds in the mutual funds accounts.
Certificates are issued only if requested by the unit holders. However, no certificate is
issued under certain administrative arrangements that exclude issuance of certificates.
53
MINIMUM BALANCE REQUIREMENTS

Most mutual fund accounts come with minimum balance requirements. This is usually
the minimum amount necessary to earn profit, qualify for services, or extend waiver.
Accounts that fall below the minimum balance requirements may be subject to special
service charges if the average balance remains below the prescribed threshold.
FUND EXPENSES
Mutual Fund Fees and expenses are charges that may be incurred by investors who hold
mutual fund units. Running a mutual fund involves costs that include share/unit holders
transaction costs, investment, advisory fees and similar other expense. Before a new
Mutual Fund starts its operations, it needs to procure Seed Capital of Rs.100 million, in
which Rs.50 million can be withdrawn immediately after the IPO and then there is a
holding period requirement of 2 years for the remaining Rs.50 million. The Subscribers
are issued the Fund’s Units at Face Value for this invested amount, with the condition
that they may not sell the same for at least 2 years. Such Subscribers are usually banks,
companies; high net worth individuals, etc., their units cannot be redeemed for 2 years.
These initial subscribers undertake the investments because they have confidence in the
competence and integrity of the Fund Manager and anticipate good returns on their
investment.
All expenses, incurred in connection with managing of the Fund, (e.g. salaries,
perquisites, rents, printing, advertising, etc.) are borne by the Asset Management
Company (AMC). The main expenses payable by the Fund to the AMC are:
 Management Fee to the AMC is allowed at a maximum of 3% for first five years
and there after a maximum of 2% is allowed.
 Trustee Fee to the Trustee (Usually 0.5%)
 Audit Fee to the Auditors
 Brokerage to the Brokers (Variable)
 Formation cost including legal fee
 Rating fee
 Legal fee
 Printing of Accounts
Funds pass these costs to investors in a number of ways.
Front End Load:

Front Load funds are mutual funds that have sales charges. When an investor purchases
units of a mutual fund the investor pays a fee for the sale (transaction) of the units. A
front load fund is where the broker receives all his commission when the first funds are
received from the investor. The investors pay the brokers entire commission before any
of his funds go toward the purchase of the units.
54
These are the simplest type of load: paying the fee when purchasing the fund. If an
investor invests Rs. 1,000 in a mutual fund with a 5% front-end load, Rs.50 will be paid
for the sales charge, and Rs.950 will be invested in the fund.
Front-end Load is thus the difference between the Offer Price and the Net Asset Value
(NAV), the Offer Price, being higher than the NAV and is usually the Front-end Load is
expressed as a percentage of the Offer Price. Therefore, if the Front-end Load is 2.5%, it
means that it is 2.5% of the Offer Price.
Example:
Suppose the Net Asset Value (NAV) is Rs.60/-- per unit and the Front-end
Load is 2.5%.
What is the Offer Price?
Offer Price = NAV (1+ Front end load rate)

Since the Front-end Load is 2.5% of the Offer Price, therefore:
Offer Price = 60 (1+2.5%)

= 61.5
Hence, Offer Price is Rs.61.5 and Front-end Load is Rs.1.5 (2.5% of Offer
Price).
While some AMCs calculate the offer price with the formula as under:
Offer Price = NAV / (100-FEL)*100
The Front-end Load, charges are normally used by the AMC to pay commissions to Sales
Agents for finding investors for the Fund. Such Agents can be Banks, Securities/
Distribution Companies or individuals.
Backend Load:
Backend load is also known as Deferred Sales Charge, this is a fee paid when shares are
sold. This fee typically goes to the agent who sells the fund’s units. The amount of this
type of load can be straight forward like front end load or may depend on how long the
investor holds his or her units and typically decreases to zero if the investor holds
his/her shares for long enough a period.
This reducing backend load is a bit more complicated. In such a fund investor pays the
back-end load if they are selling the units of the fund within a certain time frame. A
typical example is a 6% back-end load that decreases to 0% in the seventh year. The
load is 6% if units are sold by the investor in the first year of purchase, 5% in the second
55
year and so on. If investors don't sell the mutual fund until the seventh year, then
he/she doesn’t have to pay the back-end load at all.
This is a percentage deducted from the Net Asset Value (NAV) when redeeming Units.
Example:
Suppose the total investment amount in a fund is Rs.10,000 while there
was no front-end load paid at the time of purchase of fund. The fund
generates a total return over one year of 8% while the back-end load is
applied as 2%.
The value of back-end load will be calculated as:
Back-end load = NAV * Back-end load rate
Whereas NAV = investment (1 +return rate)

NAV of Fund = 10,000 (1+0 .08)
= 10,800
So
Back-end load = 10,800 *0.02
Back-end load = Rs.216
No-load Fund: (Zero-Load)

As the name implies, this means that the fund does not charge any type of sales load.
But, as outlined above, not every type of unit-holder fee is a “sales load”. A no-load fund
may charge fees that are not sales loads, such as purchase fees, redemption fees, and
account fees.
No-load funds do not charge an upfront fee for the sale transaction. In a no-load fund
the broker receives his commission from managers of the Fund. Total funds of investor
go towards purchase of shares/units subject to adjustment of any other charges, if any.
In order to cover their expenses mutual funds charge some fees to the investors and
these fees are only a few percentage points a year.
Some fees that are charged are:

 Redemption fees: A mutual fund may charge fees when the investor sells
units back to the mutual fund. The redemption fee is paid to the fund and
normally covers the costs incurred by the fund on shareholders redemption.
 Contingent deferred sales charge: A mutual fund may charge sales charges
that are reduced at certain time intervals.
For example, the fund may charge 6% of the sale prices the first year
after the shares are bought. Each year thereafter the fee would be
reduced by 1% until no fee would be charged. This is an incentive for
investors to leave their money in the fund.
56
 Management fees: Mutual funds charge fees to cover their expenses that
include miscellaneous expenses like advertising, etc.
 Transfer Exchange fee: A fee is charged by some fund managers each time
the investor transfers money within the same company’s fund or family of
funds.
After paying operating costs and retentions by the AMC, the earnings of the mutual
fund are distributed to the investors in proportion to the number of units held. To
qualify for exemptions from tax, AMC’s are required to distribute at least 90% of its net
income to the unit holders. An investor may choose to receive dividends, or he may
reinvest these into the fund. Many funds automatically reinvest dividends with the
investor authorization.
The mutual fund management company (AMC) must send to the investors an
information statement so that the investors can submit their tax returns and claim
adjustments/credit.
TRANSACTION COSTS
Costs are one of the major concerns with mutual funds. These costs are incurred in
trading of funds’ assets. The on-going expense of a mutual fund is represented by the
expense ratio. This is sometimes also referred to as the management expense ratio
(MER). The expense ratio is composed of the following:
 The cost of hiring the fund manager(s) - Also known as the management fee, that
is allowed at maximum of 3% for first five years and there after a maximum of
2% is allowed on an average.
 Administrative costs - These include necessities such as postage, record keeping,
customer service, etc.
On the whole, expense ratios range from as low as 0.2% (usually for index funds) to as
high as 3%. The average equity mutual fund normally charges around maximum of 3%
for first five years of purchase of units by the investors and there after it charges a
maximum of 2%.
Loads are just fees that a fund uses to compensate brokers or other salespeople for
selling the mutual fund and have already been explained under ”Fund Expenses”.
SALE/PURCHASE OF UNITS
First there is an Eligibility Criteria for the purchase of units by the investor. The investors
are required to be:
 Citizens of Pakistan resident in Pakistan
57
 Application of minors, below the age of 18, years, is required to be made by their
Guardians
 Companies, corporate bodies, financial institutions, banks partners of firms,
societies, trusts, etc., incorporated in Pakistan as, long as their underlying
formation documents (memorandum and articles of associations bylaws trust
deed, etc.) permit them to make such investments
 Pakistani’s resident abroad, foreign national and companies incorporated

abroad, subject to rules and regulations of the State Banks of Pakistan and the
Government of Pakistan and such law that may apply at their place of residence
and citizenship.
o Payment of dividends and redemption proceeds to such investors is

subject to the relevant taxation and other applicable foreign exchange
regulations/ laws.
 Any person applying for issue of units of funds has also to warrant that he is duly
authorized to purchase such units.
Application Procedure: The designated procedure is designed for paper–based

transactions and fully completed application form, along with payment through a
crossed-cheque or pay order or demand draft, and required documents are to be
delivered at any of the authorized branches of the fund management company or the
fund distribution companies.
The required documents to be submitted depend on status of the applicant and are:
For Individuals
 Copy of Computerized National Identity Card (In case of Pakistan's citizens)
 Copy of Passport (In case of foreign citizen)
For Corporate, Societies and Trusts, etc.
 Memorandum and Articles of Association/charter/bylaws or rules of the

investing institution
 Resolution of board of directors/governors/trustee’s approving the investment

and the authorized signatories
 Computerized National Identity Card of the authorized signatories
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 Latest financial statement/accounts of the partnerships, trusts, society associate.
Joint Applications
 Joint applications can be made by a group of 2 to 4 related applicants, who are
deemed to hold the units on first-holder basis. Each holder must sign the
application form and submit a copy of his Computerized National Identity Card
(CNIC) or other relevant identification document.
Principal Account Holder
 The principal account holder receives all notices and correspondence in respect
of the account as well as the proceeds of any redemption or dividend payments.
The said holder’s receipt or payment into his designated bank account is
considered a valid discharge by the trustees of their obligations.
 In the event of the principal account holder’s death, the person first in the order
of survivors, as stated in the application form, takes the place of the deceased in
all respects.
 Where units are registered in the names of Joint-Holders and, subsequently,

additional units are purchased by the same Joint-Holders, but their names
appear in the application form in a different order, such additional units are
registered under a different account.
Other Requirements:
 For existing unit holders, either individuals or corporate, fresh submission of

documents are not required at the time of subsequent investment(s)
 Applicants are given a copy of the application form, duly stamped and signed by
an authorized officer of the distributor/ agent, acknowledging receipt thereof
along with its attachments
 Cash up to a maximum of Rs.50,000 can be deposited, through a specially

designed pay-in slip in a bank account maintained with banks designated by the
AMC
 A receipt copy of the pay-in slip is also to be provided as evidence of deposit

 Acknowledgement for applications and payment instruments other than cash
are only issued by the relevant distributor
 The distribution company normally reject the application(s) in case of any

incorrect information or discrepancy which the applicant fails to rectify
59
 If subsequent to the receipt of the applications by the distributor, but prior to

issue of the units, the application is found, by the distributor or the registrar to
be incomplete or incorrect in any material manner, the registrar or the
distributor advises the applicant, in writing, to remove the discrepancy.
Meanwhile, the application is held in abeyance for 15 days and, in case the
discrepancy is not removed in the specified time; the amount received is
refunded without any interest or mark-up. However, if a material discrepancy is
discovered after the issuance of units, the registrar or distributor advises the
applicant, in writing, to remove the discrepancy within 15 days. If the investor
does not do so, in the opinion of the registrar, without good cause, the units are
to be redeemed at the redemption price applicable on the date the units are so
redeemed and the applicant unit holder is not entitled to any other payment in
this regard.
Payment Proceedings:
 Payment for the purchase of units can be made either by bank transfer, demand
draft (outside city), pay order or crossed cheque “Account Payee Only” which is
drawn on a bank in the same city as the authorized branch of the distribution
company to which the application form has been submitted.
 Payment for units in cash is not accepted by the AMCs. However, the AMC do
notify details of an account in the trustee's name in which funds are deposited
through a specially-designed pay-in slip.
DIVIDENDS
DECLARATION OF DIVIDEND
The AMC decides, not later than 45 days after the end of the accounting period,
whether to distribute the profits, if any, available for distribution, in the form of
cash dividends or bonus units to the units holders.
REINVESTMENT OF DIVIDENDS
Dividends (net of tax, if any) are automatically reinvested (where instructed so)
in additional units. The offer price of such units is the NAV as at the close of the
period for which the dividend is being distributed, as certified by the auditors,
after appropriation of the income of that year.
If unit holders instruct the AMC, in writing not to reinvest their future dividends,
in which case their future dividends (net of tax, if any) are transferred to their
designated bank accounts.
ENCASHMENT OF BONUS UNITS
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In the event dividend is declared in the form of bonus units, such units are added
to the holding of the unit holders. Unit holders can instruct the AMC, in writing
to pay them the cash value of bonus units issued in future, in which case their
future bonus units can be enchased.
PAYMENT OF DIVIDEND
All payments for dividend are made by the registrar, by transfer of funds to the
unit holder’s (or principal account holder’s or pledge/ charge / lien-holder’s )
designated bank account, usually within 30 working days of the declaration of
the dividend.
DISPATCH OF DIVIDEND WARRANT

Dividend warrant is dispatched to the unit holder’s for (or first- named joint –
holder’s or pledge / charge / lien – holder’s) registered address within 30 days of
the declaration of dividend.
REGISTER OF UNIT HOLDERS

A register of unit holders is maintained by the registrar. Every unit holder has a separate
account identification number. This specific account number is used for recording the
units held by the unit holder in various schemes, the specific instructions that the unit
holder has given with respects to his account and also reflects all the transactions made
in that account.
The register of the unit holders maintained by the registrar normally contains the
following information:
Unit holder’s name, address, CNIC number, Father’s/husband’s name; unit holders’
occupation and bank account details of a single unit holder. In case of joint account
additional information like the name of principal account holder; names and CNIC
numbers of the remaining joint-holders along with Instructions about reinvestment or
payment of dividend or encashment of bonus units; about operations of the account
(whether singly or jointly, etc. ) are also registered. The register also has information
about pledge of units, about nominees; in case of death of the unit holder about pledge
of units about nominees in case of death of the unit holder, about changes in previously
given particulars, information or instructions.
The AMC closes the register by giving at least 30 days’ notice to the unit holders in case
of listed funds, whereas, in case of non-listed funds only seven days advance notice is
required. However, such closure must not exceed six (6) days at a time and collectively
45 days in the entire calendar year. During the closure periods, purchase redemption
and transfer applications are not entertained.
61
4.3 know the requirements for delisting from the stock exchanges
For details candidates are advised to refer Listing Regulations Section 30 and 31 of
Karachi Stock Exchange (updated September 2009)
4.4 understand the factors leading to funds being suspended or placed on the
Defaulters’ Counter.
For details candidates are advised to refer Listing Regulations Section 30 and 31 of
Karachi Stock Exchange (updated September 2009)
4.5 understand the investment planning and various funds asset allocation
strategy
The table below gives at a glance a general picture of matching of the investment
objectives with capacity to take risk and suitability of the fund type along with its asset
allocations to match these:
62
If the Suitable Fund These Funds Invest Potential Capital Potential Potential
Investment Type: Primarily In: Appreciation: Current Risk:
Objective Is: Income:
Aggressive Common stocks with
Maximum Capital Growth potential for very rapid High to
Very High Very Low
Growth growth. May employ certain Very High
International aggressive strategies
Growth
High Capital Specialty/ Common stocks with long-

High to Very High Very Low High
Growth Sector term growth potential
International
Common stocks with
Current Income Growth & Moderate
potential for high dividends Moderate Moderate
& Capital Growth Income to High
and capital appreciation
Fixed Income
High Current Both high-dividend- High to Very Low to
Very Low
Income paying stocks and bonds High Moderate
Equity Income
Current Income
General Money Moderate to
& Protection of Money market instruments None Very Low
Market Funds High
Principal
Tax-Free Income
Tax-Exempt Short-term municipal notes Moderate to
& Protection of None Low
Money Market and bonds High
Principal
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ELEMENT 5
Fund Accounting and Performance Measure
5.1 understand and be able to calculate the Net Asset Value (NAV) of the Fund and
units
NET ASSET VALUE (NAV)

The Net Asset Value or NAV is the value of a fund's investments. For a mutual fund, the
net asset value per unit usually represents the fund's offer, subject to a possible sales or
redemption charge. For a closed end fund, the market price may vary significantly from
the net asset value. Units of an open end Mutual Fund are sold to the public at the NAV
adjusted for offer/redemption price. How well the fund is performing is reflected in the
rising or declining NAV.
Open-ended fund units are issued and can typically be purchased or redeemed as
needed at the offer or repurchase price per unit whereas units of the closed-end funds
are listed on the stock exchanges and are freely traded as shares of any other listed
company and their market price is not linked to their NAV but is determined by normal
demand and supply mechanism.
The Net Asset Value (NAV) of a fund is computed by deducting the total liabilities of the
Fund from the total assets, and dividing the result by the total number of outstanding
units.
NAV = Total Assets - Total Liabilities
Units Outstanding
5.2 know the Zakat applicability, exemption and should be able to calculate
Zakat on Units/ investment
Except for the unit holders exempted from payment of Zakat in accordance with the
provisions of the Zakat and Usher Ordinance 1980, units held by a Muslim resident
Pakistani unit holder who is also sahib-i-Nisab are subject to the deduction of Zakat @
2.5% of the face value or NAV, whichever is less, as on the Zakat valuation date.
64
Unit holders can also pay Zakat on their holdings in a mutual fund themselves. All they
have to do is provide the AMC with ‘Non-Declaration of Zakat Form’ one month prior to
the beginning of the holy month of Ramadan.
The due Zakat amount is collected by deducting it from the first pay-out (redemption or
cash dividend) after the aforementioned Zakat valuation date.
5.3 understand the Fund Redemption and Transfer procedure including:
 Payment of redemption proceeds

 Partial redemption
 Partial transfer
 Verification of redemption form
REDEMPTION OF UNITS
Application procedures for redemption of the Units as defined under the Law are
designed for paper based transactions and not for electronic transmission. The
procedure provides that:
 A unit holder redeems units by lodging a request, on the prescribed form

(redemption form), with an authorized branch of a distribution company.
 In case certificates have been issued to represent the units, they (the
certificates) are also lodged with the request and acknowledgement on the
investor’s copy of the redemption form is taken by the unit holder.
 Redemption forms are obtained from an authorized branch of a distribution

company or a facilitator or the AMC, through post or electronic mail.
 The units are redeemed based on the repurchase (redemption) price that is fixed
on the basis of NAV determined on the day of receipt of the duly completed
redemption form, along with certificates, where applicable.
 The payment of the redemption value is made by AMC through transfer to the
unit holder’s account (principal account holder, if units are jointly held) in the
designated bank account or through a crossed cheque or pay order, within 6
working days of the receipt of the request.
65
 In case of joint account ownership, unless otherwise specified, all the joint
holders have to sign the redemption form.
 Partial redemption of units covered by a single certificate is not permitted. In

such a case the certificate should be submitted for splitting, prior to request for
Redemption.
 The registrar verifies the holding and the signature of the unit holder.
TRANSFER OF UNITS
- A unit holder can transfer units held by him, by completing the prescribed
‘transfer application form’. The form is required to be signed by the transferor
submitted to an authorized branch of a distribution company along with the
relevant certificate, on any working day during banking hours and also paying
any applicable charges;
- A person on becoming entitled to hold units as a consequence of the death,

insolvency, or winding-up of a sole holder, or the survivor of a joint holder , can
be registered as the holder or joint holder upon submitting evidence proving his
entitlement to the units, in addition to completing the foregoing requirements.
However, in case of transmission the processing fee is not payable by the
successors or beneficiaries of the deceased’ estate. Such fee is paid by the AMC
to the registrar. The registrar verifies the holding and the signature of the unit
holder.
Partial Transfer
- Partial transfer of units covered by a single certificate is not permitted. In that

case the certificate should be submitted for splitting prior to request for
redemption.
5.4 understand the Fund Valuation and Taxation including:
 International Accounting Standards (IAS) applicability

 Various accounting treatments
 Taxation on Fund Units
 Taxation on Dividends and Bonus
 Tax Exemptions, Rebates and Allowances
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INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS (IAS) and INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL

REPORTING STANDARDS (IFRS)
Many of the standards forming part of IFRS are known by the older name of
International Accounting Standards (IAS). In April 2001 the International Accounting
Standards Board (IASB) adopted all IAS and continued their development, calling the
new standards International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
The IFRS is a framework and the foundation of accounting standards which states that
the objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial
position, performance and changes in the financial position of an entity that is useful to
a wide range of users in making economic decisions, and to provide the current financial
status of the entity to its shareholders and public in general.
SECP in consultation with concerned stakeholders and in terms of powers vested with
the Commission [section 234(5) of the Companies Ordinance 1984] defines which
International Accounting Standards have to be followed in preparation of accounts by
the companies.
VARIOUS ACCOUNTING TREATMENTS

Following are some of the common accounting treatments used for the mutual fund
accounting:
Available For Sale (AFS)

Available for Sale (AFS) assets represent securities and other financial investments held
for strategic or tactical business reasons (as opposed to speculative reasons). As such, it
is accorded special accounting treatment, under which the gains and losses resulting
from marking AFS investments to market (revaluing them to market price/ fair value
each period) are not included in net income (unlike the gains and losses associated with
"trading" investments) but in comprehensive income.
Held to Maturity (HTM)

These are debt securities that a firm has the ability and intent to hold until maturity.
Held to Maturity (HTM) does not take into account any changes in the market price.
Under normal circumstances open-end mutual funds do not ‘hold to maturity’ their
assets. These are reported at amortized cost; therefore, they are not affected by swings
in the financial markets.
Mark to Market
In accounting and finance, mark to market is the act of assigning a value to a position
held in a financial instrument based on the current market price for that instrument or
similar instruments.
For example, the final value of future contract that expires in nine months
will not be known until it expires. If it is marked to market for accounting
67
purposes, it is assigned the value that it would fetch in the open market
currently.
TAX ON MUTUAL FUNDS

Under current Pakistani income tax law, the income of all Mutual Funds is tax-exempt,
provided they distribute at least 90% of such income amongst the mutual fund unit-
holders by way of Cash Dividends or Bonus Certificates/ Units.
Under the current tax regime, capital gain tax is applicable from July 2010 on all gains
made on the sale of mutual funds units at the rate of 10% for a holding period of less
than 6 months and 7.5% on a holding period of 7 to 12 months, while, there will be no
CGT on a holding period of more than 12 months (The issue has been discussed in more
detail under Element 9 of this Study Guide).
TAX ON DIVIDENDS AND BONUSES

In case of cash dividend by a mutual fund from its income, other than capital gains, a
10% withholding tax is charged from the mutual fund investors.
Tax on dividends in the form of bonus units will be levied as per the new tax regime of
Capital Gain Tax applicable with effect from 1st July 2010.
TAX EXEMPTIONS, REBATES AND ALLOWANCES

Current tax law allow two different kinds of tax credits; first is available under Section 62
of I.T. Ordinance for investment on listed open end funds and investment plans. As per
tax laws, the investor needs to hold such investments for a period of twelve (12)
months. If the investment is held for a period of less than 12 months, tax credit availed
needs to be refunded. The other benefits can be availed through contributions made
towards Pension Funds (Voluntary Pension Scheme).
Tax Credit available for investments in Open-end Mutual Fund (Section 62):
The Tax Credit can be calculated using following steps:
Step 1: Determine the maximum amount on which tax credit can be claimed.
This amount has to be lesser of the following three:
a) the total cost of acquiring the units;
b) ten percent (10%) of the person’s taxable income for the year; or
c) Rupees three hundred thousand (PKR 300000/-).
Step 2: The formula applied to calculate the average tax rate:
Amount of tax payable without Tax Credit*

Taxable Income
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Step 3: Tax Credit is calculated as:
Tax credit = Average Tax Rate (%) × Maximum Amount for Tax Credit
The following illustrations has been developed for different income levels, these
examples demonstrate the tax benefit that can be availed per annum and the maximum
investment amount that is required by different income groups in achieving the
maximum permissible tax benefit through investments in the Mutual Funds.
Scenario – I
Gross Rs. 50,000 per month (All figures are in Rs.)

Income Exempt Income Taxable Income
Basic 363,636 Nil 363,636

House Rent Allowance (45% of basic) 163,363 Nil 163,636
Utility (10%of basic) 36,364 Nil 36,364
Medical Reimbursement (Exemption of up to 10% of basic salary) 36,364 36,364 -
36,364 563,636
Total Annual Income 599,999
Tax Payable on Rs. 563636 @4.5% Rs. 25,363/-

Investment required for maximum tax credit Rs. 56,363/-
Maximum Tax Credit per annum (56,363×4.5%) Rs. 2,536
Scenario – II
Gross Rs. 125000 per month (All figures are in Rs.)
Income Exempt Income Taxable Income
Basic 909,090 Nil 909,090

House Rent Allowance (45% of basic) 409,091 Nil 409,091
Utility (10%of basic) 90,909 Nil 90,909
Medical Reimbursement (Exemption of up to 10% of basic salary) 90,909 90,909 --
90,909 1,409,090
Total Annual Income 1,499,999
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Tax Payable on Rs. 1409090 @12.50% 176136

Investment required for maximum tax credit Rs. 140,910/-
Maximum Tax Credit per annum (56363×4.5%) Rs. 17,614
5.5 know the Mutual Fund ratings, Fund Manager ratings and benchmarks
PERFORMANCE AND RATINGS: Introduction

Performance is the most recognizable component of mutual fund ratings. This
component is easy to follow and does not require in-depth knowledge of the market.
However, "chasing performance" has led many investors into what is known as the
"performance trap".
This is when money flows heavily into a fund that was highly rated in the previous year.
That same fund may not be able to match previous year’s impressive performance in
the following period or/future. Ratings firms using their expertise and under the
guidelines provided by the regulator evaluate a fund's performance both on a relative as
well as on absolute basis. One of the biggest problems with mutual fund ratings is that
during a long-term bull market, investors and those who rate funds can easily become
complacent.
Mutual funds are evaluated on many levels that go much beyond just performance. The
factors of evaluation include peer group comparisons, sector weightings, quality of
management, professionalism and even cash holdings. Though not infallible, ratings
system does provide investors with relative guidance and directions.
Mutual Fund Ranking

The increasing number of asset managers as well as funds had created the need for an
independent opinion on their performance. There are presently two credit rating
companies operating in Pakistan; i) The Pakistan Credit Rating Agency (PACRA) and; ii)
JCR-VIS Credit Rating Ltd. The credit rating companies undertake the rating of two
distinct ingredients of the mutual fund industry – i) Asset managers and, ii) the Funds;
these two are rated on separate scales.
70
The asset manager rating seeks to determine the professional capacity of asset
managers, while the rankings/ratings of mutual funds aim to highlight relative
positioning of a particular fund with reference to certain identified parameters.
The mutual fund performance ranking (commonly referred to as "Star Ranking"),

focuses on relative actual recorded performance of a mutual fund. The ranking
methodology is designed by both the credit rating companies in a manner that the star
ranking of a fund conveys a sense of how skilfully the fund has been managed; that is,
the relative star rankings of any two funds in a category should be affected more by
managerial skills than by market circumstances or events that lie beyond the fund
managers’ control.
The star rankings to funds are assigned identically by the two credit rating companies
within the five 5 categories and are as described below:
Fund Manager Rating

Asset Manager Ratings are announced through press releases and followed by entity
reports published on the agency’s websites, www.pacra.com and www.jcrvis.com.pk
Rating, Scale and Definitions

JCR-VIS and PACRA issue AM ratings to provide investors with an independent
assessment of an asset manager’s capabilities, these are;
71
AM1 Asset manager meets or exceeds the overall investment

management industry best practices and highest benchmarks in all
criteria under review.
AM2 Asset manager meets very high investment management industry
standards and benchmarks with noted strengths in several of the
rating factors.
AM3 Asset manager meets high investment management industry
standards and benchmarks.
AM4 Asset manager demonstrates an adequate organization that
meets investment management industry standards and
benchmarks.
AM5 Asset manager does not meet the minimum investment
management industry standards and benchmarks.
Note: The ratings are on a scale of ‘AM1' to ‘AM5', with ‘AM1' being the
highest. “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status
within major rating categories bar the ‘AM1' and ‘AM5' rating categories.
For more details the two credit rating agencies can be consulted at their websites
www.pacra.com and www.jcrvis.com.pk
5.6 understand the Fund performance measurement methods and tools including:
 Alpha and Beta

 Sharpe and Sortino Ratio
 STDV
ALPHA
Alpha is a measure of selection risk (also known as residual risk) of a mutual fund in
relation to the market. A positive alpha is the extra return awarded to the investor for
taking a risk, instead of accepting the market return. For example, an alpha of 0.4 means
the fund outperformed the market-based return estimate by 0.4%. While an alpha of -
0.6 means a fund's return was 0.6% less than would have been predicted from the
change in the market alone. It is thus a measure of performance on a risk-adjusted
basis. Alpha takes the volatility (price risk) of a mutual fund and compares its risk-
adjusted performance to a benchmark index. The excess return of the fund relative to
the return of the benchmark index is a fund's alpha.
72
BETA
The beta coefficient, in terms of finance and investing, describes how the expected
return of a stock or portfolio is correlated to the return of the financial market as a
whole.
An asset with a beta of 0 means that its price is not at all correlated with the market;
that asset is independent. A positive beta means that the asset generally follows the
market. A negative beta shows that the asset inversely follows the market; the asset
generally decreases in value if the market goes up and vice versa (as is normally
common with precious metals).
Correlations at times are evident between companies within the same industry, or even
within the same asset class (such as equities). This correlated risk, measured by Beta,
creates almost equal risk in a diversified portfolio. The beta coefficient is a key
parameter in the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). It measures the part of the asset's
statistical variance that cannot be mitigated by the diversification provided by the
portfolio of many risky assets, because it is correlated with the return of the other
assets that are in the portfolio. Beta can be estimated for individual companies using
regression analysis against a stock market index.
SHARPE RATIO
The Sharpe Ratio is a reward-risk ratio. It measures the extent to which the return of an
investment (above the risk-free return) exceeds its volatility. The higher the ratio, the
more reward an investment provides for the risk incurred.
The Sharpe ratio tells us whether a portfolio's returns are due to smart investment
decisions or a result of excess risk. This measurement is very useful because although
one portfolio or fund can reap higher returns than its peers, it is only a good investment
if those higher returns do not come with too much additional risk. The greater a
portfolio's Sharpe ratio, the better its risk-adjusted performance has been. A negative
Sharpe ratio indicates that a risk-less asset would perform better than the security being
analysed. The formula is:
Sharpe ratios, along with alpha, are often used to rank the performance of portfolio or
mutual fund managers.
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SORTINO RATIO
The Sortino ratio is similar to the Sharpe ratio, except it uses downside deviation for the
denominator instead of standard deviation, the use of which doesn't discriminate
between up and down volatility
The ratio is calculated as:
Where R is the asset or portfolio realized return; T is the target or required rate of
return for the investment strategy under consideration, (T was originally known as the
minimum acceptable return or MAR); DR is the downside risk.
STANDARD DEVIATION
To investors risk usually is the probability of loss. Standard deviation is a measure often
used by professionals to measure an investments variability of returns, that is, its
volatility in relation to its average return. It is simply a measure of volatility and as a
measure of the probability of loss is of limited use. However, its usefulness is increased
if one pairs it with returns, as in the Sharpe Ratio or Van Ratio.
It also describes the dispersion of a population, a data set, or a normal probability

distribution. A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be very
close to the same value (the mean), while high standard deviation indicates that the
data are “spread out” over a large range of values.
Consider a population consisting of the following values
There are eight data points in total, with a mean (or average) value of 5:
To calculate the standard deviation, we compute the difference of each data point from
the mean, and square the result:
74
Next we average these values and take the square root, which gives the standard
deviation:
Therefore, the population above has a standard deviation of 2.

Note that we are assuming that we are dealing with a complete population. If our 8
values are obtained by random sampling from some parent population, we might prefer
to compute the sample standard deviation using a denominator of 7 instead of 8.
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ELEMENT 6
Retirement Planning and Pension Funds
6.1 know the purpose, benefits and Financial protection provided by Pension Funds
6.2 know the type and categories of Life assurance products available through Mutual
Funds
6.3 know the Income protection policies attached with Pension Funds,
6.4 understand and be able to calculate the Tax treatment of pensions,
6.5 know Legislations and taxation benefits on Pension Funds
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.1.1 Voluntary Pension System (VPS)
The need to introduce Voluntary Pension System

The current social security laws in Pakistan do not require employers to offer mandatory
pensions to their employees; therefore, VPS is an obvious reasonable recourse. It is
meant for those who are:
 Self-employed;
 Employed on contract basis with Government or private sector;
 Employed with private employers who do not offer any pensions; and
 Any other individuals who want to arrange voluntarily for old age pensions.
 Any person who works in a pensionable job but feels the need for an additional
pension
The Voluntary Pension System (VPS) in Pakistan is a self-contributory pension savings

scheme open to all adult Pakistanis registered with the tax authorities or having a CNIC,
who are usually not covered by other occupational pension schemes. VPS can also be
used for a second or supplementary pension. Employers can also contribute in VPS.
There are no limits on the maximum annual contributions. Contributions are to be
invested in specially set up funds, with flexibility of individualised asset allocation
through individual accounts.
There are stringent requirements under the SECP regulations for licensing of pension
fund managers. The fee structure of the pension fund is kept much lower than those of
normal mutual funds. One of the unique features of a VPS is that the individual can
diversify savings (contributions) amongst more than one fund manager and can transfer
the account from one fund manager to other fund managers without any charge once
annually.
The system of tax reliefs on pension schemes is known as the Exempt-Exempt-Taxed

(EET) structure. In the EET structure, the tax rebate is on contributions, investment
income and gains are accumulated tax-free, while tax is paid at the stage when pension
is drawn.
Voluntary Pension System (VPS) is a comprehensive framework for the employed and
self-employed individuals under which:
 they voluntarily contribute to a Pension Fund during their working life to provide
regular income after retirement;
 thus, they seek to enable themselves to maintain a reasonable standard of living
after retirement
6.1.2 Pension Funds

Pension Fund is normally understood to mean a fund established by an employer to
facilitate and organize the investment of employees' retirement funds contributed by
the employer and employees. The pension fund is a common asset pool meant
to generate stable growth over the long term, and provide pensions for employees
when they reach the end of their designated working life (also known as
superannuation) and commence retirement. Pension funds are commonly run by some
sort of financial intermediary for the company and its employees, although some larger
corporations operate their pension funds in-house. Pension funds control relatively
large amounts of capital and represent the largest institutional investors in many
countries.
6.1.3 Relationship between Pension Funds and Voluntary Pension System

The Voluntary Pension System is the overall framework under which the Pension Funds
are launched and managed. The Participants to VPS subscribe to a Pension Fund and not
to the Voluntary Pension System.
6.2 TYPES
Structure of Voluntary Pension System

The SECP has mandated an Investment and Asset Allocation Policy for the Pension Funds
authorized under the Voluntary Pension System Rules, 2005.
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The Policy covers both, the Conventional and Shariah Compliant funds and provides
detailed guidelines (SECP Circular No. 36 of 2009) for investment and categorization of
sub-funds, which are;
i) Equity Funds
ii) Debt Market Funds
iii) Money Market Funds
The Allocation policy mandated by the SECP obliges fund managers to offer at least four
(4) allocation schemes, which are:
Allocation Scheme Debt Equity Money Market

Sub-Fund Sub-Fund Sub-Fund
High Volatility Min 20% Min 65% Nil
Medium Volatility Min 40% Min 35% Min 10%
Low Volatility Min 60% Min 10% Min 15%
Lower Volatility Min 40% Nil Min 40%
(Volatility here means the downwards or upwards change in Principal amount invested
owing to change in price of the securities in the portfolio of a sub-fund)
Two additional plans (like life-cycle) may be offered by a Fund Manager during first five
years. Each sub-fund is also required to announce NAV based prices daily and the
management fee should not exceed 1.5% p.a. Front-end load is usually 3% but no load
applies on transfers. Funds do not distribute dividends and are exempted from tax.
The following are the key features which structure the Voluntary Pension Scheme as
discussed above.
Pension
Fund
Money
Equity Debt
Market
Sub-Fund Sub-Fund
Sub-Fund
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Investment Limits & Restrictions

Some of the current investment limits that apply to Pension Funds are:
 Equity – Limits: 5% per listed company, 20% per sector, 1% per green-field and
5% total in green-field. None in unlisted or Pension Fund Manager’s associated
companies.
 Debt – Limits: at least 25% in debt securities issued by Federal Government and
up to 25% may be deposited with banks having not less than “AA+” rating with
stable outlook so that both these investments shall make up to a minimum of
50% of Net Assets of a Debt Sub-fund. Average duration of fund is within 10
years.
 Money-market – Limits: Government of Pakistan securities no limit; while for
others it is up to 20% (Minimum rating A); Bank deposits have a limit of 20% of
Net Assets of a Money Market Sub-fund. This limit also applies on exposure per
bank. Average duration of fund should not exceed six (6) months.
(For further details candidates are advised to refer the SECP Circular no. 36 of 2009 for
Investment and Allocation Policies for Pension Funds Authorized under the Voluntary
Pension System Rules, 2005)
6.2.1 Eligibility and Benefits
Eligibility to become a participant to a Pension Fund under VPS

To become a participant in a Pension Fund under VPS, easy eligibility criteria has been
set up which is:
 The participant needs to hold a valid National Tax Number (NTN) issued by
Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) and Computerized National Identity Card (CNIC)
issued by National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA)
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 If the Participant is an overseas Pakistani, he/ she needs to hold a valid National
Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis (NICOP) issued by NADRA
VPS framework: Pension Funds, Fund Managers and Trustees

The VPS Rules allow asset management companies and life insurance companies to
apply to SECP for registration as Pension Fund Managers. Pension Funds are authorised
by the SECP as a unit trust scheme structured under the Trust Act.
Transfer of balance from one Pension Fund Manager to another Pension Fund Manger
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Portability of Individual Pension Account if the Participant switches the job and
employer was also contributing
Benefits of subscribing to a Pension Fund under Voluntary Pension System

The following are some of the benefits a participant enjoys if he/she becomes a
Participant to a Pension Fund under the VPS:
 VPS rules and guidelines provide detailed guidance on various areas under VPS
 VPS is a Savings plus investment Vehicle
 For those in employment, VPS helps in maintaining life style after retirement
 Pension Funds are a good option for those not receiving any employment
pensions
 VPS has easy eligibility criteria
 Option to choose/ switch allocation policy and Pension Fund Manager
 The account stays with pension fund subscriber even if he/she changes job
 Expertise of Professional Fund Manager and Trustees
 Tax rebate on contributions of up to 20% of income or Rs. 500,000 per year.
 Eligible persons investing under VPS (Participants) have right to save with one or
more Pension Fund Manager (PFM).
 Right to transfer the account to some other manager/s once a year. (No
restriction if PFM is de-authorized).
 Choice to select a plan within the offerings of each PFM.
 Choice to select retirement age between 60 and 70 years.
 Cash out any time is possible before retirement by paying tax.
 Withdrawal is allowed up to 50% of fund at retirement tax-free.
 Option for an annuity plan or income draw down plan at retirement. At age 75
funds left over must be invested tax free in annuity plan or can be drawn down
on payment of applicable tax.
 Regular provision of account statements and financial statements.
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The Pension Funds provide an opportunity for self-employed to build their own pension
funds. It also serves as an opportunity for employees not covered by occupational
pensions to build their portable pension funds, while providing an occasion for
corporate sector to supplement or replace provident funds with matching contributions
to VPS for their employees. It also accommodates the Non-Resident Pakistani's (NRP) to
build pension funds in Pakistan. In most of the pension funds, the individuals can build
professionally managed portfolios, with optimal asset allocation.
6.3 FEES AND CHARGES AND TAX TREATMENT
The following fees and charges are levied on the balance in the participant’s individual
pension account:
 A front-end of up to 3% on contribution in Individual Pension Account
 A management fee of up to 1.5% of average balance in the individual pension
account
 Remuneration to trustee
There are also other expenses associated with formation and operations of the pension
funds which have to be met, like;
 Formation costs up to Rs. 750,000 or 0.5% of seed capital whichever is lower
 Brokerage and transaction costs
 Expenses incurred by trustee for registering property in his name
 Legal costs
 Bank charges on borrowings for meeting withdrawal requests
 Audit fee
 Annual fee of SECP
 Taxes (if any)
Death before attaining the retirement age

In case of death of the participant before reaching the retirement age the VPS Rules,
2005 provide the following guidance to nominees of deceased participant:
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 He/she can redeem the balance under provisions of Income Tax Ordinance, 2001
 He/she can transfer the balance to his Individual Pension account (existing or
new) with same or new Pension Fund Manager
 He/she can purchase an annuity from an insurance company if his/her age is 55
years of more
 If he/she is under 55 years of age, he/she can purchase a deferred annuity from
an insurance company to commence at the age of 55 years or later
Disability before attaining the retirement age

If a Participant suffers from a disability before attaining the planned retirement age, the
VPS Rules, 2005 provide the following guidance:
 A participant shall be considered to have reached the retirement age, subject to
production of an assessment certificate from a medical board approved under
VPS
 He/she shall then have the same options as available on achieving planned
retirement age
Option of withdrawal before retirement under Voluntary Pension System

A Participant may withdraw his/her accumulated balance or a part thereof, from his/her
individual pension account before attaining the retirement age, subject to payment of
tax under the provisions of Income Tax Ordinance, 2001
Options at retirement under the VPS

On attaining the retirement age, a Participant has the following options:
 He/she can withdraw 50% of the accumulated balance free of tax

 From the remaining balance, he/she can either:
o purchase an annuity from a life insurance company; or

o an Income Payment Plan from a Pension Fund Manager for up to the age
of 75 years
Insurance Coverage
There are two kinds of insurance covers being offered under VPS as an additional
security. These are:
 Free Insurance Cover

 Paid Insurance Cover
Separate Forum for handling complaints under VPS

For dispute resolution under VPS, The VPS Rules, 2005 require the dispute to be
referred to the Insurance Ombudsman. The figurative representation of dispute
settlement process is as below:
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6.4 GOVERNING LAWS
The VPS framework in Pakistan is governed by the following major laws and enabling
regulations/rules:
 Voluntary Pension System Rules, 2005

 Companies Ordinance, 1984
 Income Tax Ordinance, 2001
 NBFC Rules, 2003
The VPS Rules are set up under the framework of the NBFC Rules, which in turn are
issued under the Companies Ordinance, 1984. The VPS Rules allow for asset
management companies and life insurance companies to be licensed by the SECP as
Pension Fund Managers, while the Pension Fund itself is authorised by the SECP as a
unit trust scheme and structured under the Trust Act. The Income Tax Act provides the
tax breaks.
Guidelines about VPS are regularly issued by SECP. Those issued to date to provide
further clarity under VPS include:
 Fit and Proper Test for applicant Pension Fund Manager

 Investment and Allocation Policy for Pension Funds
 Guidelines for registration of Pension Fund Manager
 Guidelines for appointment of trustee to a Pension Fund
 Guidelines for authorization of Pension Fund
 Guidelines for preparation and presentation of annual and quarterly accounts
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ELEMENT 7
Islamic and Shariah Compliant Funds
7.1 know the structure, functioning and conditions of Shariah compliant Islamic
Mutual Funds
SHARIAH AND ISLAMIC MUTUAL FUNDS

There has internationally been a recent surge in demand for Shariah compliant
investment instruments including institutional funds. This has spurred the growth of the
Shariah compliant investment funds that invest in a wide range of sectors - real estate,
private equity, infrastructure (including power projects) and equities. Some of these
funds have been admitted to trading on the more established stock exchanges as well as
the emerging stock exchanges.
The term "Islamic Investment Fund" or "Islamic Mutual Funds" usually means a joint
pool wherein the investors contribute their surplus money for the purpose of its
investment to earn Halal profits in strict conformity with the precepts of Islamic Shariah.
The subscribers of the Fund normally receive a document certifying their subscription
and entitling them to the pro-rated profits actually accrued to the Fund. These
documents may be called "certificates", "units", "shares" or may be given any other
name, but their validity in terms of Shariah, will always be subject to two basic
characteristics:
 First, instead of a fixed return tied up with their face value, they must carry a
variable pro-rated profit actually earned by the Fund. Therefore, neither the
principal nor a rate of profit (tied up with the principal) can be guaranteed. The
subscribers must enter into the fund with a clear understanding that the return
on their subscription is tied up with the actual profit earned or loss suffered by
the Fund. If the Fund earns higher profits, the return in their subscription will
increase to that proportion; however, in case the Fund suffers loss, they will
have to share it also, unless the loss is caused by the negligence or
mismanagement, in which case the management, and not the Fund, will be liable
to compensate it.
 Second, the amounts so pooled together must be invested in a business
acceptable to Shariah. It means that not only the channels of investment, but
also the terms agreed with them must conform to the Islamic principles.
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STRUCTURE OF SHARIAH COMPLIANT ISLAMIC FUND

An investment fund can be structured based on the Mudaraba contract under which an
investor (rabb al-mal) provides capital to another person/body (akin to a fund manager -
mudarib), who uses his expertise to devise a suitable investment strategy. Any profits
generated by the joint enterprise are divided between the mudarib and the rabb al-mal
in accordance with a predetermined formula (management and performance fees are
permitted under the Mudaraba contract). If any financial losses occur, these will be
borne by the investor to a maximum of his capital investment. Conversely, the
mudarib’s losses are limited to that of his time and efforts if the venture is not
profitable. Certificates evidencing the rabb al-mal investment, such as shares in the
company constituting the investment fund can be issued in negotiable form similar to
conventional fund practices.
Many of the basic collective investment features applying to conventional investment

funds also apply to Shariah compliant funds, including, the technical structure of the
fund, and the role of the fund's service providers and the appointment of a board of
directors or trustees to take overall responsibility for the fund.
The Mudaraba contract provides sufficient flexibility to structure a fund with broad
investment criteria. However, there are certain overreaching principles of Shariah which
need to be factored into a fund's investment strategy:
A. Riba
Shariah prohibits usury (Riba), which may be defined as exploitation by the

owner of a product which another requires. The payment or receipt of
‘interest’ is usury and therefore investments in entities involved in lending
(or borrowing) are prohibited. This will preclude investment in certain key
sectors, such as conventional banking, even though the activity of banking is
not, in itself, contrary to Shariah. It was once thought that an absolute ban
on companies relying on debt finance was a Shariah compliant investment
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fund's only way of ensuring compliance with this tenet of Shariah. Shariah
has evolved and a blanket prohibition no longer applies. Modern Islamic
jurisprudence accepts a debt to equity ratio of 1:32. A fund offering a fixed or
guaranteed return on capital is prohibited, rather a fund must link profit to
actual earnings generated from the underlying assets and this fact should be
made clear to potential investors at the outset in any marketing material.
Notwithstanding the prohibition against Riba, investment funds can be
structured which may make leveraged investments in underlying assets. Such
investments may be made within the confines of Shariah by utilising the
Islamic financial instruments like diminishing Musharaka contract.
B. Haram
Companies involved in certain products and activities will, as a rule,

constitute forbidden investments under Shariah Law. These are, principally,
alcohol and the gambling industry, as well as entities engaged in illicit,
immoral or dubious trade. Companies engaged in these or related activities
(e.g. a restaurant where alcohol is sold and which makes up a large
proportion of its revenue) may not form part of a Shariah compliant fund's
investments strategy.
C. Maisir
Shariah imposes an absolute prohibition on gambling. This concept may

extend to futures and options trading in certain circumstances.
D. Gharar
Gharar is an Islamic finance term describing a risky or hazardous sale, where

details concerning the sale item are unknown or uncertain. Gharar is
forbidden in Islam, which explicitly forbids trades that are considered to have
excessive risk due to uncertainty. There are strict rules in Islamic finance
against transactions that are highly uncertain or may cause any injustice or
deceit against any of the parties. In finance, Gharar is observed in the context
in derivative transactions, such as forwards, futures and options, in short
selling and in speculation. In Islamic finance, most derivative contracts are
forbidden and considered invalid because of the uncertainty involved in the
future delivery of the underlying asset.
Keeping these basic requisites in view, the Islamic Mutual Funds may accommodate a
variety of modes of investment which are discussed briefly in the following paragraphs.
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MUSHARAKA
Musharaka is an Arabic term that means to share in the context of business and
commerce, we can relate Musharaka contract to a partnership contract. This contract is
one of the most popular financial tools for the Islamic finance industry. It avoids two of
the main factors of the conventional economy, namely: interest rates and income
inequality.
In the common form of Musharaka, both parties supply working capital. Here, the
contractual conditions are flexible enough to allow the creation and sale of participation
notes to the investors or Islamic Bank who provides the funding which represents their
share of the investment. The technique is therefore suitable for joint venture
investments and can be used to package portfolios of assets whose returns, real estate/
property lease payments for example, are subsequently shared among the partners.
A. All the investors contribute towards the capital of the enterprise in the agreed
proportions.
B. All investors share in the profits according to the agreed proportions, which may
be different from the proportions of capital contributed. Likewise losses will be
borne according to their capital contributions.
The capital-owner lends the money to the capital-user for a certain investment project.
An agreement is made between one or more capital-users in which Profit and Loss
sharing bases are set in accordance with the proportion of investments made i.e.
profits/losses are to be shared in the proportion of the investment. Unlike Mudaraba
where the profit/loss ratio is determined in the contract and is not related to the
amount of investments.
MUDARABA
Mudaraba is a special form of partnership (Musharaka) that has been deployed by
modern Islamic financial institutions to provide fund management services. In line with
the Islamic principles of risk-sharing and profit-sharing, it is characterised by one party
(rabb al-mal) entrusting his money to another party (mudarib) who is akin to a fund
manager and who contributes to the arrangement by providing the necessary
experience and management expertise. The mudarib will utilise the money in an agreed
manner, and will subsequently return the principal and a share of the profit to the rabb
al-mal, retaining a pre-agreed share of the profit for him. The important principles to
note are:
(i) the division of profits must be on a pre-agreed proportional basis;

(ii) if a loss occurs then the rabb al-mal will not usually face liability beyond the
loss of principal; and
(iii) the mudarib's liability will generally be confined to the loss of his time and
effort
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Mudaraba investments may be made for fixed terms and arranged through negotiable
instruments (called investment deposit certificates or Mudaraba certificates) and in
such situations may have characteristics somewhat to equity shares.
A. Investors provide the Mudarib (Financial Institution/fund manager) with capital

to fund a specified enterprise.
B. The Mudarib does not contribute capital but contributes management expertise
only.
C. The Mudarib is responsible for the day-to-day management of the investment

and is entitled to deduct its management fee from the profits. The balance of the
profit is payable to the investor.
If the investment makes a loss, the investor (as the investor provides the funds) has to
bear all losses unless the loss has resulted from the negligence on the part of the
Mudarib.
IJARAH
Ijarah shares many similar characteristics to lease financing and hire-purchase
arrangements. It involves a lessor (usually a financial institution) purchasing an asset,
and renting it to a lessee for a specific time period at an agreed rental or receiving a
share of the profits generated by the asset.
There are two main types of lease under the Ijarah structure:
The first involves a longer term lease which usually ends with the transfer of ownership
of the asset to the lessee (Ijarah wa lqtina), as in a modern finance lease.
The second type of lease is for a shorter term and will usually end with the financial
institution retaining ownership of the asset, in common with an operating lease. The
rental income in this second type of lease will take into account wear and tear of the
asset.
To comply with Shariah, the leased assets must not be prohibited items (for example,
machinery for the manufacturing of alcohol) and must be used in ways deemed lawful
by Shariah.
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7.3 know the types of Shariah compliant Islamic Mutual Funds including:
 Islamic Equity Fund

 Ijarah Fund
 Commodity Fund
 Murabahah Fund
 Mixed Fund
ISLAMIC EQUITY FUND

In an Islamic equity fund the amounts are invested in the shares of joint stock
companies. The profits are mainly achieved through capital gains earned by purchasing
and selling the shares when the prices rise. Profits are also achieved through the receipt
of dividends. If the main business of any company is not lawful in terms of Shariah, an
Islamic Fund is not allowed to purchase, hold or sell its shares, because it will entail the
direct involvement of the shareholder in that prohibited business.
Similarly the contemporary Shariah experts have a consensus on the point that if all the
transactions of a company are in full conformity with Shariah, that includes the fact that
company neither borrows money on interest nor keeps its surplus in an interest bearing
account, its shares can be purchased, held and sold without any hindrance under the
Shariah law. If a company is engaged in a Halal business, but, it keeps its surplus money
in an interest-bearing account, wherefrom a small incidental income of interest is
received, it does not render all the business of the company unlawful under Shariah.
The SECP requires that under Shariah Compliant (Islamic) Scheme/funds can only invest
in Shariah compliant assets except money market Shariah Compliant Schemes. Credit
Rating of any bank or DFI with which funds are placed should not be lower than A- (A
minus) and the rating of Debt Instruments in the portfolio should not be lower than A-
(A minus). Every Islamic Scheme should be categorized with respect to equity, fund of
funds, income etc. in its constitutive documents and follow the conditions applicable to
that specific category of fund.
Conditions for Investment in Shares
Investments and dealing in equity shares are acceptable under Shariah subject to the
following conditions:
1. The main business of the company is not in violation of Shariah. Therefore, it is

not permissible to acquire the shares of the companies providing financial
services on interest, like conventional banks, insurance companies, or the
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companies involved in some other business not approved by the Shariah, such as
companies manufacturing, selling or offering liquor, pork, haram meat, or
involved in activities like gambling and night club.
2. If the main business of the companies is Halal, like automobiles, textile, etc. but
they deposit there surplus amounts in an interest-bearing account or borrow
money on interest, the shareholder may express his disapproval against such
dealings, preferably by raising his voice against such activities in the annual
general meeting of the company.
3. If some income from interest-bearing accounts is included in the income of the

company, the proportion of such income in the dividend paid to the shareholder
must be given in charity, and must not be retained by him.
For example, if 5% of the whole income of a company has come

out of interest-bearing deposits, 5% of the dividend may be given
in charity.
4. Under Shariah the shares of any company are negotiable only if the company
owns some non-liquid tangible assets. If all the assets of a company are in liquid
form (i.e. in the form of money that cannot be purchased or sold, except on par
value) the shares of such company if trading above par are not Shariah
Compliant because in this case the share represents money only and the money
under Shariah cannot be traded in except at par.
Subject to these conditions, the purchase and sale of shares is permissible in Shariah. An
Islamic Equity Fund can be established on this basis. The subscribers to the Fund will be
treated in Shariah as partners. All the subscription amounts will form a joint pool and
will be invested in purchasing the shares of different companies. The profits can accrue
either through dividend distributed by the relevant companies or through the
appreciation in the prices of the shares. In the first case i.e. where the profits are earned
through dividends, a certain proportion of the dividend, which corresponds to the
proportion of interest earned by the company, may be given to charity. The
contemporary Islamic Funds have termed this process as "purification."
IJARAH FUND
An Islamic financial institution leases out goods or services to its client for a fixed fee
from the user. Ownership is usually transferred to the lessee once the final payment has
been made. The fee, or the rent, is fixed such that the institution not only receives the
principal; it also earns an agreed profit on it. Practically, Ijarah is quite similar to the
conventional methods of leasing with a distinguishing element of fixed amount of profit,
rather than interest In Islamic financing, it is generally used for leasing cars, plant and
machinery, electrical equipment, etc.
COMMODITY FUND
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Another possible type of Islamic Fund may be a Commodity Fund. In a fund of this type
the subscription amounts are used in purchasing different commodities for the purpose
of resale. The profits generated by the sale are the income of the fund which is
distributed pro-rata among the subscribers. In order to make this fund acceptable under
Shariah, it is necessary that all the rules governing the transactions are fully complied
with. For example:
1. The commodity must be owned by the seller at the time of sale, therefore,
short sales (where a person sells a commodity before he owns it) are not
allowed in Shariah.
2. The commodities must be Halal; therefore, it is not allowed to deal in

commodities like wine, pork meat, or similar other prohibited materials.
3. The seller must have physical or constructive possession of the commodity

he wants to sell. (Constructive possession includes any act by which the
risk of the commodity is passed on to the purchaser).
4. The price of the commodity must be fixed and known to the parties. Any
price which is uncertain or is tied up with an uncertain event renders the
sale invalid.
In view of the above and similar other conditions, it may be obvious that the current
transactions that are prevalent in contemporary Commodity Markets, especially in the
futures commodity markets do not comply with the above conditions for compliance
with Shariah. Therefore, an Islamic Commodity Fund cannot enter into such
transactions. However, if there are genuine commodity transactions observing all the
requirements of Shariah, including the above conditions, a commodity fund may well be
established. The units of such fund can also be traded in with the condition that the
investment portfolio of the fund physically owns some commodities at all times.
MURABAHAH FUND
This is one of the most commonly applied forms of investment, under which the Islamic
financial institution purchases the good/service and sells these to their clients at a fixed
agreed price. Repayments are made in form of instalments and there is no charge on
deferment. What makes this transaction legitimate from an Islamic point of view is that
the institution takes ownership of the good/service, exposing itself to risks, until the
ownership is transferred.
MIXED FUND
It is another type of Islamic Fund maybe of a nature where the subscription amount is
employed in a mix of different types of investments like equities, leasing, commodities.
This may be called a Mixed Islamic Fund. In this case if the tangible assets of the Fund
are more than 51% while the cash deposits/heed combined with debt are less than 50%
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the units of the fund may be negotiable. However, if the proportion of cash and debts
exceeds 50%, its units cannot be traded as a Shariah compliant fund. According to the
majority of the contemporary Islamic scholars in such a case the Fund must be
categorised as a normal closed-end Fund.
7.4 understand the Management and Management Fee of Shariah Funds
Management and Management Fee of Shariah Funds

The management of the Fund may be carried out in two alternate ways. The first option
is that the manager of the Fund may act as mudarib for the subscriber. In this case a
certain percentage of the annual profit accrued to the Fund may be determined as the
reward of the management, meaning thereby that the management will get its share
only if the fund has earned some profit. If there is no profit in the fund, the
management will earn nothing, but simultaneously the share of the management will
increase with the increase of profits.
The second option for the management is to act as an agent for the subscribers. In this
case, the management may be given a pre-agreed fee for its services. This fee may be
fixed in lump sum or as a monthly or annual remuneration. According to the
contemporary Shariah scholars, the fee can also be based on a percentage of the net
asset value of the fund.
For example, it may be agreed that the management will get maximum of
3% for first five years and there after a maximum of 2% of the net asset
value of the fund at the end of every financial year.
However, it is necessary in Shariah to determine and fix anyone of the aforesaid two
options before the launch of the fund. The practical way for this would be to disclose in
the offering document of the fund on what basis the fees of the management will be
paid. It is generally presumed that whoever subscribes to the fund agrees with the
terms mentioned in the prospectus. Therefore, the manner of paying the management
will be taken as agreed upon by all the subscribers.
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ELEMENT 8
Ethics, Disclosures and Best Practices
8.1 know the methods of information dissemination and disclosure requirements
The term dissemination of information in the context of the Mutual Funds is understood
to mean the process of making maximum possible information available to the investors
and the general public. The regulations lay down the minimum standards of the quality
and quantity of information that the management company is obliged to disseminate to
the public. The management companies use different mediums like internet, print,
brochures; publications (Reports, Newsletters, Briefs) for dissemination of information
All the information an investor needs to know to make an informed investment decision
is available in the mutual fund's prospectus (offering document). This is one of the most
important documents that a mutual fund provides to meet regulators disclosure
requirements. By reading the prospectus, the investor can get all the information on the
fund's investment objectives, potential risk, what sort of assets it is investing in and
what sort of fee it will charge. Investor also finds out who is responsible for managing
the fund, their qualifications and past experience.
Mutual funds also provide investors copies of their annual and semi-annual reports.
These reports are important documents that contain a lot of information on
performance that is useful to investors. The reports contain detailer information on the
funds audited financial statements and investment holdings. Management also
compares the returns on its fund investments to returns on some suitable yardstick to
provide an idea about the fund's performance. Management also discusses strategies
and summarizes developments over the period.
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8.2 know the requirements and importance of NAV announcement related to:
 Matching investments and redemption

 Cut-off timings
 Performance
MATCHING INVESTMENTS AND REDEMPTION

Investors at times use funds to park money for the short term and that creates higher
than normal volatility in the fund flows. Investment approach of the fund manager has
to consider that aspect into consideration and build Fund with financial instruments
where as far as possible maturities of the invested funds match with investor’s
redemptions. Fund managers also do not know exactly when their investors will need
funds but with experience and past records they develop a good knowledge base about
investor behavior and when funds may be withdrawn.
This matching of investments and redemptions is achieved by the fund managers by

spreading their investments across several securities of different maturities and also
some very liquid equity stocks so that they are not caught off-guard when redemption
requests are received. Liquidity management in the fund is one of the biggest challenges
that Fund Managers face
CUT-OFF TIMINGS
In a normal Open-End Mutual Fund, the ‘offer price’ for investments and the
‘repurchase price’ for redemptions on any day are derived from NAV of the fund on that
particular day. This is relatively more important for an equity fund than an income fund
because there are usually more chances of volatility in the former as opposed to the
latter.
It is usually made clear by the Asset Management Company to all concerned through a
policy statement that NAV of any particular day will be applicable to all transactions up
to an exact predetermined time of that day (called the cut-off timings) and that, after
such time, the NAV of the following business day normally applies.
PERFORMANCE
The movement of the NAV is normally considered as a good indicator of the
performance of the fund and is used as the measure for comparison with the
performance of the benchmark (in case of an equity Fund, usually the KSE-100 Index)
and peer funds in that category. This NAV and comparison with the benchmark and
other peer group fund is updated on a daily basis and the information is available on the
website of MUFAP.
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8.3 understand the disclaimers, policies and their disclosure requirements

related to Investments and Risks
The AMCs use disclaimers to mitigate their responsibilities; these disclaimers have a
nexus with warning and disclosures. Some of the common disclaimers made by mutual
funds in their offering documents include:
 “If an investor is in any doubt about the contents of this offering document, he/
she should consult the mutual fund company, distributor, agent, legal adviser or
other financial adviser”.
 “The price of Units and the income from them (where income is distributed) may
increase or decrease”.
 “The Units of the Fund are not bank deposits and are neither issued by, insured
by, nor otherwise supported by the SECP, the Stock Exchanges, any Government
agency, the Trustee, the Management Company, any of the sponsors,
shareholders or employees of the Management Company, any of the Pre-IPO
Investors”.
 “The target return/dividend range for the Fund cannot be guaranteed. It should
be clearly understood that the portfolio of Fund is subject to market fluctuations
and risks inherent in all such investments”.
Duties and Responsibilities of Fund Management Company

Some of the Duties and Responsibilities of Fund Management Company are:
 The responsibilities of the Management Company is to promote the sale of Units

in Fund, invest and manage the assets of Fund according to the provisions of the
Trust Deed, in good faith, to the best of its ability and without gaining any undue
advantage for itself or any of its Connected Persons and/or Group Companies or
its officers.
 The Management Company is required to maintain proper accounts and records

of the Fund to enable a complete view of assets and liabilities, income and
expenditure and amounts received in respect of; Units sold, amount paid out on
redemptions of Units and also by way of distribution.
 The Management Company within four months of closing of the Accounting Date
is to prepare and transmit to Unit Holders and SECP the annual report together
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with balance sheet, income and expenditure account and auditors report for the
Accounting period.
 The Management Company has also to prepare and transmit to Unit Holders and
the SECP, the balance sheet and income and expenditure account within one
month of the close of the first quarter and third quarter and within two months
after the close of the first half of the year or within the time frame prescribed by
the SECP. The Management Company may transmit the accounts to the Holders
either electronically (via website and/or email) or in physical form if so
requested.
 The Management Company has to make available to the Trustee all information
relating to the Fund and also Account to Trustee for any loss in value of the
assets of the Fund caused by its negligence. The Management Company also
instruct the Trustee on purchases and redemptions, including placement of cash
and sale of investments.
 The Management Company is obliged to obtain a rating of the Fund from the
Rating Agency approved by the SECP.
 The Management Company is also obliged to process the payment instrument

immediately on receipt of application.
8.4 understand the duty to investors related to under and overselling
UNDER SELLING
The concept of under selling in the context of mutual funds is to sell to an investor less
than what meets his investment objectives/needs despite his capacity to invest to meet
his future needs. In other words, if the units of the funds sold to an investor are less
than the numbers which are expected to benefit and meet the investment needs and
objectives of the customer despite his capacity to buy will be termed as underselling.
This may occur if current circumstances and investment need/objectives of the

customer are not properly assessed and he is not rightly and/ or properly provided
optimum investment advice to achieve the desired investment objectives. With respect
to an individual investor, risk implicit in under selling is that an investor may not be able
to achieve his investment targets/ needs despite his financial capacity of being in a
position to do so.
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Underselling in the general context of a fund also implies that it may not be able to get
potential customers interested in buying the Fund units despite the fund’s
appropriateness and suitability to the needs.
OVER SELLING
Over selling; is in same manner is similar to mis-selling. In the context of the mutual
fund it occurs when the seller deliberately oversells the funds units to an investor which
are much more than the investment needs and capacity of the investor to invest. One
simple example can be like selling high risk products to an investor who has limited
resources little free cash flows and low risk appetite. A mutual fund distributor should
carefully assess the financial resources of the investor and his investment objectives and
then advise him/ her on purchasing the most suitable type of investment vehicle,
considering investment capacity of the investor.
For example, consider a person of age 65 with limited regular income and
savings, to whom a mutual fund distributor sells a sizeable quantity of units of a
growth fund. Here neither the needs of the investor were rightly assessed nor his
risk appetite was given due consideration. At this retirement age, the need of the
investor is a regular stream of income rather than growth or capital appreciation.
Also the availability of free cash flow after the investment, for any emergency
needs, should have been considered.
MISSELLING
Mis-selling occurs by misrepresenting the facts or misleading an investor about the
characteristics of a mutual fund. In an effort to make a sale to a potential customer,
sometimes a mutual fund distributor could leave out essential details in disclosing
certain crucial information or describe a financial product as being something different
to what it really is and impose and force the sale of the product on the investor, even
though sound financial judgment would come to the opposite conclusion.
An obvious example of mis-selling can be seen in the life insurance

industry. Consider an investor who has a large amount of savings and
investments but no dependent children and a deceased spouse. This
investor would arguably have little need for whole life insurance and,
therefore, an insurance salesperson describing the product as something
the investor urgently needed to protect his or her assets in the event of
death could be considered a case of mis-selling.
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8.5 understand the importance and methods of investor profiling for

affordability and suitability
Proper investor profiling is essentially important to avoid any wrong selling. It helps in
defining individual investor’s investment objectives, risk appetite, investment capacities
and preferences of investment products that are best suited to meet his investment
needs; a normal profile has to have the basic information about the investor like, for
example:
1. The profile of the investor is determined by factors like;
 Personal investment objectives and other factors such as age, gender, income,
wealth, family size, tax implications etc.
 Attitudes, linked to the temperament (emotions) and the beliefs of the investor.
 The investor's financial return / risk objectives.
2. Some of the other information that is to be necessarily included in the investor

profile is:
 Marital status and number of dependents

 Accommodation status
 Monthly savings
 Foreseeable expenditures of at least next two years
 Retirement needs, if any
 Current investments in stocks, bonds, real estate, mutual funds, bank, etc.
 Estimated investment size
 Investment objective(s)
 Expected returns
 Risk tolerance
 Investment preferences, if any
3. Investor Preferences:
 Short term trading (active management) or long term holding (buy and hold)
 Risk averse or risk tolerant / seeker
 All classes of assets or just one
 Growth fund, quality stocks, defensive or cyclical fund
 Domestic funds only or international diversification
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8.6 know the importance of maintenance of investor records
Correct management of investor’s records is essential to ensure retention of the client’s

business and for possible additional sales to the investor meeting his evolving
investment objectives and also to meet the needs of regulatory compliance and
protecting the investor.
Some of the important functions and uses of managing the investor records are:
 A database of current, historical and prospective investors (whether they are

individuals or corporate);
 The ability to categorize investors - ensuring clear records of who is currently
invested and who is seeking to invest;
 The ability to profile investors according to their specific interests and
circumstances;
 The ability to build distribution lists for communication of reports and
announcements;
 Tracking information flows e.g. which investor has received which version of
what document through which medium;
 Maintenance of records of all communications with each investor, be it
telephonic, electronic or as a meeting in person.
 Creating a long term communication link and relationship with investors on the
data base.
The NBFC (Establishment and Regulation) Rules, 2003 and NBFC and Notified Entities
Regulations, 2008 require that original record of all book of accounts, reports, analysis,
memoranda containing investment advice be maintained for at least ten years.
8.7 understand the Prohibitions and Restrictions related to:
 Clients Assets
 Material information
 Insiders
CLIENT ASSETS
A Management company should be able to account to all of its clients for amounts held
on their behalf at all times. When money from clients deposited with the firm is held in
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a pooled account, the firm should be able to demonstrate that an amount owed to a
specific client that is held within the pool can be reconciled with the records showing
that individual’s client balance and is, therefore, identifiable.
Internationally agreed ‘Principles for Collective Investment Schemes’ issued by the

IOSCO oblige all jurisdictions that their regulatory systems should provide for rules
governing the legal form and structure of collective investment schemes and also for the
segregation and protection of client assets.
The Non-Banking Financial Companies (Establishment and Regulation) Rules, 2003

require a firm to arrange adequate protection for clients’ assets, when the firm is
responsible for them. An essential part of that protection is the proper accounting and
handling of client money and that the NBFC should not “encumber or mortgage or
pledge or transfer clients’ assets deposited with the company as security against any
facility extended to the client, for securing its own (company’s) obligations”.
MATERIAL INFORMATION
Material non-public or insider information is the information about certain aspects of a
company that has not yet been made public but have some impact on the company's
share price. It is illegal for holders of this material insider information to use the
information irrespective of the fact that as to how it was received by them to their
advantage in trading stock, or to provide the information to anyone including family
members or friends so thus they can use it for their benefit.
Getting and using the information to trade to make profit or avoid a possible loss, like
that a company's expected earnings per share for a given period are markedly poorer
than expected, or getting information about developments in an on-going lawsuit
involving a company before the information is made public are both examples of trading
on and liable for persecution material insider information.
INSIDER
A person who is either a director, chief executive, managing agent, chief accountant,
secretary or auditor of a listed company or was connected with the company or is
deemed to have been connected with the company, and who is reasonably expected to
have access, by virtue of such connection to unpublished price sensitive information in
respect of securities of the company and who has received or has had access to such
unpublished price sensitive information;
The corporate insider, simply by accepting employment, makes a contract with the
shareholders to put the shareholders' interests before their own, in matters related to
the Corporation. When the insider buys or sells the securities of the company based
upon the company owned information, he is violating his contract with the
shareholders. Trades made by these types of persons (insiders) in the company's
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securities, based on material non-public information, are considered to be fraudulent

since the insiders are violating the fiduciary duty that they owe to the shareholders.
For example, illegal insider trading would occur if the chief executive officer of
‘Company A’ learned (prior to a public announcement) that the ‘Company A’ will be
taken over, and informed his brother who, based on that information, bought the shares
in ‘Company A’ knowing that the share price would rise.
As per Listed Companies (Prohibition of Insiders Trading) guidelines, 2001 "Insider"

means
i. a person who is a director, chief executive, managing agent, chief
accountant, secretary or auditor of a listed company or the beneficial owner
holding directly or indirectly not less than 10% of the shares of a listed
company; or
ii. a person who, is or was connected with the company or is deemed to have
been connected with the company, and who is reasonably expected to have
access, by virtue of such connection, to unpublished price sensitive
information in respect of securities of the company who has received or has
had access to such unpublished price sensitive information;
8.8 know the relevant sections of Anti Money Laundering Act 2010 and KYC/ CDD
requirements
To create compliance with the Anti-Money Laundering Act 2010 the SECP has issued
Circular No. 12 of 2009 that has to be read with Section 9 of Non-Banking Finance
Companies and Notified Entities Regulations, 2008; the section relates to prevention of
NBFCs involvement in money laundering and other illegal trades.
The SECP through the Circular has instructed all the NBFCs to formulate and put in place
a comprehensive Customer Due Diligence/Know Your Customer (CDD/KYC) policy. The
circular also lists the minimum information that must be obtained by the NBFCs from
the customers and ensure that the customers are not acting on behalf of others. The
verification of documents has also been obligated.
The high Risk customer with respect to Due Diligence have been indicated and include i)
Non-residents customers, ii) Non-governmental organizations, iii) customers with links
to offshore tax havens; iv) Politically exposed persons; v) high net worth individuals and
similar others. Publically listed companies are regarded as low risk because of their
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regulatory disclosures. The circular also provides for retention and up-gradation of
records.
(For details, Candidates may refer to the Circular No. 12 of 2009 and the Anti-Money
Laundering Act 2010, available on the websites of the SECP and the ICM)
8.9 know the requirements of Fair Dealing including:
 Risks & Rewards of Investing

 Maintenance of Records
 Time Stamps
 Misstatements & Mis-selling/ False Selling
RISK & REWARD OF INVESTING

People save for different reasons but most of these reasons are common and can be
classified under one of the following;
 their own education/marriages

 their children’s education/marriages
 the difficult times in their life
 their own old age
 their heirs to inherit
Ideally, the people want to put their savings in investments that would fetch them the
maximum returns with the minimum risk. However, this is not possible and
rewards/returns have a direct linkage with the risks and the norm of the market is; “The
higher the risk, the higher the reward” or conversely “the lower the risk, the lower the
reward”.
In any case, while balancing the ‘risk/reward’ equation, investors want to earn enough
on their investments to, at least, beat the inflation rate, so that the purchasing power of
their savings are not diminished with the passage of time.
There is a wide array of mutual funds that individually have different degrees of risks
and rewards. An investor can create a portfolio choosing right mutual fund or
combination of fund that match his/ her own risk tolerance and investment goals. When
one chooses a mix of funds with different objectives and strategies, this also provides
diversification that helps to reduce the risk by spreading the saving among multiple
investments. If one of the fund declines in value, the loss to overall portfolio may be less
because of other investments that may even rise.
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MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS
Non-Banking Finance Companies and Notified Entities Regulations, 2008 requires all
AMCs to maintain books of accounts and other records of the Open End and Close End
Schemes for a period of not less than ten years.
Similarly, NBFC Rules 2003 also obligate all Open End and Closed End mutual funds to
keep the original record of all reports, analysis and memoranda containing investment
advice distributed and maintain books of accounts and other records, as prescribed
under the Ordinance, for a period of not less than ten years.
TIME STAMPS
AMC’s are required by the SECP to designate and disclose the location of its official
points for acceptance of applications for issuance, redemption, conversion, etc. of units
in the offering document of the Open-End Scheme(s) as well as on their website. AMCs
can receive the applications only at such designated points.
AMCs ensure that all the designated points for acceptance of applications for issuance,
redemption, conversion, etc. of units of Open-End Scheme(s) have appropriate date and
time stamping mechanism in place for timely acknowledgement of the applications that
have been deposited.
AMCs are also required to clearly specify cut-off timings for acceptance of applications
for issuance, redemption, conversion, etc. of units of their Open-End Scheme(s)
including approved administrative plans in the constitutive documents, on the website
of AMC’s and at the designated points. Such cut-off timings are to uniformly apply on all
the investors/unit holders.
MISSELLING
The terms have been explained in detail under Element 8.3 of this Study Guide.
8.10 know the process and handling of Investor Complaints
The transactions and interactions of investors with the Asset Management Companies
and distributors do at times give rise to causes of complaints. Normally these complaints
are handled within the AMC’s at a level that is senior to the level where it has occurred.
However, issue like where the client has lost money while investing in funds doesn’t
mean that he/she has a case against the AMC. The Financial markets have always gone
through periodic down turns and upturns and these fluctuations are not always the fault
of the mutual fund. However, it is the responsibility of the AMC and sales agents/
distributors to invest money according to the client’s instructions.
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There are however, certain possible malpractices against which a client can lodge a
complaint, such as:
 Unauthorized trading (Sale/Purchase)

 Unauthorized transfer/ movement of fund units
 Non-supply of statements of account
 Overcharged loads/ Commission
 Failure to execute investors’ instructions/ orders
 Suspension of payment
 Wrong announcement of the NAV, and
 Delay in payments
There is no defined procedure or standard operational practice (SOP), however, the

complaints can be made to the SECP and the Commission being the apex regulator and
responsible for stability of capital markets tries to identify financial transaction
violations, which could impact the investor confidence or affect fairness in the markets.
Using complaint information the SECP can identify the weak areas in relevant
regulations or in their compliance and take necessary measures (like show cause AMC
and in extreme cases penalize) for fixing the same.
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ELEMENT 9
ECONOMICS AND FINANCE
9.1 know the Taxation laws relevant to capital markets including:
 Income Tax
 Capital Gain Tax
 Capital Value Tax
INCOME TAX
An income tax is a tax levied on the financial income of people, corporations, or other
legal entities. When the tax is levied on the income of companies, it is often called a
corporate tax, corporate income tax, or profit tax. Income tax for individual is often the
tax on the total income of the individual after allowing for some permitted deductions.
Tax advantages to Individual Investors

The impact of 10% withholding tax on the investment over a term of five years assuming
10% return on investment is shown below:
Under the current tax laws, individuals can claim tax rebate on investment of Rs.300,000
or 10% of their annual taxable income (whichever is lower). This tax exemption results
in higher yield and makes mutual funds more competitive than other available
investment options.
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CAPITAL GAIN TAX (CGT)

A capital gain is a profit that results from investments into a capital asset, such as
stocks, bonds or real estate, which exceeds the purchase price. It is the difference
between a higher selling price and a lower purchase price, resulting in a financial gain
for the investor. Conversely, a capital loss arises if the proceeds from the sale of a
capital asset are less than the purchase price.
Most countries impose a tax on capital gains of individuals or corporations, although

relief may be available in the form of reduced application or exemption from certain
capital gains, in relation to holdings in certain assets for a predetermined and specified
period. These reductions or exemptions are intended to provide incentives for long term
investments while simultaneously taxing speculations or quick gains.
Capital gains tax is, as the words imply, simply the tax charged on the gains made on the
capital invested.
Pakistan: Changes in Capital Gains Tax regime: Pakistan

In Pakistan the Capital Gains made on the disposal of the securities were exempted from
tax till 30 June 2010. This exemption has now expired and capital gains arising on
disposal of securities, have with effect from 1st July 2010, been made chargeable to
capital gains tax by the amendments made in the Income Tax Ordinance 2001, through
Finance Act 2010. In Pakistan Capital Gains Tax on the securities has been linked to the
holding period and the applied rate is dependent on whether the holding period of a
security is;
i) less than six months;

ii) more than six months but less than twelve months and;
iii) more than twelve months.
A schedule of applied rates of Capital Gains Tax has also been announced, the rates
have been legislated to increase gradually over the next five years. The amendment to
the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 has introduced a new Section 37A in it. Relevant
excerpts of law are:
Capital Gain Tax by Collective Investment Scheme/Mutual Fund

A new proviso has been inserted under clause (103) Part-I of the Second Schedule to the
Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, whereby exemption from CGT available to a Collective
Investment Scheme (Mutual Funds) registered with SECP/mutual fund has been
restricted only to the investment by such schemes/funds which are debt or money
market funds.
Thus CGT is now chargeable on the unit holders of such schemes/funds at the time of
redemption of a security by the unit holder and a collective investment scheme/mutual
fund shall be responsible to deduct tax (at the prescribed CGT rates as given below) on
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redemption of securities. Such tax shall be adjustable against the overall CGT liability,
and tax so deducted shall be payable to the relevant Commissioner Inland Revenue
within seven days of its deduction.
Capital Gain Tax Rates

The rate of capital gain tax under section 37A as specified in Division VII of Part I of the
First Schedule to the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 are as under:-
S. No Period Tax Year Rate of Tax

(i) Where holding period of a 2011 10%
security is less than six 2012 10%
months. 2013 12.5%
2014 15%
2015 17.5%
(ii) Where holding period of a 2011 7.5%

security is more than six 2012 8%
months but less than 2013 8.5%
twelve months. 2014 9%
2015 9.5%
2016 10%
(iii) Where holding period of a -- 0%

security is more than one
year.
No loss shall be carried forward to the subsequent tax year.”
Investor’s Tax Liability:
In short Capital Gains Tax (CGT) has been levied on the trading of stocks in Pakistan from
July 1, 2010. The CGT has been linked to period of holding of investments and for those
who sell their shares within six months of purchase are required to pay 10 percent of
the gains made as the CGT. Those investors who sell shares between 6 – 12 months of
their purchase will be required to pay 7.5 percent while sales made after 12 months of
purchase will be exempted from the tax. On cash dividend provided to the unit holder,
a 10 percent withholding tax is payable, Similarly, on the redemption of Bonus
Certificates Capital Gain Tax will be applied, but, the bonus certificates may reduce the
weighted average cost of the units that can lower the percentage of tax on units.
CAPITAL VALUE TAX (CVT)

The Capital Value Tax (CVT) was introduced vide section 7 of the Finance Act, 1989.
After repeated, present application of CVT is such that on the purchase of Mudaraba
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Certificates or any instrument of redeemable capital, or shares of a public company

listed on stock exchange in Pakistan, a CVT is applied at the rate of 0.02 percent of the
purchase value. In simple terms it can be called a trading tax.
9.2 understand and interpret the Financial Statements and conduct basic
Financial Statement Analysis including:
 Revenue and profit growth

 Earnings and Distributions
 Book value and Intrinsic value
FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS

Financial statement analysis involve analysing the financial statements the quality in
short it looks at the health of business of its management, competitiveness, and its
markets. The term is used to distinguish these analyses from other types of investment
analysis, such as quantitative analysis and technical analysis.
The financial statement analysis is performed on historical and present data, but with
the goal of making financial forecasts. There are several possible objectives for
undertaking this exercise:
 to conduct a company stock valuation and predict its probable price evolution,
 to make a projection on its business performance,
 to evaluate its management and make internal business decisions,
 to calculate its credit risk
In short, financial statements are means through which companies present their
financial situation to shareholders, creditors and general public. Analysis of a financial
statement means finding out the current position of the company through various tools
like ‘ratio analysis’ and ‘fund flow’ analysis. It also involves comparing the company
figures with regard to industry standards or over a period of time.
REVENUE AND PROFIT GROWTH

In business, revenue is income that a company receives from its normal business
activities, usually from the sale of goods it produces and services it offers to customers.
Some companies also receive revenue from interest, dividends or royalties paid to them
by other companies. Revenue may refer to business income in general, or it may, for
example, refer to the amount, received during a period of time, as in "Last year,
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Company X had revenue of Rs.32 million." In many countries, revenue is also referred to
as turnover.
Profits or net income of a company generally implies total revenue minus total expense
in a given period. In accounting and financial analysis, revenue is often referred to as the
"top line" due to its position on the income statement at the very top. This is to be
contrasted with the "bottom line" which denotes net income.
Revenue is a crucial part of financial analysis. A company’s performance is measured to

the extent to which its asset inflows (revenues) compare with its asset outflows
(expenses). Net Income is the result of this equation, but revenue typically enjoys equal
attention during a standard earnings call. If a company displays solid “top-line growth,”
analysts could view the performance of a company during the period as positive even if
earning’s growth, or “bottom-line growth” is stagnant. Conversely, high income growth
would be tainted if a company failed to produce significant revenue growth. Consistent
revenue growth, as well as income growth, is considered essential for a company's
publicly traded stock to be attractive to investors. Revenue is used as an indication of
earnings quality. There are several financial ratios attached to it, the most important
being gross margin and profit margin.
Price/Sales ratio is sometimes used as a substitute for a Price to Earnings ratio when
earnings are negative and the P/E ratio becomes meaningless. Though a company may
have negative earnings, but can have positive revenue flow.
Gross Margin is a calculation of revenue less cost of goods sold, and is used to
determine how well sales cover direct variable costs relating to the production of these
goods. Net income/ sales, or profit margin, is calculated by investors to determine how
efficiently a company turns its revenues into profits.
EARNINGS AND DISTRIBUTION

Earnings are the amount of profit that a company produces during a specific period,
which is usually defined as a quarter (three calendar months) or a year. Earnings
typically refer to after-tax net income and are the main determinant of its share price.
The earnings, the circumstances and quality relating to these earning indicate health of
the business and give a fair idea whether the business will be profitable and
successful in the long term.
Earnings are perhaps the single most studied number in a company's financial
statements because they show a company's profitability. A business's quarterly and
annual earnings are typically compared to estimates of the analysts and indications
given out by the business itself. The estimates of future earning of a business worked
out by the professionals and indications about the earning given by the company factor
into the stock price of the company. In most situations, when earnings do not meet
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either of the two, a business's stock price tends to drop. On the other hand, when actual
earnings beat estimates by a significant amount, the share price will likely surge.
In accounting, retained earnings refer to the portion of net income which is retained by
the corporation rather than distributed to its owners as dividends. Similarly, if the
corporation makes a loss, then that loss is retained and called by different names like
retained losses, accumulated losses or accumulated deficit. Retained earnings and
losses are cumulative from year to year with losses offsetting earnings.
Retained earnings are reported in the shareholder's equity section of the balance sheet.
Companies with net accumulated losses may refer to negative shareholders' equity as a
shareholders' deficit. A complete report of the retained earnings or retained losses is
presented in the Statement of retained earnings or Statement of retained losses.
When total assets are greater than total liabilities, stockholders have a positive equity
(positive book value). Conversely, when total liabilities are greater than total assets,
stockholders have a negative stockholders' equity (negative book value) — also
sometimes called stockholders' deficit. A stockholders' deficit does not mean that
stockholders owe money to the corporation as they own only its net assets and are not
accountable for its liabilities. It means that the value of the assets of the company must
rise above its liabilities before the stockholders hold positive equity value in the
company.
The decision of whether a firm should retain net income or have it paid out as dividends
depends on several factors including, but not limited to the:
 Tax treatment of dividends; and

 The funds required for reinvestment in the corporation which is called retention.
Dividend pay-out ratio also affects the price of stocks of a company and is the fraction of
net income that a firm pays to its stockholders in dividends:
BOOK VALUE
In accounting, ‘book value’ or ‘carrying value’ is the value of an asset according to its
balance sheet account balance. For assets, the value is based on the original cost of the
asset less any depreciation, amortization or impairment costs made against the asset.
Traditionally, a company's book value is its total assets minus intangible assets and
liabilities. However, in practice, depending on the source of the calculation, book value
may include goodwill, intangible assets, or both. When intangible assets and goodwill
are explicitly excluded, the product is often specified to be "tangible book value". The
term net asset value may refer to the book value of a company in certain countries.
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Simply put, the book value is the value at which an asset is carried on a balance sheet.
Calculating the book value is simple; as it equals the cost of an asset minus the
accumulated depreciation. The net asset value of a company is calculated by total assets
minus intangible assets (patents, goodwill) and liabilities.
Book value is the accounting value of a firm and has two main uses:
 It is the total value of the company's assets that shareholders would theoretically
receive if a company was to be liquidated.
 By comparing the company's book value to its market value, the analysts can
determine whether a stock is under- or overpriced with respect to its book value.
In personal finance, the book value of an investment is the price paid for a security or
debt investment. When a stock is sold, the selling price less the book value is the capital
gain (or loss) from the investment.
INTRINSIC VALUE
The intrinsic value refers to the value of a security which is intrinsic to or contained in
the security itself and is also frequently referred to as ‘fundamental value’. It is
ordinarily calculated by summing the future income generated by the asset, and
discounting it to the present value.
Usually, the intrinsic value is the actual value of a company or an asset based on an
underlying perception of its true value including all aspects of the business, in terms of
both tangible and intangible factors. This value may or may not be the same as the
current market value. Investors use a variety of analytical techniques in order to
estimate the intrinsic value of securities in hope of finding investments where the true
value of the investment exceeds its current market value.
9.3 understand and be able to apply basic mathematics and statistics including:
 Mean, Median and Mode

 Measure of central tendency, dispersion and regression analysis
 Time value of money, annuities and perpetuities
MEAN
Mean is the simple mathematical average of a set of two or more numbers. The mean
for a given set of numbers can be computed in more than one way, including the
arithmetic mean method, which uses the sum of the numbers in the series, and the
geometric mean method. However, all of the primary methods for computing a simple
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average of a normal number series produce the same approximate result most of the
time.
For example, if a stock XYZ closed at Rs.50, Rs.51 and Rs.54 over the past
three days, the arithmetic mean would be the sum of those numbers
divided by three, which is Rs.51.67.
In contrast, the geometric mean would be computed as third root of the numbers'
product, or the third root of 137,700, which approximately equals Rs.51.64. While the
two results are not exactly equal, most people consider arithmetic and geometric means
to be equivalent for most practical purposes.
MEDIAN
In statistics, a median is described as the numeric value separating the higher half of a
sample of numbers, from the lower half. The median of a finite list of numbers can be
found by arranging all the observations from lowest value to highest value and picking
the middle one. If there is an even number of observations, then there is no single
middle value; the median is then defined to be the mean of the two middle values.
Median is the midpoint of the range numbers that are arranged in order of value.
For Example: If there is an even amount of numbers in the series, the

median is found by taking the mean of the two numbers in the middle of
the distribution. 50% of the numbers will be above the median and 50%
will be below. In this odd set of numbers--1, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, and
25--the median would be 6 because half of the other numbers are below
it, and half are above it. Alternatively if you had the following set of
numbers—23, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 42, and 44--the median would be 25.5
(26+25/2=25.5).
In certain cases, the median can be a good way to determine an approximate average,
especially when dealing with a set of numbers that could otherwise be skewed by
outliers, such as the number 25 in the first set.
MODE
Mode is the statistical term referring to the most frequently occurring term in a set of
numbers, if no number is repeated then there is No mode for the set.
For example, in the following set of data--32, 34, 34, 34, 45, 67, 71, 43 --
the mode is 34 because it is the most common number in the set.
CENTRAL TENDENCY
A measure of central tendency is a measure that tells us where the middle of a bunch of
data lies. The three most common measures of central tendency are the mean, the
median, and the mode.
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For the data 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8 the measures of central tendency are
Mean =
Median = 5
Mode = 5
DISPERSION
Dispersion is a term used in statistics that refers to the location of a set of
values relative to a mean or average level.
In finance, dispersion is used to measure the volatility of different types of investment

strategies. Returns that have wide dispersions are generally seen as more risky because
they have a higher probability of closing dramatically lower than the mean. In practice,
standard deviation is the tool that is generally used to measure the dispersion of
returns.
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Regression analysis is the statistical technique that identifies the relationship between
two or more quantitative variables: a dependent variable, whose value is to be
predicted, and an independent or explanatory variable (or variables), about which
knowledge is available. The technique is used to find the equation that represents the
relationship between the variables. A simple regression analysis can show that the
relation between an independent variable X and a dependent variable Y is linear, using
the simple linear regression equation Y= a + bX (where a and b are constants). Multiple
regression will provide an equation that predicts one variable from two or more
independent variables, Y= a + bX1+ cX2+ dX3.
TIME VALUE OF MONEY

The concept suggests that money available at the present time is worth more than the
same amount in the future due to its potential earning capacity. This core principle of
finance holds that, provided money can earn interest, any amount of money is worth
more the sooner it is received.
The time value of money is, thus, the value of money figuring in a given amount of
interest earned over a given amount of time. The method of calculating provides
valuation of a likely stream of income in the future, in such a way that the annual
incomes are discounted and then added together, thus providing a lump-sum "present
value" of the entire income stream.
For example, assuming a 5% interest rate, Rs1000 invested today will be worth
Rs1050 in one year (Rs100 multiplied by 1.05). Conversely, Rs 100 received one
year from now is only worth Rs 952.4 today (Rs 1000 divided by 1.05), assuming a
5% interest rate
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The time value of money, in short represents the interest that might be earned on a
payment received today, if held, earning interest, until that future date.
All the standard calculations derive from the most basic algebraic expression for the
present value of a future sum, "discounted" to the present by an amount equal to the
time value of money.
For example, a sum of FV to be received in one year is discounted (at the

rate of interest r) to give a sum of PV at present:
PV = FV — r
PV = FV / (1+r).
Some standard calculations based on the time value of money are:
Present Value
The present value is current worth of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows
given a specified rate of return. Future cash flows are discounted at the discount rate,
and the higher the discount rate, the lower the present value of the future cash flows.
Determining the appropriate discount rate is the key to properly valuing future cash
flows, whether they are earnings or obligations.
Present Value of an Annuity

An annuity is a series of equal payments or receipts that occur at evenly spaced
intervals. Leases and rental payments are examples. The payments or receipts occur at
the end of each period for an ordinary annuity while they occur at the beginning of each
period for an annuity due. Present Value of Perpetuity is a constant stream of identical
cash flows with no end.
Future Value is the value of an asset or cash at a specified date in the future that is
equivalent in value to a specified sum today.
Future Value of an Annuity (FVA) is the future value of a stream of payments (annuity),
assuming the payments are invested at a given rate of interest.
LEVEL CASH FLOWS: PERPETUITIES AND ANNUITIES

Frequently, there arises a need to value a stream of equal cash flows. For example, a
home mortgage might require the homeowner to make equal monthly payments for the
life of the loan. For a 30-year loan, this would result in 360 equal payments. A 4-year car
loan might require 48 equal monthly payments. Any such sequence of equally spaced,
level cash flows is called an annuity. If the payment stream lasts forever, it is called
perpetuity.
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HOW TO VALUE PERPETUITIES

Some time ago the Government of Pakistan borrowed by issuing perpetuities. Instead of
repaying these loans, the Pakistan government pays the investors holding these
securities a fixed annual payment in perpetuity (forever).
The rate of interest on perpetuity is equal to the promised annual payment C divided by
the present value. For example, if perpetuity pays Rs.10 per year and you can buy it for
Rs.100; you will earn 10 percent interest each year on your investment. In general,
Interest rate on a perpetuity = Cash payment

Present value
C
r =
PV
We can rearrange this relationship to derive the present value of perpetuity, given the
interest rate r and the cash payment C:
PV of perpetuity = C = cash payment

r interest rate
For example in case of an endowment fund, If the rate of interest is 10 percent

and the aim is to provide Rs.100,000 a year forever, the amount that must be set
aside today is:
Present value of perpetuity = C = Rs.100,000 = Rs.1,000,000

r .10
A word of caution about the perpetuity formula: First, at a quick glance anyone can
easily confuse the formula with the formula for present value of a single cash payment.
It has to be noted that a payment of Rs.1 at the end of 1 year has a present value
1/(1+r). The perpetuity has a value of 1/r. These are two quite different workings.
Second, the perpetuity formula tells us the value of a regular stream of payments
starting one period from now. Thus our endowment of Rs.1 million would provide with
its first payment of Rs.100,000 one year hence. If the donor for endowment wants to
provide with an additional payment of Rs.100,000 up front, he or she would need to put
aside Rs.1,100,000.
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9.4 know Principal Factors Affecting Stock Markets & Prices including:
 Business Cycles and its Indicators

 Effect of the Business Cycle
 Money Markets
 Equities Markets
 Price/ Earnings & Price/ Book value multiples
 Dividend/Capital gain Yield
BUSINESS CYCLES AND ITS INDICATORS

It is important to understand how business cycles and accompanying economic
indicators impact financial markets, investors and the value of investments. The key to
successful investment is looking at the economic indicators, reading them right, making
judgements and also the right investment decisions.
The term business cycle is the periodic but irregular economy-wide fluctuations/
movements in the economic activity, These fluctuations occur around a long-term
growth trend, and typically involve shifts over time between periods of relatively rapid
economic growth (expansion or boom), and periods of relative stagnation or decline
(contraction or recession).
Despite being termed cycles, most of these fluctuations in economic activity do not
follow a mechanical or predictable periodic pattern i.e. it is not a regular, predictable, or
repeating phenomenon like the swing of the pendulum of a clock. Its timing is random
and, to a large extent, unpredictable.
A business cycle is traditionally identified as a sequence of four phases; i)Contraction (A

slowdown in the pace of economic activity); ii) Trough (The lower turning point of a
business cycle, where a contraction turns into an expansion); iii) Expansion (A speedup
in the pace of economic activity)and lastly; iv) Peak (The upper turning of a business
cycle). These fluctuations are often measured using the growth rate of real gross
domestic product (GDP) and other macroeconomic variables that are termed as
economic indicators.
Economic Indicators are key statistics that reflect as to how the economy of the country
is performing and which way the inflation is heading. Inflation is of importance as it
directly influences the level of interest rates. Stability within the economy can only be
maintained if inflation is kept under control.
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An economic indicator (or business indicator) is a statistic about certain aspect of the
overall economy and in combination the economic indicators provide basis for the
analysis of the current economic performance and predictions of future performance of
an economy. One important application of the economic indicators is the study
of business cycles i.e. these characterize the level of economic development and
indicate either economic growth or a decline.
Some of the important macroeconomic indicators are:
Consumer Price Index (CPI), Current Account Balance, Foreign Currency Reserves, Gross
Domestic Product (GDP), Industrial Production, Unemployment Rate, retail sales, stock
market prices, money supply changes.
The analyses of the trends embodied in these economic indicators suggest, rather fairly,
the direction of the general economy. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a strong pro-
cyclic indicator and moves in the same direction as the general economy; increase in
GDP suggests that the economy is doing well; decrease when it is doing badly. Similarly
rising unemployment rate indicates that the size of the economy is shrinking.
MONEY MARKET
In finance, the money market is the part of financial market for short-term borrowing
and lending. It provides short-term liquidity funding for the financial system. The money
market is thus where short-term obligations such as Treasury bills, commercial paper
and bankers' acceptances are bought and sold.
The money market trades in short-term financial instruments commonly called "paper."
This contrasts with the capital market for longer-term funding, which is supplied by
bonds and equity.
The core of the money market consists of banks borrowing and lending to each other,
using commercial paper, repurchase agreements and similar instruments (REPO, reverse
REPO). Locally, these instruments are often benchmarked (to i.e. priced by reference to)
the Karachi Interbank Offer Rate (KIBOR) for the appropriate term and currency.
The money market players/operators normally consist of financial institutions and

dealers in money or credit who wish to either borrow or lend. Participants borrow and
lend for short periods of time, typically up to thirteen months.
EQUITY MARKET/STOCK EXCHANGE

It is the market in which shares are issued and traded, either through Stock Exchanges
or at over-the-counter. Also known as the stock market, it is one of the most vital areas
of a market economy because it gives companies access to capital and investors a slice
of ownership in a company with the potential to realize gains based on its future
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performance. In general, the term is used for the organized trading of stocks through
exchanges and over-the-counter.
PRICE/BOOK RATIO
The Price/ Book Ratio compare a stock's market value to the value of total assets less
total liabilities (book value). This ratio is determined by dividing current price of the
stock by common stockholders’ equity per share (book value), adjusted for stock bonus.
It is also called Market-to-Book.
PRICE/EARNINGS RATIO
The Price/ Earnings Ratio shows the "multiple" of earnings at which a stock sells. It is
determined by dividing current price of the share by current earnings per share
(adjusted for bonus shares). The earnings per share for the P / E ratio is determined by
dividing earnings for past 12 months by the number of common shares outstanding.
Higher "multiple" means investors have higher expectations for future growth, and have
bid up the stock's price. The Formula for Price/Earnings Ratio is:
DIVIDEND YIELD
A financial ratio that shows how much a company pays out in dividends each year
relative to its share price. In the absence of any capital gains, the dividend yield is the
return on investment for a stock. Dividend yield is calculated as follows:
Dividend yield is a way to measure how much cash flow investors are getting for funds
invested in an equity position. Investors who require a stream of cash flow from their
investment portfolio can secure this cash flow by investing in stocks paying relatively
high, stable dividend yields.
To better explain the concept, a good dividend yield example is:
If two companies both pay annual dividends of Rs.1 per share, but ABC
Company’s stock is trading at Rs.20 while XYZ Company’s stock is trading
at Rs.40, then ABC has a dividend yield of 5% while XYZ is only yielding
2.5%. Thus, assuming all other factors are equivalent, an investor looking
to supplement his or her income would likely prefer ABC's stock over that
of XYZ.
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CAPITAL GAIN YIELD

The price appreciation component of a security's (such as a common stock) total return.
For stock holdings, the capital gains yield will be the change in price divided by the
original (purchase) price. Calculated as:
Where:
P0 = Original price of the security
P1 = Current/Selling price of the security
For example, suppose Mr. A purchased a share of XYZ for Rs.100 and he
later sells the share for Rs.110. The capital gains yield for that investment
would be 10%.
It is important to analyse both the capital gains yield and the total return yield of an
investment holding. Dividends are not to be counted in a capital gains yield assessment,
but it has to be kept in mind that depending on the stock, dividends could comprise a
substantial portion of the total return of the stock compared to capital gains.
9.5 know the Macroeconomic indicators including:
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

 Inflation
 Money Supply
 The Role of State Bank of Pakistan
 International/ Regional Economies and Markets
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

The gross domestic product (GDP) or gross domestic income (GDI) is used as a basic
measure of country's economic performance, and tells the market value of all final
goods and services produced within the borders of a nation in a year.
GDP can be defined in three ways, all of which are conceptually identical. First, it is
equal to the total expenditures for all final goods and services produced within the
country in a stipulated period of time (usually a 365-day year).
GDP can also be worked out as the sum of the income generated by production in the
country in the period—that is, compensation of employees, taxes on production and
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imports less subsidies, and gross operating surplus (or profits). Thus GDP is a measure of
the total economic activity in a country. It is the sum of the total consumption of
produced goods, Total Investment (Public & Private), Government Expenditure and net
exports of goods and services. Total value of products and services produced within the
territorial boundary of a country.
GDP = consumption + investment + (government spending) + (exports − imports).
INFLATION, SAVINGS AND INVESTMENTS

Inflation is the rise in prices of goods and services in the country. We all know that
things seem to cost more every day, but few fully realize just how much that eroding
factor called inflation reduces the purchasing power of the money. Even with relatively
low inflation, one steadily loses buying power of the money that one just holds on to by
keeping it in bank deposit. To stay even, investors must invest at rates of return that at
least match inflation rates. The real rate of return, in terms of buying power of money, is
savings or investments rate of return less the inflation rate.
Nowhere on bank or brokerage statement, there is a report on what inflation is doing to

the real value of your savings and investments. So if your money is stowed in a "safe"
investment, like a savings or money market account, it will never be seen how inflation
is eroding the returns being received on it.
If inflation is at 4 percent per year and the return is 5 percent per year after taxes then
one has managed only a 1 percent gain in real buying power. If after-tax return is only 3
percent, then there is actually a 1 percent loss in the buying power. Inflation occurs
when demand increases relative to the supply available. During periods of economic
growth moderate inflation is expected. However, hyperinflation which is inflation of
100% a year or more is catastrophic for an economy as people lose confidence in the
currency and in the economy. During hyperinflation assets like gold and real estate
usually retain their real value.
Deflation:
It is a decline in the prices of goods and services. Deflation is the opposite of inflation.
When prices are falling due to deflation, economic activity is negatively affected as the
price weakness is usually due to very weak demand factors. Deflation is a significant
aspect of economic depression as economic recession is accompanied by declining
prices and a shrinking economy.
Stagflation:
It is the term used to describe an economy that is growing very slowly accompanied by
high inflation. Normally when the economy is growing slowly the inflation level is low.
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MONEY SUPPLY
The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) attempts to control inflation by adjusting the cost of
money to its member banks by controlling the money supply and consequently raising
or lowering interest rates. SBP does this by contracting money supply by issuing bonds
and reducing available liquidity in the market and in the process the interest rates are
also altered. In general, contracting money supply increases the value of money and
increases interest rates; increasing money supply decreases money supply and lowers
interest rates.
Thus if the economy is in a recession, the State Bank will try to stimulate economic
activity by increasing money supply. This increase in money supply can be achieved by
lowering interest rates, making it cheaper to borrow, thereby promoting investment.
Conversely, if the economy is experiencing high inflation and the State Bank wishes to
reduce inflation, it will contract the money supply. This will increase interest rates,
making it more expensive to borrow, thereby reducing the incentive to invest and this
leads to decrease in the level of economic activity.
THE ROLE OF STATE BANK OF PAKISTAN

The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) is the central bank of Pakistan. Its constitution was
originally laid down in the State Bank of Pakistan Order 1948, which remained basically
unchanged until January 1, 1974, when the bank was nationalized. The scope of the
Bank’s operations was considerably widened through the State Bank of Pakistan Act
1956, which now requires the Bank to "regulate the monetary and credit system of
Pakistan and to foster its growth in the national interest with a view to securing
monetary stability and fuller utilisation of the country’s productive resources".
The traditional functions of the SBP can be classified into two distinct groups;
i) Primary functions
ii) Secondary functions
1. The primary functions include

a. issuance of notes,
b. regulation and supervision of the financial system
c. bankers’ bank
d. lender of the last resort
e. banker to Government and
f. conduct of monetary and credit policy
2. The secondary functions that can also be termed as the agency functions
covers areas like;
a. management of public debt,
b. management of foreign exchange, etc.,
c. advising the government on policy matters and
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d. maintaining close relationships with international financial institutions
The non-traditional or promotional functions, performed by the State Bank include
a) development of financial framework,

b) institutionalization of savings and investment,
c) provision of training facilities to bankers, and
d) provision of credit to priority sectors
The responsibility of a Central Bank in a developing country like Pakistan goes well
beyond the regulatory duties of managing the monetary policy in order to achieve the
macro-economic goals. The role covers the development of monetary policy and capital
markets, economic growth and promotion of and better utilisation of a country’s
resources.
The non-traditional or developmental role of SBP also include; i) Development of

financial framework and; ii) Institutionalization of savings and investment
Ensuring the stability and soundness of the banking system is a statutory responsibility
of State Bank of Pakistan. SBP’s different banking supervision departments i.e. Banking
Policy and Regulations Department (BP&RD), Banking Surveillance Department (BSD),
Off-Site Supervision and Enforcement Department (OSSED), Financial Markets Strategy
and Conduct Department (FMSCD) and Banking Inspection Department (BID) try to
ensure the soundness of individual banks as well as that of overall banking industry.
There are two Broad Categories of Role of SBP for ensuring the soundness of Financial
System, which are ; i) Regulation of liquidity and; ii) Regulation and Supervision including
the "Prudential Regulations".
Besides providing for credit and risk exposure limits, SBP also prescribe guidelines
relating to classification of short-term and long-term loan facilities, set criteria for
management, prohibit criminal use of banking channels for the purpose of money
laundering
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GLOSSARY
A
ALL or NONE
A limit price order that instructs the broker/dealer to buy or sell the whole order at the
stated price or not at all. If there is insufficient supply or demand to meet the quantity
requested or offered for sale by the order then it is cancelled at the close of the market.
ALPHA
Alpha is a measure of selection risk (also known as residual risk) of a mutual fund in
relation to the market. A positive alpha is the extra return awarded to the investor for
taking a risk, instead of accepting the market return. For example, an alpha of 0.4 means
the fund outperformed the market-based return estimate by 0.4 %. -0.6 means a fund's
monthly return was 0.6 % less than would have been predicted from the change in the
market alone. It is thus a measure of performance on a risk-adjusted basis. Alpha takes
the volatility (price risk) of a mutual fund and compares its risk-adjusted performance to
a benchmark index. The excess return of the fund relative to the return of the
benchmark index is a fund's alpha.
AMERICAN DEPOSITARY RECEIPTS

Certificates issued by a U.S. Depositary Bank, representing foreign shares held by the
bank, usually by a branch or correspondent in the country of issue. One ADR may
represent one share or a bundle of shares of a foreign corporation. ADR's carry the same
currency, political and economic risks as the underlying foreign share; the prices of the
two, adjusted for the SDR/ordinary ratio, are kept essentially identical by arbitrage.
American Depositary Shares (ADS) are a similar form of certification.
AMERICAN-STYLE OPTION
It is an option contract that can be exercised at any time between the date of purchase
and the date of expiry. Most exchange-traded options are American style.
ANALYST
A professionally qualified and experienced person, normally an employee of a brokerage
firm, an asset management company or an independent research firm who studies
companies, commodities and capital markets, and makes buy and sell recommendations
on stocks, commodities and financial instruments. Most analysts specialize either in a
specific industry, sector or commodity.
ANNUAL REPORT
An Annual Report is the yearly record of a company's financial condition that includes a
description of the firm’s operations, its balance sheet and income statement.
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ARBITRAGE
Profiting from differences in the price of a single security that is traded on more than
one market. Taking advantage of certain prices in different markets by the purchase or
sale of any instrument and at the same time taking an equal and opposite position in a
related market to profit from any small price differential.
ASK
The price at which a broker or dealer is willing to sell a stock, commodity or any other
financial instrument.
AUTOMATIC EXECUTION
Any order that is automatically executed by a computer without any human
intervention based on pre-set terms and conditions.
ASSIGNMENT
Assignment is the receipt of an exercise notice by an option writer that requires him to
sell (in the case of a call) or purchase (in the case of a put) the underlying security at the
specified strike price. Assignment occurs when an option holder exercises his option by
notifying his broker, who then notifies the Clearing System.
AUTOREGRESSIVE
Using past data to predict future movement of market or financial instrument. As a
general application it is using of past data or variable of interest to predict future values
of the same variable.
AVERAGE MATURITY
The average time to maturity of securities held by a mutual fund is called average
maturity. Changes in interest rates have greater impact on funds with longer average
life.
BACK OFFICE
The clerical or back office operations of a financial intermediary that supports, but do
not include, the trading of stocks and other securities or marketing and sales of mutual
funds and other financial instruments. It includes all communications and settlement of
trades, record keeping and regulatory compliance.
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
This is a summary of money flowing in and out of a country. If a country is spending
more for imported goods and services than it receives for goods and services it exports,
a deficit results. If the country received more money by selling goods, services and other
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payments in foreign markets than it spent on imports and other outgoing payments, it
will result in a surplus.
BASIS POINTS
One hundredth of a percentage point (0.01%). Basis points are often used to measure
changes in or differences between yields on fixed income securities, since these often
change by very small amounts.
BEAR
An investor who believes a stock or the overall market will decline. A bear market is a
prolonged period of falling stock prices, usually by 20% or more.
BEAR RAID
Bear raid is phenomenon or a situation in which large traders sell positions with the
intention of driving prices down.
BETA
It is a measure of non-diversifiable risk or the extent to which a firm’s (or asset’s) or
stock return changes because of a change in the market’s return. It is a measure of the
risk of a stock’s financial returns, as compared with the risk of the financial returns of
the general stock market.  = 1 means that the stock is as risky as the general market; 
< 1 means the stock is less risky, whereas  > 1 means that the stock is more risky than
the overall stock market.
Beta () may be estimated by applying linear regression analysis to explain the
relationship between the dependent variable, stock returns (Rj), and the independent
variable, market returns (Rm). The intercept or constant term (also referred to as ‘alpha’)
of the regression equation provides a measure of Stock Returns (Rj) performance as
compared to the performance of the general market during the regression period.
Rj = α + Rm (regression equation formulation)

Rj = Rm + (Rm – Rf)
= Rf + Rm - Rf
= Rf (1 - ) + Rm (CAPM formulation)
BETA (STOCKS)
Beta is a measure of a stock's risk in relation to the market. A BETA of 0.7 for a stock
means that a stock price is likely to move up or down 70 % of the market change; while
a BETA of 1.3 means the stock is likely to move up or down 30 % more than the market.
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BETA (MUTUAL FUNDS)

It is the measure of a fund's risk in relation to the market. A BETA of 0.7 for a mutual
fund means that the fund's total return is likely to move up or down 70 % of the market
change; while a BETA of 1.3 means total return is likely to move up or down 30 % more
than the market.
BID
A bid price is the highest price that a buyer (i.e., bidder) is willing to pay for a good. It is
usually referred to simply as the "bid." In bid and ask. Thus it is the price at which a
broker/dealer is willing to buy a stock, commodity or any other financial instrument.
BLANK SALE
“Blank Sale” means “a sale by a party that does not own shares or the sale does not
constitute a sale with pre-existing interest or is a sale by a party that has not entered
into a contractual borrowing arrangement to meet delivery requirements”. Blank sale is
legally not permissible in Pakistan.
BLOW-OFF TOP
A steep and rapid increase in prices that immediately followed by a steep and rapid drop
in price. This is an indicator seen in charts and used in technical analysis of stock price
and market trends.
BONUS SHARES
The term ‘bonus shares’ means dividend paid by a Joint Stock Company to its
shareholdings in the form of shares from its accumulated profits; the free shares thus
issued to existing shareholders are known as a bonus shares. These bonus shares are
issued to the existing shareholders by the company by converting free reserves or share
premium account to equity capital without taking any consideration from investors.
Bonus shares do not directly affect a company’s performance.
Issue of Bonus shares has following major implications/effects:
1. Share capital gets increased according to the bonus issue ratio.

2. Liquidity in the stock increases.
3. Effective Earnings per share, Book Value and other per share values stand reduced.
4. Markets take the action usually as a favourable act.
5. Market price gets adjusted on issue of bonus shares.
6. Accumulated profits get reduced.
BREAKOUT
Rises in a security’s price above a resistance level (commonly its previous high price) or
drop below a level of support (commonly the former lowest price). A breakout is taken
to signify a continuing move in the same direction. Can be used by technical analysts as
a buy or sell indication.
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BROKER
In general a broker is an individual or a firm that matches buyers and sellers for a fee or
a commission.
BUSINESS CYCLE
The business cycle has four phases: Expansion, Peak, Recession and Trough:
These cycles create price changes, which lead to changes in total spending in relation to
the amount of goods and services being produced.
BULL MARKET
A market which is on a consistent upward trend is regarded a bull market.
BUYOUT
Purchase of a controlling interest of a company's stock. A leveraged buyout is done with
borrowed money.
CALL OPTION
An option contract that gives the holder of the option the right (but not the obligation)
to purchase, and obligates the writer to sell, a specified number of shares, commodity
or financial instrument at the given strike price, on or before the expiration date of the
contract.
CAPITAL EXPENDITURES
Amount used during a particular period to acquire or improve long term assets such as
property, plant, or equipment.
CAPITAL GAIN
When a stock, commodity or a financial instrument is sold for a profit, it's the excess of
the net sales price over their net cost that is called Capital Gain.
CAPITAL LOSS
When a stock, commodity or a financial instrument is sold at a loss, it is the excess of
net cost over the net sales price that is called capital loss.
CASH DIVIDEND
A dividend paid in cash to a company's shareholders. The amount is normally based on
profitability and is taxable as income. A cash distribution may include capital gains and
return of capital in addition to the dividend.
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CASH AND EQUIVALENTS

The assets that can be converted into liquid cash immediately are regarded as cash
equivalents. Usually this includes bank accounts and marketable securities, such as
government bonds and Bankers Acceptances. Cash equivalents on balance sheets also
include securities (e.g., notes) that mature within ninety days.
CASH FLOW
In investments, it represents earnings before depreciation amortization and non-cash
charges. Sometimes it is called cash earnings. Cash Flow from operations (called Funds
from Operations (FFO) by real estate and other investment trusts, is important because
it indicates the ability to pay dividends.
CASH SETTLED FUTURES

It is a method of settling certain futures or options contracts whereby the seller and the
buyer exchange the difference (profit or loss) in the cash value of the underlying assets
like securities/indices/commodity/etc. At the time of settlement the difference in the
contract value when traded according to a procedure specified in the contact.
CHANGES IN FINANCIAL POSITION

Sources and uses of funds provided from operations which alter a company's cash flow
position.
CHURNING
Excessive trading of a client's account in order to increase the broker's commissions is
called churning.
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
A system of harmonized trading halts and/or price limits on securities and derivative
markets designed to provide a cooling-off period large intraday market movements.
CLOSING PURCHASE
Closing purchase is a transaction in which the purchaser's intention is to reduce or
eliminate a short position in a stock, or in a given series of options.
CLOSING SALE
It is a transaction in which the seller's intention is to reduce or eliminate his long
position in a stock, options or commodity.
COLLECTIVE INVESTMENT SCHEME

Collective Investment Scheme (CIS) is an investment vehicle which allows investors to
pool their assets into a single portfolio in order to gain access to the stock market
generally or to specific markets or sectors. Collective investment scheme includes a
closed-end fund and an open-ended scheme that provides control of the investments to
the company (AMC) pooling and investing the money. The idea behind this is to
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maximize the returns by combining resources of the participants and making it possible
to acquire a larger portion of the investment, thus generating more return that is
distributed among the investors.
For small investors, CIS allows access to professional investment management and
spreads the risk of investing in equities and other securities by giving investors a share
of a much larger portfolio than they could invest in on their own. The investors also
benefit from the lower dealing costs that a large fund can command.
COMMON STOCK EQUITY

Value of outstanding common/ordinary shares at par, plus accumulated retained
earnings. It is also called shareholders equity.
CONFIDENCE INDICATOR
Confidence indicator is a measure of investor’s faith in the economy and the securities
market. A low or deteriorating level of confidence is considered by many technical
analysts as a bearish sign.
CONFIDENCE LEVEL
The degree of assurance that a specified failure rate is not exceeded.
CONFIRMATION
Confirmation is the written statement that follows any "trade" in the financial markets.
Confirmation is issued immediately after a trade is executed. It spells out settlement
date, terms, commission, etc. depending on the nature of trade.
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX (CPI)

This is the indicator of the change in prices of goods and services. Included in the index
are food, transportation, medical care, entertainment and other items purchased by
households and individuals.
CONVERGENCE
The movement of the price of a futures contract toward the price of the underlying cash
commodity. At the start, the contract price is higher because of the time value. But as
the contract nears expiration, the futures price and the cash price converge.
CORNER a MARKET
To purchase enough of the available supply of a commodity or stock so as to be able to
manipulate its price in future.
COUNTERPARTY
Counter party is any one of the participants in a transaction.
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COUPON RATE
In bonds, notes or other fixed income securities, the stated percentage rate of interest,
usually paid twice a year.
COVERED CALL
Covered call is primarily a short call option position in which the writer owns the
number of shares of the underlying stock represented by the option contracts. Covered
calls generally limit the risk the writer takes because the stock does not have to be
bought at the market price, if the holder of that option decides to exercise it.
COVERED PERSON
Covered person means persons associated with a broker, but not including an
associated person that has no officers or employees in common with the broker and
where the broker maintains and enforces written policies and procedures reasonably
designed to prevent the broker or any of its controlling persons, officers, or employees
from influencing the activities of research analysts and the content of research reports
prepared by the associated person
CURRENT ASSETS
Current assets of company are defined as sum total of all Value of cash, accounts
receivable, inventories, marketable securities and other assets that could be converted
into cash in less than 1 year.
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Amount owed for salaries, interest, accounts payable and other debts due within 1 year.
CURRENT RATIO
Indicator of short-term debt paying ability that is determined by dividing current assets
by current liabilities. The higher the current ratio, the more liquid the company is
regarded.
CURRENT YIELD
For bonds or notes, the coupon rate divided by the market price of the bond is known as
current yield.
DAY ORDER
An order to buy or sell stock that automatically expires if it cannot be executed on the
day it is entered.
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DEBT/EQUITY RATIO
Debt/equity ratio is an indicator of financial leverage. The ratio compare assets provided
by creditors to assets provided by shareholders and is determined by dividing long term
debt by common stockholders’ equity.
DECLARATION DATE
The date on which a firm's directors meet and announce the date and amount of the
next dividend.
DEFERRED TAX
It is a non-cash expense or income that provides a source or application of free cash
flow. Deferred tax is an accounting concept (also known as future income taxes),
meaning a future tax liability or asset, resulting from temporary differences or timing
differences between the accounting value of assets and liabilities and their value for tax
purposes.
DEFLATION
Deflation is a decline in prices, where production exceeds demand. Deflation normally
occurs during recessions and leads to a rise in unemployment.
DEPRECIATION
It is a non-cash expense that provides a source of free cash flow. Amount allocated
during the period to amortize the cost of long term assets over the useful life of the
assets.
DERIVATIVE
It is a financial instrument, such as an option, or future, whose value is derived in part
from the value and characteristics of the underlying security. Some of the common
forms of the derivative instruments are forwards, futures, options, swaps etc.
DIRECT TRANSFER UNDER VPS

It is the movement of tax-deferred retirement assets from one plan directly to another.
A direct transfer is not a withdrawal and does not incur any taxes or penalties. This
allows a person to move his/her retirement assets as many times as he/she wants to
plans that might be more suitable for him/her at that point in time.
DISTRIBUTIONS
The payments from fund or corporate cash flow that may include dividend from
earnings, capital gains from sale of portfolio holdings and return on capital.
Distributions can be made by cheque or by reinvesting in additional shares/units.
DIVERGENCE
When the price of an asset and an indicator, index or other related asset moves in
opposite directions, this is called divergence. In technical analysis, traders make
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transaction decisions by identifying situations of divergence, where the price of a stock

and a set of relevant indicators, such as the money flow index (MFI), are moving in
opposite directions.
DIVIDEND
Dividend is the distribution of a portion of a company's earnings, cash flow or return of
capital to shareholders, in cash or through issuance of additional stocks.
DIVIDEND YIELD (STOCKS)

Dividend Yield represents annual dividend divided by current stock price.
DIVIDEND YIELD (FUNDS)

Dividend Yield (funds) represents return on a share of a mutual fund held over the past
12 months. Assumes fund was purchased 1 year ago. Reflects effect of sales charges (at
current rates), but not  98 redemption charges.
DIVIDENDS PER SHARE

Dividends paid for the past 12 months divided by the number of common shares
outstanding, as reported by a company. The number of shares often is determined by a
weighted average of shares outstanding over the reporting period.
DOWNGRADE
It is a classic negative change in ratings for a stock or other rated security of a company
by a credit rating company.
EARNINGS
Earnings reflect the amount of profit that a company produces during a specific period.
EARNINGS PER SHARE (EPS)

EPS is also referred to as Primary Earnings per share of common stock. It is computed by
dividing the net income for the past 12 months by the number of common shares
outstanding as reported by a company. The company often uses a weighted average of
shares outstanding over reporting period. It is an important variable to determine the
market value of a share
EARNINGS YIELD
The ratio of Earnings per Share after allowing for tax and interest payments on fixed
interest debt, to the current share price and is the inverse of the Price/Earnings ratio.
It's the Total Twelve Months Earnings divided by number of outstanding shares, divided
by the recent price, multiplied by 100. The end result is shown in percentage.
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ENTRY ORDER
An order to enter a position in the market at a specified price is regarded as Entry Order.
EQUITY
The value of the common stockholders equity in a company as shown on the balance
sheet is called Equity.
EUROPEAN-STYLE OPTION
It is an option contract that can only be exercised on the expiry date only.
EXCHANGE
An exchange is the marketplace in which shares, options and futures, stocks, bonds,
commodities and indices are traded.
EXCHANGE TRADED FUND

An Exchange Traded Fund is an open-end investment instrument issued by an asset
management company that trades on a stock exchange. By investing in the units the
Exchange Traded Fund makes available to small investors to invest in the index or the
commodity. For example, a Tola of gold may cost Rs 35000, but a unit/share in the
Exchange Traded Fund may cost only Rs 5000, making it viable for more people to
invest.
EX-DIVIDEND DATE
The first day of trading when the seller who owned the stock at the start of the day,
rather than the buyer, of a stock will be entitled to the most recently announced
dividend payment. After the ex-date has been declared, the stock will usually drop in
price adjusting for the expected dividend.
EXECUTION
The process of completing an order to buy or sell securities is called the execution of a
trade. Once a trade is executed, it is reported by a Confirmation Report and settlement
(payment and transfer of ownership) occurs usually 2 days after an order is executed
depending on the system of the exchange where it is traded.
EXERCISE
Exercise is to implement the right of the holder of an option to buy (in the case of a call)
or sell (in the case of a put) the underlying security.
EXPENSE RATIO (FUNDS)

Expense Ratio (of funds) is the percentage of the assets that were spent to run a mutual
fund. An expense ratio is determined through an annual calculation, where a fund's
operating expenses are divided by the average value of its assets under management.
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FOREX
Foreign Currency Exchange
FOREX TRADER
A Person or a firm who buys and sells foreign currencies to make a profit or acts on
behalf of customers to meet their needs of foreign currencies
FUND FAMILY
It refers to various mutual funds offered by an Asset Management Company to achieve
different investment objectives. Usually, investors can move assets between different
funds of a fund family at little or no cost, and can receive a single statement describing
their holdings in all the funds in the fund family. It is also called family of funds or
mutual fund family.
FUTURES CONTRACT
Agreement to buy or sell a set number of shares of a specific stock in a designated
future month at a price agreed upon by the buyer and seller. The contracts themselves
are often traded on the futures market. A futures contract differs from an option
because an option is the right to buy or sell, whereas a futures contract is the promise to
actually make a transaction.
GOOD TILL CANCELED

Sometimes simply called "GTC", it means an order to buy or sell stock or any tradable
financial instrument that is good until cancelled by the client.
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

Total value of products and services produced within the territorial boundary of a
country
GDP = consumption + investment + (government spending) + (exports − imports).
GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP)

GNP is an indicator of national economy that includes GDP, plus any income earned by
residents from overseas investments, minus income earned within the domestic
economy by overseas residents. In other words it is the total value of Goods and
Services produced by all nationals of a country (whether from within or outside the
country)
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GNP = GDP + NR [Net income from assets abroad (Net Income Receipts)]
GROWTH RATES
This typically represents the compounded annualized rate of growth of a company's
revenues, earnings, dividends and even macro concepts - such as the economy as a
whole
HAIRCUTS
In calculating the value of assets for purposes of capital, segregation or margin
requirements, usually a percentage reduction from the stated value (e.g. book value or
market value) to account for possible losses in value that may occur before assets can
be liquidated.
HEAD and SHOULDERS

In technical analysis, a chart formation in which a stock price reaches a peak and then
declines, rises above its former peak and again declines and rises again but not to the
second peak and then again declines. The first and third peaks are shoulders, while the
second peak is the formation's head. Technical analysts generally consider a head and
shoulders formation to be a very bearish indication.
HEDGING
The use of derivatives instruments to protect against price risks. A hedging transaction
has the specific intent of protecting and existing or anticipated physical market
exposure from unexpected or adverse price fluctuations.
In practical terms it is a strategy designed to reduce investment risk using "call" options,
"put" options, "short" selling, or futures contracts. A hedge can help lock in existing
profits. The purpose of hedging is to reduce the potential volatility of a portfolio, by
reducing the risk of loss.
HIGH PRICE
For stocks the highest (intraday) price of a stock over the past 52 weeks, adjusted for
any stock splits. The same applies for commodities and other financial instruments.
HOLDING COMPANY
A holding company is a corporation that owns enough voting stock in another firm to
control management and operations by influencing or electing its board of directors.
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IMMEDIATE FAMILY MEMBERS

Spouse, parents and grandparents, children and grandchildren, brothers and sisters,
mother in law and father in law, brothers in law and sisters in law, daughters in law and
sons in law. Adopted and step members are also included in immediate family
INDUSTRY
It is a category of business that describes a company's primary line of business. This
usually is determined by the largest contribution towards the revenue of the company.
INFLATION
The overall general upward price movement of goods and services in an economy (often
caused by an increase in the supply of money), which is usually measured by the
movements in Consumer Price Index and the Producer Price Index is denoted as
inflation. Over time, as the cost of goods and services increase, the value of a Rupee is
going to fall because an individual is not able to purchase as much with that Rupee as
he/she previously could. It is an opposite of deflation.
INITIAL MARGIN REQUIREMENTS

When buying securities on margin, the proportion of the total market value of the
securities that the investor must pay for cash /collateral.
INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING (IPO)

IPOs are the company's first sale of stock to the public. Securities offered in an IPO are
sometimes those of young, small companies seeking outside equity capital and a public
market for their stock and/or by large privately owned companies looking for a public
market for their shares/stock.
INSIDER INFORMATION
Any information that can have effect on the price of the of the share of a company and
that has not yet been made public. It is illegal for holders of this information to make
trades based on the information that is not in public knowledge irrespective of the fact
that how this information has been received.
INVENTORY
For companies: Raw materials, items available for sale or in the process of being made
ready for sale. These can be individually valued by several different means, including
cost or current market value, and collectively by FIFO, LIFO or other methods of
valuations. The lower value of alternatives is usually used to preclude overstating
earnings and assets. For security firms the inventory means the securities bought and
held by a broker or dealer for resale.
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INVENTORY TURNOVER
The ratio of annual sales to inventory of a company is referred as Inventory Turnover.
Low turnover is in most cases considered an unhealthy sign, indicating excessive stocks
and/or poor sales.
INVESTMENT ADVISORY RELATIONSHIP

A relationship by which a person or organization employed by an individual or mutual
fund to manage assets or provide investment or financial advice is called investment
advisory relationship.
LEVERAGE
The use of various financial instruments or borrowed capital, such as margin, to increase
the potential return of an investment is termed as Leverage.
Leverage also refers to the amount of debt used to finance a firm's assets. A firm with
significantly more debt than equity is considered to be highly leveraged.
LIMIT ENTRY ORDER

Limit Entry orders are entry orders to enter the market at a more favourable price.
When buying a stock, the limit entry order will be placed below the current market
price. When placing a limit entry order to sell, the order will be placed above the current
market price.
Limit entry orders are often conducive to strategies pertaining to range-bound markets,
where clients can place orders to buy at the bottom of the range and sell at the top.
LIMIT ORDER
An order to a broker to buy a specified quantity of a security at or below a specified
price or to sell it at or above a specified price (called the limit price). This ensures that a
person will never pay more for the stock than whatever price is set as his/her limit. This
is one of the two most common types of orders, the other being a market order. It is an
opposite of no limit order.
LONG POSITION
The buying of a security such as a stock, commodity or currency, with the expectation
that the asset will rise in value, or in other words a position which gives profit from an
increase in price is called Long Position. It occurs when an individual owns securities or
financial instruments. For example, an investor holding 1000 shares of stock with
expectations that the price of stock will rise is said to be "Long in the Stock” or
possessing Long Position for those specific shares.
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LONG TERM ASSETS

The value of property, equipment and/or other capital assets less accumulated
depreciation is known as Long Term Assets. These assets are recorded in the books of
accounts of a company, usually on a “cost” basis and thus do not necessarily reflect the
market value of the assets.
LONG TERM DEBT

The loans and obligations with a maturity of longer than one year; usually accompanied
by interest payments are referred to as Long Term Debts.
LONG TERM DEBT/CAPITALIZATION

Long term debt is the indicator of financial leverage which shows long term debt as a
proportion of the capital available. It is determined by dividing long term debt by the
sum of long term debt, preferred stock and common stockholders equity.
LONG TERM LIABILITIES

Amount owed by a company for loans, leases, bond repayment and other liabilities due
for payment after 1 year.
LOW PRICE
For stocks the lowest (intraday) price of a stock over the past 52 weeks, adjusted for
stock bonus. The same applies for commodities and other financial instruments.
MANUAL EXECUTION
It is an order that is entered or executed by a person.
MARGIN
Is a deposit that allows to open a position i.e. a 1% margin gives you the right to open a
Rs.100,000 worth of a position with a Rs. 1,000 deposit.
MARGIN CALL
Margin Call is a requirement by the broker to deposit more funds in order to maintain
an open position. Sometimes a "margin call" means that the position which does not
have sufficient funds on deposit will simply be closed out by the broker. This procedure
allows the client to avoid further losses or a debit account balance.
MARKET MAKER
It is a dealer who is making a market in pairs and provides liquidity displaying a two way
price quote.
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MARKET ORDER
The client's instruction to a broker to buy or sell the item immediately, at the current
best price available is called Market order. In contrast, a limit order is executed within a
specified range of prices, and a stop order when a specified price is reached. Market
order is the most common way of executing orders and is also called ‘at the market’.
MINI ACCOUNT
It allows an in investor to trade with small -- mini -- lot sizes.
MARGIN ACCOUNT (STOCKS)

It is an account in which stocks can be purchased for a combination of cash and a loan.
The loan in the margin account is collateralized by the stock and, if the value of the
stock drops sufficiently, the owner will be asked to either put in more cash, or sell a
portion of the stock. Margin rules are regulated by the SECP.
MARGIN REQUIREMENT (OPTIONS)

The amount of cash an uncovered (naked) option writer is required to deposit and
maintain to cover his daily position valuation and reasonably foreseeable intraday
price changes.
MARKET CAPITALIZATION
The total rupee value of all outstanding shares is called Market Capitalization. It is
computed as shares times’ current market price. It is a measure of corporate size.
MARKET MAKER
Market maker is a dealer who makes a market, i.e. quotes bid and offer prices to
counterparties and is prepared to deal at those prices.
MINIMUM PURCHASES
For mutual funds, the amount required to open a new account (Minimum Initial
Purchase) or to deposit into an existing account (Minimum Additional Purchase). These
minima may be lowered for buyers participating in an automatic purchase plan.
MONEY MARKET FUND

A mutual fund that invests only in short term securities, such as banker’s acceptances,
commercial paper, and government securities.
MONEY SUPPLY
This is the total amount of available money and credit in a country. The Central Bank
attempts to control money and credit to create a stable, growing economy.
MOVING AVERAGE
Used in charts and technical analysis, the average of security or commodity prices
constructed in a period as short as a few days or as long as several years and showing
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trends for the latest interval. As each new variable is included in calculating the average,
the last variable of the series is deleted.
MUTUAL FUND
Mutual Fund is an open end fund operated by an Asset management/investment
company that pools investor’s money and invests it in a variety of stocks, bonds, or
other securities. Mutual Fund raises money by issuing units to the public, while redeems
these depending on the demand.
NAKED OPTION
The sale of a call or put option without holding an equal and opposite position in the
underlying instrument is called Naked Option.
NET ASSET VALUE (NAV)

It is the value of a mutual fund's investments. For a mutual fund, the net asset value per
share usually represents the fund's market price, subject to a possible sales or
redemption charge. It is calculated by dividing the total net asset value of the fund or
company by the number of shares outstanding. It is also referred to as "book value per
share". For a closed end fund, the market price may vary significantly from the net asset
value as per demand and supply.
NET INCOME
The company's total earnings, reflecting revenues adjusted for costs of doing business,
depreciation, interest, taxes and other expenses.
NET POSITION
The difference between the open long contracts and open short contracts held by a
trader in any one commodity is called Net Position.
NO LOAD MUTUAL FUND

No load mutual fund means that the funds which do not charge any type of sales load. A
no-load mutual fund may charge other fees that are not sales loads, such as purchase
fees, redemption fees, and account fees etc.
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OBJECTIVE (MUTUAL FUNDS)

The fund's investment strategy and the categorization as stated in the prospectus. There
are more than 20 standardized categories of funds.
OPTION
Is a contract that grants the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy (a call option)
or sell (a put option) commodity or financial security at a specified price on or before a
given date. Investors, not companies, issue options. Investors who purchase call options
bet the stock will be worth more than the price set by the option (the strike price), plus
the price they paid for the option itself. Buyers of put options bet the stock’s price will
go down below the price set by the option.
OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Value of non-cash assets, including prepaid expenses and accounts receivable, due
within 1 year.
OTHER SOURCES
Amount of funds generated during the period from operations by sources other than
depreciation or deferred taxes such as funds generated from changes in working capital
and these forms are part of Free Cash Flow calculation.
OUT OF THE MONEY

A call option is out-of-the-money if the strike price is greater than the market price of
the underlying security. A put option is out-of-the-money if the strike price is less than
the market price of the underlying security.
OVERBOUGHT/OVERSOLD INDICATOR
The indicator that attempts to define when prices have moved too far and too fast in
either direction and thus are vulnerable to reaction are referred to as Overbought/
Oversold position.
PAYMENT DATE
The date on which a declared stock dividend or a bond interest coupon is scheduled to
be paid is termed as Payment Date.
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PREFERRED STOCK
A security that shows ownership in a corporation and gives the holder a claim, prior to
the claim of common stockholders, on earnings and also generally on assets in the event
of liquidation are known as Preferred Stock. Mostly preferred stock pays fixed dividend
as a percentage of a par value. This stock does not usually carry voting rights.
PRICES
It is the price of a share of common stock on the date shown. Highs and lows are based
on the highest and lowest intraday trading price.
PRICE/BOOK RATIO
The ratio that compares a stock's market value to the value of total assets less total
liabilities (book value) is called Price/Book Ratio. It is determined by dividing current
price by common stockholder’s equity per share (book value), adjusted for stock splits. It
also called Market-to-Book.
PRICE/EARNINGS RATIO
Shows the "multiple" of earnings at which a stock sells. It is determined by dividing
current price by current earnings per share. Earnings per share for the P/E ratio are
determined by dividing earnings for past 12 months by the number of common shares
outstanding. Higher "multiple" means investors have higher expectations for future
growth, and have bid up the stock's price. The Price Earnings Ratio is calculated as per
following formulae:
PRICE/SALES RATIO
It is determined by dividing stock's current price by revenue per share. Revenue per
share for the P/S ratio is determined by dividing revenue for past 12 months by number
of shares outstanding.
PRIMARY MARKET
The first buyer of a newly issued security buys that security in the primary market. All
subsequent trading of those securities is done in the secondary market.
PROFIT MARGIN
Profit Margin is an Indicator of being profitable. It is determined by dividing net income
by revenue for the same 12-month period. Result is shown as a percentage.
PROGRAM TRADING
Trades based on signals from computer programs, usually entered directly from the
trader's computer to the market's computer system and executed automatically.
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PROSPECTUS
Formal written document to sell securities that describes the plan for a proposed
business enterprise, or the facts concerning an existing one, which an investor needs to,
make an informed decision. Prospectuses are used by Mutual Funds to describe the
fund objectives, risks and other essential information.
PUBLIC APPEARANCE
Public appearance means any participation by a research analyst in a seminar, forum
(including an interactive electronic forum), or radio or television or other interview, in
which the research analyst makes a specific recommendation or provides information
reasonably sufficient upon which to base an investment decision about a security or an
issuer.
PUT OPTION
An option contract that gives the holder the right to sell a certain quantity of an
underlying security to the writer of the option, at a specified price (strike price) up to a
specified date (expiration date of the contract); here it also called ‘put’.
QUOTATION
The actual price or the bid or ask price of either cash commodities or futures contracts.
QUICK RATIO
It is an indicator of a company's financial strength (or weakness). It is calculated by
taking current assets less inventories, divided by current liabilities. It also called Acid
Test.
R
RANGE
The difference between the high and low price during a given period is termed as Range.
REDEMPTION CHARGE
The commission charged by a mutual fund when redeeming shares. For example, a 2%
redemption charge (also called a "back end load") on the sale of shares valued at 1000
will result in payment of 980 (or 98 % of the value) to the investor. This charge may
decrease or be eliminated as shares are held for longer time periods.
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RELATIVE STRENGTH
A stock's price movement over the past year as compared to a market index (e.g. KSE
100). Value below 1.0 means the stock shows relative weakness in price movement
(underperformed the market); a value above 1.0 means the stock shows relative
strength over the 1-year period. Equation for Relative Strength: [current stock
price/year-ago stock price] minus (KSE 100 current value – KSE 100 one year ago).
REMUNERATION
Sum of direct benefits (such as salary, allowances, bonus, and commission) and indirect
benefits (such as insurance, pension plans, vacations) that an employee receives from
an employer
RESEARCH ANALYST
Research analyst means any natural person who is primarily responsible for the
preparation of the content of a research report
RESEARCH REPORT
Research report means a written communication (including an electronic
communication) that includes an analysis of a security or an issuer and provides
information reasonably sufficient upon which to base an investment decision
RETRACEMENT
The price movement in the opposite direction of the previous trend is called
retracement.
RETURN
The percentage gain or loss for a mutual fund in a specific time period is referred to as
Return. This number assumes that all distributions are reinvested.
RETURN ON ASSETS (ROA)

It is an Indicator of profitability. It is determined by dividing net income for the past 12
months by total assets. Result is shown as a percentage.
RETURN ON EQUITY (ROE)

ROE is the most important indicator of profitability. Determined by dividing net income
for the past 12 months by common stockholder’s equity (adjusted for stock splits).
Result is shown as a percentage.
RIGHTS OFFERING
The issuance of "rights" to existing shareholders allowing them to purchase additional
shares, usually at a discount to market price is known as Rights Offering. Shareholders
who do not exercise these rights dilute their holdings in the company by the offering.
Rights are transferable, allowing the holder to sell them on the open market to others
who may wish to exercise them.
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SALES CHARGE
The fee charged by a mutual fund when purchasing shares, usually payable as a
commission to a marketing agent, such as a financial advisor, who is thus compensated
for his assistance to a purchaser. It represents the difference, if any, between the shares
purchase price and the share net asset value.
SECONDARY MARKET
A market that provides for the purchase or sale of previously owned securities. Most
trading is done in the secondary market. The Stock Exchanges and the bond markets,
etc., are examples of secondary markets.
SETTLEMENT DATE
It is the date on which payment is made to settle a trade. For stocks traded on
exchanges, settlement is currently 2 business days after the trade (T+2). For mutual
funds, settlement usually occurs the day following the trade. In some regional markets,
foreign shares may require longer period to settle.
SHARES
These are certificates or book entries representing ownership in a corporation or similar
other entity.
SHARE REPURCHASE
It is a programme by which a corporation buys back its own shares in the open market.
It is usually done when shares are undervalued. Since it reduces the number of shares
outstanding and thus increases earnings per share, it tends to elevate the market value
of the remaining shares held by stockholders.
SHORT SALE
"Short Sale" means a sale by a Member of the Stock Exchange, on his Proprietary
Account or on Client’s Account, not owning securities at the time of sale or the sale
without constituting a Pre-Existing Interest but is a sale on Proprietary Account or
Client’s Account entered into on the basis of Prior Contractual Borrowing Arrangement
to meet delivery requirements on the settlement date. Short Selling is regulated by
“Regulations for Short Selling under Ready Market, 2002”.
SLIPPAGE
Slippage is the difference between estimated transaction costs and actual transaction
costs. The difference is usually composed of revisions to price difference or spread and
commission costs.
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SPREAD
The term ‘spread’ has different meaning depending on the products being dealt. It is the
difference between the current bid and the current ask (in over-the-counter trading) or
offered (in exchange trading) of a given security; it is also called bid/ask spread.
The purchase of one option and the simultaneous sale of a related option, such as two
options of the same class but different strike prices and/or expiration dates. It is also
called spread option. More generally, spread is the difference between any two prices.
STOCK DIVIDEND/ BONUS SHARES

The payment of a corporate dividend in the form of stock rather than cash is the stock
dividend (also called Bonus shares). It may be additional shares in the company, or it
may be shares in a subsidiary being spun off to shareholders. Stock dividends are often
used to conserve cash needed to operate the business. Unlike a cash dividend, stock
dividends are not taxed until sold.
STOP (-LOSS) ORDER

The order to sell a stock when the price falls to a specified level is known as Stop (Loss)
Order.
STRIKE PRICE
It is the stated price per share for which underlying stock may be purchased (in the case
of a call) or sold (in the case of a put) by the option holder upon exercise of the option
contract.
TICK INDICATOR
A market indicator based on the number of stocks whose last trade was an uptick or a
downtick. Used as an indicator of market sentiment or psychology to try to predict the
market's trend at a certain point in time and also relevant in context of “Regulations for
Short Selling under Ready Market, 2002”..
TIME VALUE
The portion of the premium that is based on the amount of time remaining until the
expiration date of the option contract, and that the underlying components that
determine the value of the option may change during that time. Time value is generally
equal to the difference between the premium and the intrinsic value.
TRADE
A verbal (or electronic) transaction involving one party buying a security from another
party is called Trade. Once a trade is consummated, it is considered "done" or final.
147
TRADE DATE
It is the date on which a trade occurs. Trades generally settle (are paid for) 2 business
days after a trade date.
TRADING RANGE
The difference between the high and low prices traded during a period of time; with
commodities, the high/low price limit established by the exchange for a specific
commodity for any one day's trading.
TURNOVER
Mutual Funds: A measure of trading activity during the previous year, expressed as a
percentage of the average total assets of the fund. A turnover ratio of 25 % means that
the value of trades represented one-fourth of the assets of the fund. Finance: The
number of times a given asset, such as inventory, is replaced during the accounting
period, usually a year. Corporate: The ratio of annual sales to net worth, representing
the extent to which a company can grow without outside capital. Markets: The volume
of shares traded as a percent of total shares listed during a specified period, usually a
day or a year.
VALUE AT RISK (VaR)

It is the maximum loss that can occur with a specified confidence over a specified
period. VaR is the statistical measure that uses distribution analysis and sensitivity
analysis to determine how much value of a portfolio may be lost given certain market
conditions.
VARIABLE COSTS
These are the costs that change as the level of output changes.
VARIANCE
It is an average value of squared deviations from mean. It is a measure of volatility.
VOLUME
The number of transactions in securities and futures made during a specified period of
time and is also called turnover.
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WANTED FOR CASH

A statement displayed on market tickers which indicates that a bidder will pay cash for
same day settlement of a block of a specified security.
WARRANT
A security entitling the holder to buy a proportionate amount of stock at some specified
future date at a specified price, usually one higher than current market. This "warrant"
is then traded as a security, the price of which reflects the value of the underlying stock.
Warrants are usually issued as a "sweetener" bundled with another class of security to
enhance the marketability of the latter.
WATCH LIST
A list of securities selected for special surveillance by a brokerage, exchange or
regulatory organization; firms on the list are often takeover targets, companies planning
to issue new securities or stocks showing unusual activity.
WITHDRAWAL PLAN
The ability to establish automatic periodic mutual fund redemptions and have proceeds
mailed directly to the investor.
WRITER
The seller of an option contract is known as a Writer.
YIELD
The percentage annualized rate of return paid on a stock in the form of dividends, or the
interest paid on a bond or a note.
YIELD TO CALL
Yield to call is the percentage rate of return on a TFC/bond or a note, if the investor has
to buy and hold the security until the call date. This yield is valid only if the security is
called prior to maturity. Generally bonds are callable over several years and normally
are called at a slight premium. The calculation of yield to call is based on the coupon
rate, length of time to the call and the market price.
YIELD TO MATURITY
The percentage rate of return paid on a TFC/bond, note or other fixed income security if
it is held to its maturity. The calculation for YTM is based on the coupon rate, length of
149
time to maturity and market price. It assumes that coupon interest paid over the life of
the bond will be reinvested at the same rate.
ZERO COUPON
The term refers to a debt instrument that does not make coupon payments, but, rather,
is issued at a discount to par and redeemed at par at maturity.
**********
150

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ICM - Mutual Fund Distributors Certification

Study and Reference Guide

Institute of Capital Markets © 2013

Mutual Fund Distributors

Study and Reference Guide

Institute of Capital Markets

1. Objective of the Examination………………………………………………………………. 05

OBJECTIVE OF THE EXAMINATION

Element number Element Questions

SUMMARY OF THE SYLLABUS

1.4 understand the relationship of Securities Market and Economic Development

1.5 know the products and asset classes including:

1.7 understand the role and functions of Primary Market

1.8 understand the role and functions of Secondary Market

2.1 know the Concept and Role of Mutual Funds including:

 Emergence of Mutual Funds

2.2 know the evolution of Mutual funds in Pakistan including:

2.3 know the Categories of Mutual Funds including:

2.4 know the Risks associated with Mutual Funds including:

3.3 understand the NBFC Rules 2003

3.5 understand the Voluntary Pension System Rules, 2005

3.6 understand the Real Estate Investment Trust Regulations 2008

4.1 understand the structure and importance of Regulatory Documents including

4.2 know Investor Services and requirements including:

5.3 understand the Fund Redemption and Transfer procedure including:

 Payment of redemption proceeds

5.4 understand the Fund Valuation and Taxation including:

 International Accounting Standards (IAS) applicability

 Alpha and Beta

6.4 Understand and be able to calculate the Tax treatment of pensions,

6.5 Know Legislation and taxation benefits on Pension Funds.

On completion, the candidate should:

 Islamic Equity Fund

7.3 understand the Management and Management Fee of Shariah Funds

8.1 know the methods of information dissemination and disclosure requirements

 Matching investments and redemption

8.6 know the importance of maintenance of investor records

8.7 understand the Prohibitions and Restrictions related to:

8.9 know the requirements of Fair Dealing including:

 Risks & Rewards of Investing

8.10 know the process and handling of Investor Complaints

9.1 know the Taxation laws relevant to capital markets including:

 Revenue and profit growth

 Mean, Median and Mode

 Business Cycles and its Indicators

9.5 know the Macroeconomic indicators including:

1. Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2010

On completion, the candidate should:

Money lent directly

Money lent via an intermediary

On completion, the candidate should:

1.2 know the investor population, main institutions/ organizations – markets,

On completion, the candidate should:

RETAIL/ COMMERCIAL BANKS

MUTUAL AND PENSION FUNDS

Asset Management Companies have professional management, with a portfolio manager to

ASSET MANAGEMENT COMPANIES (AMC)

INDUSTRY TRADE BODIES

On completion, the candidate should:

1.4 understand the relationship of Securities Market and Economic Development

SECURITIES MARKETS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

On completion, the candidate should:

1.5 know the products and asset classes including: