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30 0 C B
80 0 C
11. Name the physical property (thermometric property) which varies with
temperature used in a liquid-in-glass thermometer.
Expansion of a liquid.
1
13. Comparison of mercury and alcohol as a liquid-in-glass thermometer.
Mercury Alcohol
Opaque colourless
Easy to read. It needs to be dyed.
It is poisonous. It is safe liquid.
It is expensive. It is cheap.
Conducts heat well, responds faster Responds more slowly then mercury.
to temperature changes.
Features Explanation
l l 0
15. Temperature of liquid, 100 0 C ,
l100 l 0
Where, l 0 = length of mercury at ice point.
l100 = length of mercury at steam point.
l = length of mercury at point.
2
4.2 Understanding Specific Heat Capacity
1. The specific heat capacity of a substance is the quantity of heat needed to increase
the temperature of a mass of 1 kg by 1 0 C or 1 K.
Q
2. Specific heat capacity, c =
m
Where, m = mass
Q = heat absorbed or released
= change in temperature
5. How much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of 1.5 kg of water from 30
0
C to its boiling point? The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg 1 0 C 1 .
441000 J
6. Conversion of energy
Pt = m c
mgh = m c
(c) Kinetic energy of a moving object is transformed into heat energy when it is
stop due to friction.
½ mv 2 = m c
7. A 700 W electric heater is used to heat 2 kg of water for 10 minutes. Calculate the
temperature rise of the water. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg 1 0
C 1 .
50 0 C
3
8. A copper block weighing 2 kg is dropped from a height of 20 m. What is the rise in
temperature of the copper block after it hits the floor. The specific heat capacity of
copper is 400 J kg 1 0 C 1 .
0.5 0 C
9. A bullet traveling at 60 m s 1 hit a sand bag. The temperature of the bullet rises by
4.5 0 C. Calculate the specific heat capacity of the bullet.
400 J kg 1 0 C 1
10. 100 g of hot water at 90 0 C is mixed with 200 g of cold water at 30 0 C. Assuming
that no heat is lost, calculate the final temperature of the mixture.
0
50 C
Material has a high specific heat Material has a low specific heat
capacity capacity
It takes a longer time to be heated. It becomes hot very quickly.
4
Melting boiling
Solid liquid Gas
………
Freezing condensation
4. Specific latent heat of fusion is the quantity of heat that is needed to change 1 kg
of a substance from solid state to liquid state, without a change in temperature.
5. Specific latent heat of vaporization is the quantity of heat that is needed to change
1 kg of a substance from liquid state to vapour state, without a change in
temperature.
Q
6. Specific latent heat, L =
m
6.72 X 10 5 J
0
9. Temperature / C
90 D E
B C
70
30 A
0 5 15 20 35 Time/minute
5
Figure shows the temperature-time graph for a substance, S of mass 2.0 kg, being
heated using a 500 W heater.
(i) AB : solid
(iii) CD : liquid
The heat energy absorbed is used for increasing the kinetic energy of
the molecules.
The heat energy absorbed is used for breaking up the bonds of the
molecules, and not for increasing the kinetic energy of the molecules.
(f) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the substance in solid state.
1875 J kg 1 0
C 1
225000 J kg 1
6
4.4 Understanding The Gas Laws
1
P V T P T
V
Boyle’s law states that the Charles’ law states that the Pressure law states that
pressure of a fixed mass of volume of a fixed mass of the pressure of a fixed
gas is inversely proportional gas is directly proportional mass of gas is directly
to its volume at constant to the absolute temperature proportional to the
temperature. at constant gas pressure. absolute temperature at
constant volume.
P V P
0 V 0 T/ 0 C T/ 0 C
7
P V P
1
0 0 T/K 0 T/K
V
P V P
V T T
0 P 0 V 0 P
P V P
V T T
0 V 0 T 0 T
4 cm L air
18 cm air
(a) (b)
20 cm
8
(Atmospheric pressure = 10 m water)
5 cm 3
300 K
6. Convert 330 K to its equivalent temperature in degrees Celsius.
0
57 C
87 0 C
22.5 cm 3
9. Before a journey from Parit Buntar to Ipoh, the air in a car tyre has a pressure of 200
kPa and a temperature of 27 0 C. After the journey, the air pressure in the tyre is 220
kPa. What is the temperature of the air in the tyre after the journey?
57 0 C
10. The pressure of gas in a light bulb is 50.5 kPa at 30 0 C. Calculate the pressure of
the gas when the temperature inside the bulb rises to 87 0 C after the bulb is lighted
up.
60 kPa