People and Studies Review Sheet—AP Psychology

Researcher(s)/ Text Chapter Area of Study Basics of Study Key Concepts

Theorists derived from or
enhanced from
research
1. Adler, Alfred Personality Psychodynamic Social creatures governed by social -social urges
(Neo-Freudian) urges; struggle to overcome -striving for
imperfections, drive for competence, superiority
completion and mastery of -compensation
shortcomings -style of life
-creative self
2. Ainsworth Child Attachment To see how babies act when their -securely attached
Development mother returns after a brief -insecure-avoidant
separation - insecure-
ambivalent
attachment
3. Allport, Gordon -Personality -Classifying -Study traits specific to most -common traits
--attitudes, traits members of a culture; a person’s -cardinal traits
culture, and --prejudice unique qualities; traits so basic to -individual traits
human personality all activity traced back to -central traits
relations it; building blocks to personality; -secondary traits
superficial --personal prejudice
--study the root of different types of --group prejudice
prejudice
4. Anastasi, Anne Personality Traits Traits influenced by learning and -nature
heredity -nuture
5. Asch, Solomon Social Conformity Group of students at a table, all but -social influences
Behavior one are actors who give the wrong -conformity
answer about a third of the time -group pressure
when matching sizes of lines
6. Atkinson, John Wm.
7. Bandura, Albert Conditioning -Aggression -Angry boys severely punished at -aggression
8. * and learning --Observational home so they suppressed -modeling
learning misbehavior at home and were -social learning
aggressive elsewhere theory
--children watched an adult attack a
blow up doll, others watched movie
of this, a third watched a cartoon
version; then good toys were taken
from them and they were given the
blow up doll, most imitated adult
behavior even the cartoon
9. Beck, Aaron Therapies -Cognitive -distortions in thinking that are -selective
Theory for negative and self-defeating perception
Depression -overgeneralization
-all – or – nothing
thinking
10. Bem, Sandra Gender and Androgyny Bem Sex Role Inventory which -androgyny
Sexuality combined 20 masculine traits, 20 -adaptability
feminine and 20 neutral then asked
people which traits applied to them
11. Berne, Eric Therapies Basic People have reasons to avoid advice -advice
counseling or know more about their situation
skills
12. Binet, Alfred Intelligence Standard Tests Made a test of intellectual questions -reliability
then learned what an average student -validity
can answer at a certain age -objective test
-test standardization
-norm
13. Boring, E.G. Perceiving the Perceptual Studied visual perception; -Boring figure
World Organization ambiguous depiction of old lady or -figure ground
young lady
14. Bowlby Child Family actual patterns of family interaction -secure attachments
Development Interactions involved in both healthy and -estrangement
pathological development;
attachment behavior essential;
maladaptive children
15. Calhoun Attitudes, Social People and their role in politics and -social theory
Culture, & Psychology its effects on globalization; the -morality
Human impact of technological changes on -globalization
Relations communication
16. Cartwright States of Dreams Dreams are “feeling statements” and -lucid dreaming
Consciousness the emotional tone is a major clue to
meaning; try to change dreams
17. Cattell, James History of Origins Established psychology as a true -psychology
Psychology physical science and helped to
establish mental testing
18. Cattell, Raymond Personality Classifying Identified 16 source traits (groups of -surface traits
Traits surface traits) and graphs a picture of -source traits
personalities to compare. Universal -trait profile
traits: extroversion, agreeableness, -five-factor model
conscientious, neuroticism, openness
to experience
19. Chomsky, Noam Child Language Hereditary readiness to develop -biological
development language; language patterns inborn predisposition
-transformation
rules
20. Charcot, Brain & Neurology Founder of modern neurology and -neurology
JeanMartine Behavior found many eponyms
21. Darley & Latane Attitudes, Prosocial The more potential helpers present -bystander apathy
Culture, and Behavior the less likely people are to help
Human
Relations
22. Darwin, Charles Motivation Expressing Emotional expressions are carryover -social context
and Emotion Emotions from human evolution to
communicate feelings that aid
survival
23. Dement, William States of Dreams Wake up volunteers every time they -REM rebound
Consciousness entered REM sleep which made REM sleep
“dream sleep” more urgent; when
allowed to dream dreamt more after
24. Dollard and Miller Personality Learning Habits make up structure of -habit
Theories personality -cues
-response
-reward
25. Ebbinghaus, Herman Memory Retaining Memorized nonsense syllables and -curve of
memories then waited various lengths before forgetting
testing his memory
26. Ekman & Friesen Motivation & Kinesics Cultural learning affects meaning of -kinesics
Emotion gestures -body language
27. Ellis, Albert Therapies Cognitive People become unhappy and develop -rational-emotive
Therapy self defeating habits because they behavior theory
have unrealistic of faulty beliefs -activating
experience
-emotional
consequences
28. Erikson, Erik Life-Span Cycle of life Face specific psychosocial dilemma -psychosocial
Development or crisis at each stage of life dilemma
29. Eyesenck, Hans Memory Memory storage LTM contains everything you know -long term memory
about the world; nearly limitless; -working memory
more you know the easier to add -short term memory
new info
30. Festinger& Attitudes, Attitude College students perform boring task -cognitive
Carlsmith Culture, & Changes for a long time then lured others. dissonance theory
Human Those paid more kept original view -justification
Relations and those paid less changed attitude
31. Festinger, Leon Social Social Group members fill need for -social comparison
Behavior Comparison comparing own actions, feelings, -downward
Theory opinions or abilities to others comparison
-upward
comparison
32. Frankl, Victor Therapies Humanistic The need to find and maintain -logotherapy
Therapies meaning in life. At Nazi camp those -logos
who kept sanity because held onto
meaning
33. Freud, Anna -Health, Psychoanalysis -Established importance of ego -ego
Stress, & --Personality functions and defense mechanisms -defense
Coping Disorders --Researched children in mechanisms
--Child developmental stages and saw --objects relation
Development symptoms alike to adult disorders --development
34. Freud, Sigmund -States of -Dreams -dreams are based on internal -wish fulfillment
Consciousness Psychoanalytic conflicts and unconscious forces -psychodynamic
--Personality Theory --personality dynamic system theory
=Therapies =psychoanalysis directed by three mental structures; -dream symbols
core of personality formed in stages -id, ego, superego
before age six -psychosexual
=neurosis and hysteria caused by stages
repressed memory, motives, conflict
35. Friedman & Health, Stress Cardiac Study of heart problems, classified -type A
Rosenman & Coping Personality personalities and effects personalities
-type B
personalities
36. Fromm, Eric Social Love & Changed ideas of love into a depper -escape
Behavior Freedom understanding and believed that mechanisms
freedom essential; escape breeds
psychological problems
37. Garcia, John Motivation & Taste Coyotes given lamb tainted with -taste aversion
Emotion lithium chloride to become -bait shyness
nauseated making them develop
longtime distaste for tainted food
38. Gardner, Howard Intelligence Types of Theorizes that there are eight -language
intelligence different kinds of intelligence; -logic and math
mental languages used for thinking -visual/ spatial
-music
-bodily-kinesthetic
-intrapersonal
-interpersonal
-naturalistic
39. Gazzaniga, Michael Brain & Brain Brain efficiency has as much to do -split brain
Behavior with intelligence as size; split brain
40. Gesell Child Reasons for Observed children; realized -Gesell Dome
Development Disorders importance of nature and nurture
because children adaptable; wolf girl
41. Gibson & Walk Perceiving the Depth Place 6-14 month infants in middle -depth perception
World Perception of visual cliff with choice of shallow -visual cliff
and deep sides; most chose shallow
42. Gilligan, Carol Life-Span Moral The ethic of caring about others; -moral development
Development Dilemmas presents story to 11-15 children; -justice
boys chose justice, girls best for all
43. Hall, G. Stanley Child Adolescence Examine childhood to view -educational
Development importance of inherited behavior; psychology
studied adolescents and effect on
education
44. Harlow, Harry Child Attachments Separate baby monkeys and replace -surrogate mother
Development surrogates some cold wire other soft -contact comfort
fabric; infants chose soft
45. Heider Social Perception people attribute the behavior of -self serve bias
Behavior others to their own perceptions; and
that those perceptions could be
determined either by specific
situations or by long-held beliefs
46. Hilgard States of Hypnosis Asked hypnotized subjects to plunge -dissociation
Consciousness one hand in painful ice bath; those -split awareness
told to feel no pain said they didn’t; -hidden observer
when asked if any part hurt other
hand write it does
47. Hobson & McCarley States of Dream Theories Several parts of brain activated -brain cortex
Consciousness during REM sleep triggering -activation-
sensations, motor commands, and synthesis
memories along with visuals hypothesis
48. Holmes & Rahe Health, Stress Life Events and The first rating scale to estimate -social readjustment
& Coping stress health hazards faced when stress rating
builds -life change units
49. Horney, Karen Personality Psychodynamic individuals struggle with forbidden -basic anxiety
Theories id drives that they fear they can’t -mode of
control in a hostile world; childhood interacting
50. Hull, Clark L. Conditioning Conditioning Deprivation causes needs, needs -need
& Learning cause drive, drives activate behavior -desire
which is survival -drive
51. Izard Motivation & Facial Emotional activity cause innately -facial feedback
Emotion Expressions programmed changes in facial hypothesis
expression; sensations from face cue
brain to emotion feeling
52. James, William Motivation Emotion Emotional feelings follow bodily -James-Lange
and Emotion Theories arousal theory
53. Jones, Mary Cover Conditioning Behavioristic Unconditioned fear of rabbits in a -conditioning
& Learning Theories three year old by conditioning; -stimulus
pleasant stimulus with rabbit
54. Jung, Carl Personality -Types -People either shy and focused -introvert
-- inward or outgoing focused outward -extrovert
psychodynamic --mask exists between ego and --persona
theories outside world; unconscious divided --personal
into personal, collective, universal unconscious
--collective
unconscious
--archetype
55. Kagan Child Temperament Physical core of personality: -temperament
Development sensitivity, irritability, distractibility -nurture
; modified by learning
56. Kent, Grace Helen Psychological Diagnostics Psychiatric screening instrument that -Kent-Rosanoff
Disorders was one of the first to have objective Free Association
scoring and objective norms Test
57. Kinsey, Alfred Gender & Sexual Verified instances of orgasms in -sexual arousal
Sexuality Behavior boys at 5 months and girls 4 months
58. Koffka, Kurt Child Gestalt Type of early learning that takes -sensorimotor
Development Psychology place after a consequence ; imitation learning
important and natural -imitation
59. Kohlberg, Lawrence Life- Span Moral Learn moral values through -moral development
Development Dilemmas thinking/reasoning; posed dilemmas -preconventional;
to children of different ages and level
asked them what action should be -conventional level
taken with their reasoning -postconventional
level
60. Kohler, Wolfgang Conditioning Gestalt Observed chimpanzees and their -insight
& Learning Psychology methods of problem solving
61. Kübler-Ross, Life- Span Death Spent hours at bedside of terminally -denial/isolation
Elizabeth Development ill to observe five basic emotional -anger
reactions to impending death -bargaining
-depression
-acceptance
62. Langer & Rodin Motivation & Motivation One group of patients at nursing -control
Emotion home were told what to do by nurses
and their health declined other group
made own decisions and remained in
better health
63. LaPiere
64. Lashley, Karl Memory Brain and Taught animals to run mazes then -engram
Memory removed parts of their brain to see -memory trace
how memory of maze changed; only
matters amount taken not one
specific area
65. Lewin, Kurt Social Gestalt Behavior determined by persons -interdependent of
Psychology Psychology situation; greatly impacted theories fate
on group dynamics -task
interdependence
66. Loftus, Elizabeth Applied Applied Found voice telling people exactly -applied
Psychology Psychology what to do in emergency is best psychology
alarm
67. Lorenz, Konrad Child Social Mother- goose following acquired -imprinting
Development Development during sensitive period when baby -ethologist
goose exposed to whatever is around
68. Marcia Child Adolescent Explored stage of identity crisis -theory of identity
Development Psychosocial which includes exploration and achievement
development commitment to variety of life -identity status
domains interview
69. Maslow, Abraham -Motivation & -Motives -Some needs are more -hierarchy of
Emotion -Humanistic basic/powerful than others; higher human needs
--Personality theories needs expressed after satisfy -basic needs
biological needs -growth needs
--studied the lives of great people -meta needs
and other creative people to see how -self actualization
to live rich, creative satisfying life -self actualizer
70. Masters & Johnson Gender & Sexual Studied sexual intercourse and -excitement phase
Sexuality Responses masturbation in 700 people; noticed -plateau phase
phases -orgasm
-resolution
71. McClelland, David Motivation & Need for Predict the behavior of high and low -need for
Emotion Achievement achievers ; compared occupations achievement
with scores on achievement test -need for power
taken in college; scored high more
risk jobs
72. Mead, Margaret Gender & Gender Roles Observed Tchambuli people of New -gender roles
Sexuality and Culture Guinea where gender roles are
completely reversed from
stereotypes
73. Mesmer, Franz States of Hypnosis Believed he could cure disease with -hypnosis
Consciousness magnets but actually relied on power
of suggestion
74. Metzer, Wolfgang Conditioning Gestalt assumption of a natural, nonforced -psychotherapy
& Learning Psychology order in nature; observations on the
virtues of a theme of freedom among
the goals of education.
75. Milgram, Stanley Social Obedience Learning experiment at Yale; every
Behavior time learner gets something wrong
the teacher must shock them and up
the voltage; 65% of people went up
to full voltage when told to
76. Miller, Alice Child Abuse Researched the effects pf physical, -neuroses
Development mental and sexual abuse and the -psychoses
effects it has into adulthood; how it
effects society as a whole
77. Mischel, Walter Personality Traits Traits interact with situations to -trait-situation
determine how to act interaction
78. Pavlov, Ivan Conditioning Classical Rang a bell then immediately placed -neutral stimulus
& Learning Conditioning meat powder on dogs tongue causing -conditioned
reflex salivation, soon dogs began to stimulus
salivate when they heard bell -unconditioned
stimulus
-unconditioned
response
-conditioned
response
79. Perls, Fritz Therapies Gestalt Therapy Emotional health comes from taking -Gestalt Therapy
full responsibility for actions and
feelings; present experiences
80. Piaget, Jean Child Cognitive -Children’s cognitive skills progress -assimilation
Development Development through series of stages; observing -accommodation
own children solve thought problems -sensorimotor stage
--ideal way to guide intellectual -preoperational
development is to provide stage
experiences slightly new and -concrete
challenging; one step strategy operational stage
-formal operations
stage
81. Ramachandran, V.I. Sensation & Sensory Senses divide world into basic -perceptual analysis
Reality Analysis stimulus patterns
82. Rescorla Conditioning Classical Brain learns to expect the -expectancies
& Learning Conditioning unconditioned stimulus will follow
conditioned stimulus
83. Rogers, Carl Personality Humanistic Fully functioning person lives in -self
Theories harmony with deepest feelings and -self image
impulses; trust inner urges/intuition -incongruence
-ideal self
84. Rorschach, Hermann Personality Personality 10 standard inkblots, people describe -Rorschach
Tests what they see to identify personal Technique
conflicts and fantasies
85. Rosenhan Psychological Psychiatric Committed themselves to mental -pseudo-patients
Disorders Labeling hospitals with diagnosis
schizophrenia then dropped pretense
of illness but staff never noticed
86. Rosenthal & Attitudes, Attitude Administered fake tests to public -self-fulfilling
Jacobson Culture, & school students that would predict prophecy
Human the students who would have rapid
Relations growth though the names given to
the teachers were randomly picked;
teachers subconsciously helped them
more and children really did perform
better
87. Rotter, Julian Personality Theories of personality represents an interaction -social learning
Personality of the individual with his or her theory
environment; relatively stable set of
potentials for responding to
situations in a particular way;
changeable
88. Schacter, Daniel Memory Long-Term Gaps in memory that are common -constructive
Memory may be filled by logic, guessing or processing
new information; inaccurate witness
89. Schacter, Stanley Motivation & Cognitive People watch slapstick movie; 1/3 -Schachter’s
Emotion Theories adrenaline, 1/3 placebo, 1/3 cognitive theory
tranquilizer; attributed feelings to
movie
90. Seligman Health, Stress, Learned Studied young marine who adapted -learned
& Coping Helplessness to stress of being POW because helplessness
captives said they would release him -depression
after a certain date; after date he was
deceived and fell into depression and
died
91. Seligman & Maier Health, Stress; Learned Placed dogs in harnesses where they -learned
& Coping Helplessness couldn’t escape shocks then put the helplessness
dog in shuttle box where they
received shocks on one side; the
dogs never attempted to alleviate
shocks and go to other side
92. Selye, Hans Health, Stress Stress Series of bodily reactions to -General
& Coping prolonged stress; first symptoms of Adaptation
any disease/trauma identical; body Syndrome
responds same to any stress -alarm reaction
-stage of resistance
-stage of exhaustion
93. Singer, Margaret Attitudes, Forced Attitude Studied former cult members; found -cult
Culture & Changes recruiting members use guilt, -brainwashing
Human manipulation, isolation, deception
Relations and fear for commitment; brainwash
94. Skinner B.F. Conditioning Conditioning -Created apparatus to study -Skinner box
& Learning conditioning in animals -conditioning
--formal study of schedules of chamber
reinforcement (when ran out of food -operant
pellets for his animals) reinforcement
-positive
reinforcement
95. Smith & Glass Therapies Psychotherapy 375 controlled evaluations -psychotherapy
concluded that psychotherapy
worked best for personality changes
96. Spanos States of Hypnosis Hypnotized act knowingly yet -dissociated states
Consciousness involuntary; hypnotic acts are -cognitive
strongly tied to context; not altered
consciousness but social psychology
97. Spearman, Charles -Statistics -Factor -pioneer of factor analysis and -g-factor
--Intelligence Analysis Spearman’s rank correlation
--Testing coefficient
--disparate cognitive test scores
reflect only one general factor
98. Sperry, Roger Brain & Hemispheric Right and left brain hemispheres -split-brain
Behavior Specialization perform differently on tests of operation
language, perception, music, etc
99. Sternberg, Robert Health, Stress, Stress -long-term physical impact of -prolonged stress
& Coping prolonged stress; major changes in
surroundings or life can cause stress
100. Szasz, Thomas Pseudo- Mental Diseases Believed that mental diseases were -schizophrenia
Science fake diseases
101. Terman, Louis Intelligence Mentally Gifted Selected 1,500 children with IQs of -IQ
140 or more and followed them into
adulthood and corrected
misconceptions about intelligence
102. Thorndike, Edward Conditioning Operant Acts that are reinforced tend to be -law of effect
& Learning Conditioning repeated; probability of response
altered by its effect
103. Thurstone, L.L. Intelligence & Testing & Developed new factor analysis -primary abilities
Statistics Factor analysis techniques with observable
variables; no general factor but
seven independent factors
104. Tichner, Edward Introduction Modern systematic exploration of the -structuralism
to Psychology Psychology introspective and structuralist -experimental
position; revealed its limitations, psychology
freeing the development of -mental philosophy
psychology from structuralist views
105. Tolman, Lewis Conditioning Cognitive Rats in maze unrewarded showed no -latent learning
& Learning Learning sign of learning maze but when -cognitive map
given food ran maze quickly
106. Torrey, E.Fuller Psychological Psychotic A person who is psychotic losses -psychosis
Disorders Disorders contact with shared views of reality
107. Vygotskty, Lev Child Sociocultural Children actively seek to discover -zone of proximal
Development Theory new principles which are guided by development
skillful tutors -scaffolding
108. Watson & Raynor Conditioning Conditioning Experimented with infants like little -classical
& Learning Albert by simultaneously showing conditioning
them a white rabbit with a loud noise -fear
to condition them to fear the rabbit
109. Wechsler, David Intelligence Testing Developed widely used intelligence -Wechsler
tests; replaced mental IQs with dQs Intelligence Scale
in calculating IQ for Children
-Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale
-Deviation IQ
110. Wertheimer, Max Research Gestalt Studied thinking, learning, and -Gestalt Psychology
Methods Psychology perception in whole units
111. Whitehead, et al
112. Wolpe Therapies Self-Help Make a list of situations that make -Hierarchy
person anxious and use while
performing relaxation techniques to
overcome anxiety
113. Whorf, Benjamin Cognition, Language Language influenced by culture and -Sapir-Whorf
Lee Language, & reflects individuals daily actions; hypothesis
Creativity structure of language is structure of
culture
114. Wundt, Wilhelm Research History of Set up laboratory to study conscious -stimulus
Methods Psychology experience; observed and measured -introspection
various stimuli and looked inward to -structuralism
his reaction of stimulus
115. Yerkes and Dodson Motivation & Stimulus Drives Task relatively simple best for -arousal
Emotion arousal to be high when task is -performance
complex best for arousal to be low
116. Zajonc & Markus Intelligence Environment mathematical model of the effect of -intellectual
birth order and family size on IQ environments
scores; family size increases IQ
decreases
117. Zimbardo, Phil Social Roles Male students paid to serve as -roles
Behavior inmates or guards in a simulated
prison; inmates grew defiant and
guards unmerciful; became true