APPLIED MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ENGINE POWER CYCLE

1. A Carnot engine requires 35 KW from the hot source. The engine produces 15 KW of power and
the temperature of the sink is 26°C. What is the temperature of the hot source?
A. 245.6ºC B. 210.1 C. 250.2 D. 260.7
Solution: TC = 26 + 273 = 299°K
Efficiency = WK / QA
= [TH – TL] / TH
15 / 35 = [TH – 299] / TH TH = 523.25°K TH = 250.25°C

2. A Carnot engines uses nitrogen as the working medium. The heat supplied is 53 KJ and the
adiabatic expansion ratio is 16:1. The receiver temperature is 295K. Determine the thermal
efficiency. K = 1.399 (table) N2
A. 0.669 B. 0.966 C. 0.696 D. 0.996
Given: QA = 53 KJ res = 16 = V3 / V2
T3 = 295 = T4 K = 1.399 (table) N2

e = 1 – (T3/T2) = 1 – (V2/V3)K-1 = 1 – (1/ res)K-1 = 1 – (1/16)K-1 = 0.669

3. A Carnot engine operates between 400K and 1,200K, using 0.4 kg of air and running at 500 rpm.
The heat added during the cycle is 95.48 KJ. Determine the net power developed.
A. 530 KW B. 503 C. 305 D. 350
Given: T1 = 1,200K = T2 T3 = 400K = T4
m = 0.4 kg(air) n = 500 rpm
Solution:
e = 1 – (T3/T1) = 1 – (400/1200) = 0.666
Wnet = e(QA) = 0.666(95.48 KJ) = 63.59KJ
Net Power dev = 63.59 KJ/cycle [cycle/rev][500rev/min][1min/60 sec] = 530 KW

4. A heat engine is operating on a Carnot cycle and has a thermal efficiency of 75%. The waste heat
from this engine is rejected to a nearby lake at 15C at a rate of 14 KW. Determine the power
output.
A. 24KW B. 42 C. 4.2 D. 2.4
Solution:
WKnet = e(QA) = e [WKnet – QR] = eWKnet – eQR
WKnet – eWKnet = – eQR
WKnet[1 – e] = eQR
WKnet = eQR / 1 – e = 0.75(14) / 1 – 0.75 = 42KW

5. A heat engine is operating on a Carnot cycle and has a thermal efficiency of 75%. The waste heat
from this engine is rejected to a nearby lake at 15C at a rate of 800 KJ/min. Determine the
temperature of the source.
A. 1152K B. 1512 C. 5121 D. 1215
Solution:
e = 1 – T3/T1 T3/T1 = 1 – e T1 = T3 / (1 – e) = 288 / 1 – 0.75 = 1152K

6. Consider two Carnot heat engines operating in series. The first engine receives heat from the
reservoir at 1800K and rejects the waste heat to another reservoir at temperature T. The second
engine receives this energy rejected by the first one, converts some of it to work, and rejects the
rest to a reservoir at 300K. If the thermal efficiency of both engines is the same, determine T.
A. 753K B. 357 C. 735 D. 537
 Solution:
e1 = 1 – T/1800 e2 = 1 – 300/T equate e1 and e2;

1 – [T/1800] = 1 – [300/T] T(1800 – T) = 1800(T – 300)

1800T – T2 = 1800T – 540,000 T2 = 540,000 T = 735K

7. A Carnot engine receives 130 BTU of heat form a hot reservoir at 700°F and rejects 49 BTU of
heat. Calculate the temperature of the cold reservoir. (April ’97)
A. – 21.9ºF B. – 24.2 C. – 20.8 D. – 22.7
Solution:
TH = 700 + 460 = 1160°R
Q A − QR T − TL 130 − 49 1160 − TL
Carnot Engine efficiency = = H = =
QA TH 130 1160
TL = 437.23°R TL = -22.77°F

8. The temperature at the beginning of the compression process of Otto cycle with a compression
ratio of 8 is 300K, the pressure is 1 bar and the cylinder volume is 560 cm3. The maximum
temperature during the cycle is 2000K. Determine the mean effective pressure.
A) 6.07 bars B) 7.06 C) 60.7 D) 70.6
Solution.
m = P1V1/RT1 = 100(0.00056)/0.287(300) = 0.00066 kg
T2 = T1rkk-1 = 300(8)0.4 = 689K T4 = T3(1/rk)k-1 = 2000(1/8)0.4 = 870K
QA = mCV(T3 – T2) = 0.718(2000 – 689) = 0.62KJ/cycle
QR =mCV(T1 – T4) = 0.00066(0.718)(300 – 870) = - 0.27KJ/cycle

V2 = V1/rk = 560/8 = 70 cc VD = 560 – 70 = 490 cc = 0.49L

Mep = WKnet / VD = 0.35 / 0.00049 = 714 KPa = 7.14 bar

9. Consider an Otto cycle in which compression ratio is 10. At the beginning of compression, T1 =
298K and P1 = 1 bar. During the cycle there is a heat addition of 1300 KJ/kg. Determine the
maximum temperature attained during the cycle.
A) 101.9K B) 1019K C) 1910K D) 1190K
T2 = T1rkk-1 = 298(10)0.4 = 748.5K
qA = Cv(T3 – T2)
T3 = qA/Cv + T2 = 1300/0.718 + 748.5 = 2559K
T4 = T3(1/rk)k-1 = 2559(1/10)0.4 = 1019K

10. A 4-cylinder, 4-stroke Otto cycle engine has a bore of 66 mm and a stroke of 54 mm. The
clearance volume is 13% and the crankshaft rotates at 3500 rpm. At the beginning of
compression, T1 = 27C and P1 = 100KPa. The maximum temperature in the cycle is 2250K.
Determine the net power developed by the engine.
A) 21.85 KW B) 2.84 C) 18.5 D) 4.28
PD = 0.7854(0.066)2(0.054)(3500/2)(4) = 1.29 m3/m = 0.022 m3/s
rk = 1 + C / C = (1+0.13) / 0.13 = 8.69
T2 = T1rkk-1 = 300(8.69)0.4 = 712.5K
T4 = T3(1/rk)k-1 = 2250(1/8.69)0.4 = 947.5K
V1 = V2 + VD = VD (C + 1) = 0.022(1.13) = 0.025 m3/s
m = 100(0.025)/0.287(300) = 0.029 kg/s

QA = mCv(T3 – T2) = 0.029(0.718)[2250 – 712.5] = 32 KW

QR = mCv(T4 – T1) = 0.029(0.718)[947.5 – 300] = 13.5 KW
Pnet = 32 – 13.5 = 18.5 KW
 Alternate Method:

P2 = P1rkk = 100(8.69)1.4 = 2064KPa

P3 = P2 x T3 / T2 = 2064 x 2250 / 712.5 = 6518KPa
P4 = P3(1/rk)k = 6518(1/8.69)1.4 = 315.8KPa
V2 = C(PD) = 0.13(0.022) = 0.00286 m3/s
Net Power = [P2V2 – P1V1 + P4V4 – P3V3] / 1 – K
= [P2V2 – P1V2rk + P4V2rk – P3V2] / 1 – K
= V2[P2 – P1rk + P4rk – P3] / 1 – K
= 18.4 KW

11. Calculate from the following data, the kg of air per kg of fuel used by an automobile engine: air
temperature is 21.50ºC, barometer reads 760 mm Hg, air entering 1.75 m3/min., measured
gasoline 14.25 liters per hr, specific gravity of gasoline 0.735.
A) 12.02 kg/kg B) 15.45 C) 14.45 D) 21.45

ma =PV/RT = (101.325 x 1.75) / 0.287)(294.5) = 2.098 Kg/min

mf = ρ x v =0.735 (1,000) x (0.01425)/(60) = 0.1746 kg/min
ra/f = 2.098 / 0.1746 = 12.02 kga/kgf

12. A spark-ignition engine produces brake power of 224 KW while using 0.0169 kg/s of fuel. The
fuel has a higher heating value of 44,186 KJ/kg, and the engine has a compression ratio of 8. The
frictional power lost is found to be 22.4 KW. Determine the indicated thermal efficiency.
A) 11% B) 22% C) 33% D) 44%
ei = WKi / QA = WKi / mf x HV = (224 + 22.4) / (0.0169 x 44,186) = 33%

13. The volume in the clearance space of a 152.40 mm x 254.0 mm Otto gas engine is 1.70 liters.
Find the ideal thermal efficiency of the engine on the standard air basis, if the exponent of the
expansion and compression lines is 1.35. Express in percent.
A) 38.55 B) 36.89 C) 26.98 D) 35.95
VD = [π / 4] (bore) (stroke)
2

= [π / 4] (0.1524m)2(0.254m) = 0.00463m3 ;
C = V2 / VD = 0.0017m3/ 0.00463m3 = 0.3669
rk = (1+ C) / C = (1 + 0.3669) / 0.3669 = 3.726
e = 1 – (1 / rkk-1) = 1 – [1 / 3.726 0.35] = 36.89%

14. An Otto engine has clearance volume of 7%. It produces 300 KW power. What is the amount of
heat rejected in KW?
A. 152 KW B. 95.32 C. 92.16 D. 90.72
Solution:
rK = compression ratio = [1 + C] / C
= 1.07 / 0.07
= 15.286
e = 1 – 1 / rkk-1
= 1 – [1 / 15.2860.4]
= 0.664

e = Wk / QA QA = WK / e = 300 / 0.664 = 452 KW

W = QA – QR 300 = 452 – QR QR = 152 KW

15. When working on Otto cycle with air as the working medium, an engine has an air-standard
thermal efficiency of 54.5% and rejects heat at the rate of 520 KJ/kg of air used. The engine has a
single cylinder with bore of 72 mm and a stroke of 85 mm. The pressure and temperature at the
beginning of compression are 0.98 bar and 66ºC, respectively. Determine the engine clearance.
A. 16.23% B. 13.62 C. 12.63 D. 26.13
Given:
e = 54.5% P1 = 98 KPa
qR = 520 KJ/kg d = 0.072 m
T1 = 66º = 339K L = 0.085 m

e = 1 – (1 / rKK-1) rKK-1 = 1/ 1-e rK = 7.163

C = 1/ rK – 1 = 1 / 6.163 = 0.1623 == 16.23%

16. At the beginning of the compression process of Diesel cycle operating with a compression ratio
of 18, the temperature is 300K and the pressure is 0.1MPa. The cut-off ratio for the cycle is 2.
Determine the cycle thermal efficiency.
A) 0.362 B) 0.632 C) 0.623 D) 0.236
T2 = T1rk = (300)(18) = 953.3ºK
K-I 0.4

rc = T3/T2 = 2
T3 = T2 rc = 953.3(2) = 1906.6K
T4 = T3 [rc / rk]k-1 = 1906.6[2/18]0.4 = 792K

e = 1 – [(T4 – T1) / K(T3 – T2)] = 1 – [(792 – 300) / 1.4(1906.6 – 953.3)] = 0.631

17. An air-standard Diesel Cycle operates with a compression ratio of 15. The maximum cycle
temperature is 1,700ºC. At the beginning of compression the air is at 100 KPa abs and 40ºC.
What is the cut-off ratio?
A) 2.13 B) 2.31 C) 1.23 D) 2.87
T2 = T1rkK-I = (313)(15) 0.4 = 924.657 ºK
rc = V3/V2 = T3/T2 =1973/924.657 = 2.13

18. A supercharged six-cylinder four stroke cycle diesel engine of 10.48 cm bore and 12.7 cm stroke
has a compression ratio of 15. When it is tested on a dynamometer with a 53.34 cm arm at 2,500
rpm, the scale reads 81.65 kg, 2.86 kg of fuel of 45,822.20 KJ/kg heating value are burned during
a 6 min test, and air metered to the cylinders at the rate of 0.182 kg/s. Find the brake thermal
efficiency.
A. 0.327 B. 0.367 C. 0.307 D. 0.357
Solution:
T = load x lever arm = [81.65kg x 9.81N/kg](0.5334m) = 427.25N-m = 0.42725 KN-m
Brake Power = 2πnT = 2πrad/rev[(2,500/60)rev/sec](0.42725 KN-m) = 111.854 KW
Mass of fuel, mf = 2.86kg / 6(60)sec = 0.00794 kgf /sec
Brake thermal efficiency = brake power/ mf x HVf
= 111.854 KW / [0.00794 kg/sec x 45,822.20 KJ/kg]
= 0.307 = 30.7%

19. An engine operating on air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 17:1. The maximum
and minimum cycle temperatures are 1620ºC and 48ºC, respectively. If the maximum cycle
pressure is 55 bar, calculate the cut-off ratio.
A. 1.899 B. 1.62 C. 1.263 D. 1.362
P1 = P2 / rKK = 5500 / 171.4 = 104.2KPa
T2 = T1rKK-1 = 321(17)0.4 = 997K
rC = V3 / V2 = T3 / T2 = 1893 / 997 = 1.899
20. A 6-cylinder, 20 cm x 27 cm, 4-stroke cycle Diesel engine on an actual test was found to use 30
kg of fuel with heating value of 20,000 KJ/kg in a one (1) hour test. If the thermal efficiency of
this engine is 40% while operating at 600 rpm, determine the mean effective pressure.
A. 262KPa B. 622 C. 226 D. 626
Solution:
PD = π/4(bore)2(stroke)(working strokes)(no. cyl)
= 0.7854(0.2)2(0.27)(600/2)(6)
= 15.27 m3/min = 0.255 m3/sec
QA = mass of fuel x heating value of fuel
= mf x qL
= (30/3600)kg/s x 20,000 KJ/kg
= 166.67 KW
Mep = Wnet / PD
= eQA / PD
= 0.40(166.67) / 0.255 = 262 KPa

21. There are developed 1,063 KW at 267 rpm by an 8 – cylinder, 2 – stroke cycle diesel engine with
size of 40.64 cm x 50.80 cm. It uses 4.94 kg /min of fuel with heating value of 42,571 KJ/kg. The
average indicated mep is 562 KPa. Determine the indicated power in KW.
A. 1321KW B. 1231 C. 1263 D. 1361
Solution:
Heat added, QA = mf x qL
= 4.94 kg/min (42,571 KJ/kg)
= 210,300.74KJ/min = 3,505KW
Piston displacement, PD = π/4(bore)2(stroke)(working strokes)(no. cyl)
= π/4(0.4064)2(0.508)(267/60)(8)
= 2.35 m3/sec
Indicated Power, IP = MepI x PD
= 562 (2.35)
= 1,321 KW

22. An ideal diesel engine operates on 0.5 kg/s of air with a suction state of 100 KPa and 45°C. The
pressure at the end of compression is 3.25 MPa and the cut-off volume is at 6% of the stroke from
head-end dead center position. Calculate the percent clearance.
A. 9.07% B. 7.09 C. 7.90 D. 6.13
Solving for Compression Ratio
1 1
V  P  K  3250  1.4
rKS=C = 1 =  2  =   = 12.02
V2  P1   100 
Solving for Percent Clearance

V1 V2 + VD cVD + VD C + 1
rks = = = =
V2 V2 cVD C
c +1
12.02 =
c
12.02 C = C + 1 12.02 C - C = 1 C = 0.0907 or 9.07 %
23. A four cylinder, 4 stroke cycle, 20 cm x 25 cm, 550 rpm diesel engine has an indicated mean
effective pressure of 1034 KPa. Calculate the brake power in KW if engine mechanical efficiency
is 88%.
A. 131 KW B. 311 C. 113 D. 313
Given:
4 stroke cycle, 20 cm x 25 cm n = 550 rpm
MEP = 15psi Eff = 88%
BP = ?
Solution:
Pind = pm L A N n = (1034 KPa)(0.25)(0.7854)(0.2)2(550/2)(4/60)
Pind = 148.885 KW
Pb = em Pind
= (0.88)(148.885)
Pb = 131.01 kW

24. A 305 mm x 457 mm, four stroke, single acting diesel engine is rated at 150 KW at 260 rpm. Fuel
consumption at rated load is 0.26 kg/KWh with a heating value of 43,912 KJ/kg. Calculate the
brake thermal efficiency.
A. 31.63% B. 36.13 C. 63.13 D. 16.13
Given:
305 mm x 457 mm four stroke cycle
150 KW at 260 rpm rated load = 0.26 kg/KW-hr
HVf = 43,912 KJ/kg ŊB = ?
Solution:
mr = (0.26 kg/KW-hr)(150 KW) = 39 kg/hr or 0.0108 kg/s
etb = 150 / [(0.0108)(43,912)] = 0.3163 = 31.63%

25. A 6 cylinder diesel engine on dynamometer test was found to use 38 kg of fuel having
Qh=45,016 J/g, in a one hour test at steady load. The brake mep will be determined from the
following test data and measurements. Cylinder is 21.6 cm x 26.7 cm, 4 cycle type. Speed =
600rpm. Dynamometer torque, 25,000 kg-cm.
A. 5.35 kg/cm2 B. 53.5 C. 3.55 D. 55.3
Given:
21.6 cm x 26.7 cm = 0.216m x 0.267m
Qh = 45,016 J/g = 45,016 KJ/kg
mf = 38 kg
N = 600 rpm = 10 rps
T = 25,000 kg-cm = 2452.5 N-m
Bmep = ?
Solution:
BP = 2π NT
= 2π rad/rev (10 rev/sec) (2452.5 N-m)
= 154,095.12 W = 154.1KW

MEPb = BP / LAN
= 154,095.12 W / [0.267m (0.7854)(0.216m)2(10 / 2)(6)]
= 525,026 Pa
= 5.35 kg/cm2