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Filtration
Dr. Dan Tsang
Filtration
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
in the US:
turbidity must be maintained at
< 5.0 NTU at all times and < 1.0
NTU in 95 percent of daily
samples
turbidity is an “aesthetic”
standard and indicator of
microbe removal
if turbidity (particles) removed,
microbes probably removed
much easier to measure
turbidity than microbes
Filtration
Filtration in water treatment
removal of non‐settled particles
physical‐chemical process
increase removal of turbidity, SS, BOD, bacteria,
virus, heavy metals, and other substances
improve the efficiency of disinfection
assure consistent effluent quality
Filtration
Filtration
rapid sand filtration
higher rate of water flow
5‐15 m h‐1 (120,000‐360,000 L m‐2 d‐1)
large communities
slow sand filtration
lower rate of water flow
0.02‐0.2 m h‐1 (480‐4,800 L m‐2 d‐1)
small communities
filtration operation
constant head‐variable flow
constant flow‐variable head
combination of both in recent designs
Filtration
Rapid sand filtration
downward flow
particles removed at surface and depth
filter clogging leads to head loss
filter cleaned by “backwashing”
Filtration
Backwashing
water pumped upward through media
high flow rate, velocity
usually 2‐5filtration rate
usually 15‐60 min
water suspends media and scours particles
media settles
backwash water must be treated/disposed
settling pond
video (1 min)
Multimedia Backwash
video (1 min)
Filter Wash
Stratification
after backwash?
Filtration
Sand filters
effective size
size of aperture through which 10% sand by weight will pass
uniformity coefficient
size of aperture through which 60% sand by weight will pass
divided by effective size
D60/D10
the smaller the coefficient, the more uniform the grade of sand
filter media
sand (quartz)
anthracite coal
garnet
Hands‐on Exercise
What is the filtration rate for a 8 m length 4 m width filter
that receives 8,000 m3 d‐1 of flow?
Hands‐on Exercise
How much backwash water is required to clean a 8 m length
4 m width filter if the filter is backwashed at 1,000 m3 m‐2 d‐1
for 30 minutes?
Hands‐on Exercise
The water flow meter at the Westwood water plant is
malfunctioning. The plant superintendent tells you that the
four dual‐media filters (each 5.0 10.0 m) are loaded at a
velocity of 280 m d‐1. What is the flow rate through the filters
(in m3 s‐1)?
Filtration
Slow sand filtration
low capital and maintenance costs
gravity flow
readily available materials
simple operation
“appropriate technology”
require large land area
American Water Works Association
Guidelines for ‘slow sand filter design’
and ‘specification of filter media’
Filtration
Slow sand filtration
water flows downward
particles strained at top
accumulation of biological layer
head loss
particle removal causes clogging
upper 5 cm removed
process repeated until thickness of
porous medium reduced to ~30‐60 cm
only considered practical for treating
low turbidity raw water because
cleaning requires considerable effort
not practical for iron removal or use
with coagulants
Filtration
Manz, D.H. (2008)
Manz, D.H. (2008)
Manz, D.H. (2008)
Manz, D.H. (2008)
Manz, D.H. (2008)
Manz, D.H. (2008)
Filtration
Filtration theory
analogous to coag/floc
hydrodynamics
Brownian motion
sedimentation dC
interception
k filtrationC
dt
3 1 n v
collision frequency ()
surface chemistry k filtration
electrostatic interactions 2 dg
collision efficiency ()
Filtration
Collision frequency ()
sedimentation
G
Diffusion (Brownian motion)
D
interception
I
D G I
Filtration
collision frequency
Filtration
Nokes, 2008. Introduction to Drinking Water Contaminants, Treatment, and Management. ESR Ltd.
Filtration
collision frequency
1) T ↓?
2) v ↑?
3) dg ↓?
4) L ↑?
5) p ↑?
video (9 min)
Filtration RO Fundamentals
RO Spiral Wound
Membrane filtration RO System
advanced process
classification by size cutoff
microfiltration (~0.1 µm pores)
ultrafiltration (~0.01 µm pores)
nanofiltration (~0.001 µm pores)
reverse osmosis (molecular pores)
removal primarily by “size exclusion”
high area‐to‐volume ratio = small land area
improved particle removal = higher cost
energy‐intensive
problems
manufacturing defects
clogging by particles and metal precipitates
fouling by organic matter and biomass growth
Filtration
Filtration
video (6 min)
Filtration (reclaimed water uses in north district, 3:50‐6:20)
Reclaimed water (wastewater reclamation_Nov2013)
Shatin, Shek Wu Hui, Stonecutters Island, Sham Tseng STWs
Filtration
Reclaimed water
Filtration
Reclaimed water
Filtration
Reclaimed water
Shatin & Shek Wu Hui STWs
~1000 m3 d‐1
on‐site irrigation
chemical solution
toilet flushing, fish pond, etc
Filtration
Reclaimed water
Singapore NEWater
ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, UV disinfection