Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6th Edition

Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles

McGraw-Hill, 2008

Chapter 5
MASS AND ENERGY
ANALYSIS OF CONTROL
VOLUMES
Ummi Kalthum Binti Ibrahim
Faculty of Chemical Engineering
UiTM Malaysia
CONSERVATION OF MASS
Conservation of mass: Mass, like energy, is a conserved property,
and it cannot be created or destroyed during a process.
Closed systems: The mass of the system remain constant during a
process.
Control volumes: Mass can cross the boundaries, and so we must
keep track of the amount of mass entering and leaving the control
volume.

Mass is conserved even during chemical reactions.

3
Mass and Volume Flow Rates

Definition of
average velocity

Mass flow rate Volume flow rate

4
 Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
During a steady-flow process, the total amount of mass contained within a
control volume does not change with time (mCV = constant).
Then the conservation of mass principle requires that the total amount of mass
entering a control volume equal the total amount of mass leaving it.

For steady-flow processes, we are

interested in the amount of mass flowing per
unit time, that is, the mass flow rate.
Multiple inlets
and exits
Single
stream

Many engineering devices such as nozzles,

diffusers, turbines, compressors, and
pumps involve a single stream (only one
inlet and one outlet).

Conservation of mass principle for a two-

inlet–one-outlet steady-flow system.
6
FLOW WORK AND THE
ENERGY OF A FLOWING FLUID
Flow work, or flow energy: The work (or energy)
required to push the mass into or out of the control
volume. This work is necessary for maintaining a
continuous flow through a control volume.

In the absence of acceleration, the force

applied on a fluid by a piston is equal to the
Schematic for flow work. force applied on the piston by the fluid. 8
Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid
The flow energy is
automatically taken
care of by enthalpy.
h = u + Pv In fact, this is the
main reason for
defining the
property enthalpy.

The total energy consists of three parts for a nonflowing fluid and four parts for a
flowing fluid. 9
 Energy Transport by Mass

When the kinetic and potential energies

of a fluid stream are negligible

When the properties of the mass at

each inlet or exit change with time
as well as over the cross section

The product m  ii is the energy

transported into control volume by
mass per unit time.
10
 Example 1
• Define mass and volume flow rates. How are they related to each
other?
 Mass flow rate is the amount of mass flowing through a cross-section
per unit time whereas the volume flow rate is the amount of volume
flowing through a cross-section per unit time.
• Name 4 physical quantities that are conserved and two quantities
that are not conserved during a process.
 Mass, energy, momentum, and electric charge are conserved, and
volume and entropy are not conserved during a process.
• Does the amount of mass entering a control volume have to be
equal to the amount of mass leaving during an unsteady-flow
process?
 The amount of mass or energy entering a control volume does not have
to be equal to the amount of mass or energy leaving during an
unsteady-flow process.
• When is the flow through a control volume steady?
 Flow through a control volume is steady when it involves no changes
with time at any specified position.
 Example 2
• Air enters a nozzle steadily at 2.21 kg/m3 and 40 m/s and leave at 0.762
kg/m3 and 180 m/s. If the inlet area of the nozzle is 90 cm2, determine a)
the mass flow rate through the nozzle, and b) the exit area of the nozzle.

The mass flow rate of air is determined from the inlet conditions to be:

There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus . The exit area of the nozzle
is determined to be:
 Example 3
• Water enters the constant 130 mm inside diameter tubes of a boiler at 7 MPa
and 65°C and leaves the tubes at 6MPa and 450°C with a velocity of 80 m/s.
Calculate the velocity of the water at the tube inlet and the inlet volume flow
rate.
The specific volumes of water at the
inlet and exit are (Tables A-6 and A-7)

The cross-sectional area of the tube is:

The water velocity at the inlet is then:

The mass flow rate through the tube is same at the

inlet and exit. It may be determined from exit data:
The volumetric flow rate at the inlet is:
 Example 4
• Air flows steadily in a pipe at 300 kPa, 77C and 25 m/s at a rate of 18 kg/min.
Determine (a) the diameter of the pipe (b) the rate of flow energy (c) the rate
of energy transport by mass.

(a) The diameter is determine as follows: (b) The rate of flow energy is determined from:

(c) The rate of energy transport by mass is :

ENERGY ANALYSIS OF STEADY-FLOW
SYSTEMS

Under steady-flow conditions, the mass

and energy contents of a control volume
remain constant.

Many engineering systems such

as power plants operate under
steady conditions.

Under steady-flow conditions,

the fluid properties at an inlet
or exit remain constant (do not
change with time).
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Mass and Energy balances
for a steady-flow process

Mass A water
balance heater in
steady
operation.

Energy
balance

16
 SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES
Many engineering devices operate essentially under the same conditions
for long periods of time. The components of a steam power plant (turbines,
compressors, heat exchangers, and pumps), for example, operate nonstop for
months before the system is shut down for maintenance. Therefore, these
devices can be conveniently analyzed as steady-flow devices.

At very high velocities,

even small changes in
A modern land-based gas turbine used for electric power velocities can cause
production. This is a General Electric LM5000 turbine. It significant changes in
has a length of 6.2 m, it weighs 12.5 tons, and produces the kinetic energy of the
55.2 MW at 3600 rpm with steam injection. fluid.
18
Nozzles and Diffusers Nozzles and diffusers are commonly
utilized in jet engines, rockets,
spacecraft, and even garden hoses.
A nozzle is a device that increases
the velocity of a fluid at the expense
of pressure.
A diffuser is a device that increases
the pressure of a fluid by slowing it
down.
The cross-sectional area of a nozzle
decreases in the flow direction for
subsonic flows and increases for
supersonic flows. The reverse is true
for diffusers.

Energy
Nozzles and diffusers are balance for
shaped so that they cause large a nozzle or
changes in fluid velocities and diffuser:
thus kinetic energies.

19
Turbines and
Turbine drives the electric generator In
Compressors steam, gas, or hydroelectric power plants.
As the fluid passes through the turbine,
work is done against the blades, which are
attached to the shaft. As a result, the shaft
rotates, and the turbine produces work.
Compressors, as well as pumps and
fans, are devices used to increase the
pressure of a fluid. Work is supplied to
these devices from an external source
through a rotating shaft.
A fan increases the pressure of a gas
slightly and is mainly used to mobilize a
Energy balance for the gas.
compressor in this figure: A compressor is capable of compressing
the gas to very high pressures.
Pumps work very much like compressors
except that they handle liquids instead of
gases.

21
 Example 6
• Air enters a gas turbine at 1000 kPa and 350°C and leaves at 100 kPa and
40°C. Determine the inlet and outlet volume flowrates when the mass flow
rate through this turbine is 2 kg/s.

The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa⋅m3/kg⋅K (Table A-1).

The specific volumes of air at the inlet and outlet are:

The volume flow rates at the inlet and exit are then:
Mixing chambers 60C
In engineering applications, the section
where the mixing process takes place is
commonly referred to as a mixing
chamber.

140 kPa

10C 43C

Energy balance for the

adiabatic mixing chamber in
the figure is:

The T-elbow of an ordinary shower

serves as the mixing chamber for the
hot- and the cold-water streams.
24
Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers are
devices where two moving
fluid streams exchange heat
without mixing. Heat
exchangers are widely used
in various industries, and
they come in various
designs. The heat transfer associated with a heat
exchanger may be zero or nonzero depending on
how the control volume is selected.

Mass and energy

balances for the adiabatic
heat exchanger in the
figure is:

A heat exchanger
can be as simple as
two concentric pipes. 25
 Example 7
• A heat exchanger is to cool ethylene glycol (cp = 2.56 kJ/kg·°C) flowing at a
rate of 2 kg/s from 80°C to 40°C by water (cp = 4.18 kJ/kg·°C) that enters at
20°C and leaves at 55°C. Determine (a) the rate of heat transfer and (b) the
mass flow rate of water

The specific heats of water and ethylene glycol

are given to be 4.18 and 2.56 kJ/kg.°C,
respectively.

(a) The energy balance for this steady-flow

system can be expressed in the rate form as :

(b) The rate of heat transfer from glycol must be equal

to the rate of heat transfer to the water. Then,

Then the rate of heat transfer becomes :