Number of pulses required with change

in wavelength

K Ellesh(EE15B093),
Final year Dual Degree,
Electrical Engineering Department-IIT Madras,
Guide:
Dr.S.Christopher,
Electrical Science Block-IIT Madras,
Co Guide:
Dr.D.Venkitesh,
Electrical Science Block-IIT Madras.

March 31, 2020

Contents

1 Number of pulses required with change in wavelength 1

1.1 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Coherent Integration of Received Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2.1 nb Changing with wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2.2 SNR improvement, Scan time required with increasing

Number of coherently Integrated pulses in a Beams . . . . 3

i
Chapter 1

Number of pulses required

with change in wavelength

1.1 Objective
• Simulating Scan time required and SNR improvement by performing
coherent pulse integration(CPI) over number of pulses in a beam.

1.2 Coherent Integration of Received Pulses

Dwell time of the target is amount of time the target lies with in a beam
assuming antenna beam direction is fixed, one or more number of pulses can
be in a beam, dwell time can be equals to more than one pulses intervals and
can be organized into one or more coherent pulse interval.
Starting portion of this section deals with finding of minimum number of
rectangular beams(nb ) required without CPI, but only with change in
wavelength in Ka-band around 30GHz assuming effective area and search
solid angle (Ω) are fixed, for smaller wavelength even though gain improves
with electrically larger antenna, but nb increasing because of narrower beams.
This section also emphasizes discussion on nb and SNR improvement with
number of pulses coherently integrated over a beam.

1
,

(a)N=10 (b) N=100

Figure 1.1: Nb decreasing with increasing beam width( beam width proportional
to wavelength), assuming physical area constant for some N , note: here Nb = nb

1.2.1 nb Changing with wavelength

Assuming effective area of antenna is fixed (choosing a linear array antenna

with ten and hundred antenna elements with uniform spacing of 0.005m and a
planar array antenna with ten and hundred elements with uniform spacing of
0.005m), fixing scan time(Tscan ) require to cover Ω of 0.95 steradian (smaller
than one fourth solid angle of hemisphere, we assumed coverage needed
azimuth bandwidth of 90◦ , elevation bandwidth of 70◦ ) in one Tscan of 1ms.
Unambiguous range of at least 300m, Which analytically implies that 500
pulses can be transmitted in 1ms scan time, with each pulse repetition
interval(2µs) corresponding to least unambiguous range of 300m. This
approach neither does explain weather entire Ω covered or needs to be covered,
nor the beam width and arrangement of antenna array elements.
Using approach of packing rectangular beams in Ω, number of rectangular
beams with solid angle Ωbeam required to cover Ω, using antenna gain
equation(G = 4πAλ2 ) is shown below equation−1.1
e

Ω Ω Ae × Ω
nb = = λ2 = (1.1)
Ωbeam A
λ2
e

Figure.1.1 shows minimum number of beams required using different number

of antenna elements and elements arrangement (linear array or planar array)
with changing wavelength.

Assuming transmitting one pulse per a beam, using equation−1.1

Tscan Tscan × λ2
TP RI = = (1.2)
nb Ae × Ω

From figure.1.1 using linear array antenna nb N (ten or hundred)

times smaller than planar array antenna because of larger beam
relative to planar antenna, pulse interval of linear array antenna

2
 (a)N=10 (b) N=100
,

(c) N=100 (d) N=100

Figure 1.2: Pulse interval is increasing with λ, because beams become wider
with λ(from 0.01m upto 0.016m relative to λ= 0.01m.)

N (ten or hundred) times relatively larger, which implies that here

in this case, not only noise bandwidth using linear array antenna
N (ten or hundred) times smaller than planar array antenna but also
time taken to search Ω is smaller. Using mill cross antenna
(combination of two linear array antenna searching in perpendicular
planes) is much time optimal than planar array antenna with same
uniform spacing.
Pulse interval in figure.1.2 appears to meet at some point as
wavelength tending zero, which implies that with increasing gain
pulse duration can be made smaller. Slope of pulse interval vs
wavelength linearly proportional to scan time.

1.2.2 SNR improvement, Scan time required with

increasing Number of coherently Integrated pulses
in a Beams

In previous section without performing CPI, number of beams are chosen

assuming one pulse per one beam according to Ωbeam to maintain same SNR,
naturally average power and aperture product constant anomaly prevailed.
Using the previous section results. Assuming dwell time and Coherent pulse
Interval equals to M times TP RI . Scan time in this case,
TDwelltime = TCoherrentIntegrationT ime

3
 TCoherrentIntegrationT ime = M × TP RI
,

Tscan = nb ∗ TDwelltime = nb ∗ TCoherrentIntegrationT ime = nb × M × TP RI

In below figure.1.3, it shows linear increment in scan time with increasing

number of pulses pulses coherently integrated at a given wavelength.
Figure.1.4 shows improvement in SNR with number of pulses.

(a) Linear array, N=10 (b)Planar array, N=10

,

(c) Linear array, N=100 (d) Planar array, N=100

Figure 1.3: Scan time linearly increasing with M (1 ≤ M ≤ 7)

Figure 1.4: SNR improvement with Number of pulses Coherently Integrated