LIVE PEACE TOGETHER WITH EARTHQUAKE, TSUNAMI AND liquefaction

Lessons from Earthquake Palu Donggala (28 Sept 2018)

Paul P. Rahardjo, PhD Professor of

Geotechnical Engineering
Parahyangan Catholic University
Bandung - Indonesia

INSPIRING TALK - CIVIL ENGINEERING UNPAR XVII

OCTOBER 31, 2018

Fill CHAT

1. Understand Earthquake and Tsunami

2. Geological Conditions and Seismotectonic in Indonesia

3. Lessons Learned
◦ - Damage to Buildings and Infrastructure

◦ - Lessons from the Tsunami

◦ - Lessons from liquefaction

4. Living together reconcile the earthquake, tsunami and liquefaction

What causes earthquakes?

Outer
core

Inner
core HOT

Mantle
(solid)

Our Earth is a dynamic move

Epicenter earthquake was tectonic plate
boundaries
Plate collision formed a cesarean cesarean • rock stretching save energy • If
the rock can not withstand the force • slip
• energy is released • seismic wave propagation to the surface
magnitude Earthquake

Moment Magnitude Scale Richter vs.

Earthquake energy
Mw = log (MO / 1.5 - 10.7) Mo = seismic
moment role in dyne-cm

Illustration of Irsyam 2009

Energy • seismic Moment Mw = log (M O / 1.5 - 10.7)
Mo = seismic moment role in dyne-cm

A M o = m DA

m = 3 x 10 10 N / m 2

Illustration of Irsyam 2009

 Earthquake impact on Earth's surface
Surface ruptures

1. Surface Cracks / ruptures

2. temblor
3. Lateral Loads on Buildings and
Infrastructure
4. liquefaction / liquefaction

5. Avalanches

6. tsunami Hokkaido, 2018

 Tectonik Indonesia

Earthquake Case Histories

1. Banda Aceh Tsunami

The biggest tsunami

Banda Aceh 2. Padang Earthquakes

(2004) The biggest Landslides
3. Hammer Donggala
Padang
(2009) Earthquakes
PaliDonggala
Earthquakes The biggest Liquefaction
(2018)
Chronology of Earthquake and Tsunami ( director general of the Spatial)
Fault Palu Koro

Koro hammer Faults

Earthquake damage in Sulawesi quake

Koro hammer Faults

Ground Movement due to earthquake
Study by Dr. Austin Elliott - Center of Observation and Modeling of
Earthquake, Volcaboes and Tectonics (COMET)
Ground Movement due to earthquake
Dr Valkaniotis Sotiris - Geospatial Information Agency (2018)
Shifting earth
Dr Valkaniotis Sotiris - Geospatial Information Agency (2018)
Buildings offset
Data from USGS-ANSSComCat Date
28 September 2018
18:02:44 Local Time ( WITA = central Indonesia)
Duration 3-7 Minutes
Magnitude 7.4 Mw (main shock) Depth
10 km
Epicenter of 0.18 ° S 119.85 ° E
Palu Koro Fault - Strike Slip Fault
Total number damage66.926 houses Intensity
Max. IX MMI
Tsunami 7 m (at Donggala) (or 15 m Wani) First Mw 6.0
earthquake at 15:00:00 (local time) After schock 6.1 Mw at
18:45:25 (local time)
Earthquake aftershocks
Acceleration Seismic Map of Indonesia (USGS)
First lesson :
Damage to Buildings and Infrastructure
Palu airport
Pantoloan harbor
Yellow bridge Ponulele
bridges Ponulele
Hotel Roa Roa
Mercure Hotel

before

After
Anutapura Hospital
Tatura Mall
Mosque
Restaurant
 Evacuation of Building Ruins

Evacuation by SAR team (photo on 4/10). (AFP

Photo / Mohd Rasf)

Evacuation by SAR team (photo on Sunday ( 30/9). (AP Photo /

Tatan Syuflana)
LESSON 2: Tsunami
 Understanding the mechanism of tsunami

1200

1000

800
Speed ​(km / hr)

600

400

200

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Depth (m)
tsunami mechanism

GPS detection of ground deformation associated with great

thrust earthquake fault at a
subduction zone. Between Earthquakes strain associated
wiwth the the subduction
accumulates of the locked plate interface. The earthquake
releases this strain, causing ground motion that generates
the seismic waves in the earth and the tsunami in the
ocean.

Seth Stein and Emile A Okal Dept. of

Geological Sciences at Northwestern
University, USA
Mechanism of Tsunami
Mechanism of tsunami
Tsunamis with fatalities> 1000 death

Aceh, 2004 (> 1952 (2.350)

200,000)
1293 (23.000); 1498 (26.000); 1605 (5.000) 1703 (5.250);
1707 (30.000); 1741 (15.000) 1854 (5.000); 1896
(27.000); 1933 (3.100) 1933 (3.065); 1945 (2.305); 1946
(1.405)

1765 (10.000)
1771 (13.500)
1645 (3.000) 1782 (40.000)
1976 (4.000)

1906 (1.000)
1998 (3.000)
1647 (2.000)
1674 (2.950); 1815 (10.250) 1917 From Nana Supangat
1746 (3.800)
(10.000); 1992 (2.300)
1867 (5.000)

1883 (36.000) 1575 (1.500)

 Megathrust Earthquake Caused tsunamis

Alaska Tsunami 1964 Mw

= 9.5 = 67 meters

Chile 1960 Mw = 9.7 = 25

Aceh in 2004 meter tsunami
From
Mw = 9.0
Nana Supangat
Tsunami> 10 meters
 GREAT tsunamis IN INDONESIA

Mindoro 1994

Panay 1948
Aceh in 2004

Mindanao 1897 Mindanao 1918

Biak 1996
Sangihe 1856

Central Sulawesi 1968 1996

Ceram 1965
Central Sulawesi,

Sulsel 1969
1861 West Sumatra
Sumbawa 1820
Bengkulu 1833 Banda 1674
From

Nana Supangat 1883 Krakatoa Taliabu 1998

Lomblen 1979

Banyuwangi 1994 Flores 1992

Sumba 1977

SOURCE: Puspito, Compass 2 Nov. 2002

tsunami Terminology

Run Up
(Highest elevation Reached)

flow Depth
(Hight above ground)

Inundation Height
(Hight above MSL)
 resume

Building security depends not only on the strength of the upper structure.

Effects of the earthquake on soil conditions and foundations need to be taken into
consideration in the design of earthquake-resistant buildings. Knowledge in geotechnical
science required to provide input on the design of earthquake-resistant structures.
Possible tsunami earthquake mechanism during Palu Donggala?
Earthquake tsunami problem in Palu-Donggala

- A very short period of tsunami arrival

- warning system is uncertain
- No preparation
- practically no tsunami protection thd beach
- low elevation
- krn allegedly not strike slip type earthquake
- Tsunami buoys are not working properly
Tsunamis

Flood ocean waves

in coastal erosion
debris flow Puddle
The impact of tsunami
The impact of tsunami ( after Reuters)
Nusantara belt 39 floating vessel into Wani Village district
Tannanovea - Donggala
(Photo on Friday October 5th, 2018 Tirta adi / arimac Wilander)
tsunami evacuation
Lesson 3: liquefaction / liquifaction
Liquifaction / liquefaction
liquifaction ( Liquefaction): is an event in which the soil has decreased
shear strength and volume flow conditions, the shear stress and the
effective stress remains due to an increase in pore water pressure during
an earthquake

The phenomenon of liquefaction can be sand blows, flow

liquifaction / Liquefaction flow (which can cause lateral spreading and
landslides) or cyclic mobility
 Damage caused by liquefaction
Failure shallow foundation
Failure pile of losing custody or as a result of the addition of lateral shift
of the foundation lateral pressure

Settlement system failure of the containment structure is widely

Lateral spreading Landslides and liquifaction flow (flow
liquefaction)
The phenomenon of sand blows
[sandblast]
The phenomenon of liquefaction flow ( Satellite image of Petobo)
Damage due to liquifaction
- Petobo: 744 houses
- Balaroa: 1 700 houses
- Jono Oge:
 Massive Liquefaction

Petobo village and Housing Balaroa

Balaroa located at the Palu-Koro Fault. After Petobo, Hundreds of houses sink into the mud of 3-5

liquefaction, some settled areas of 5 m, and other areas m deep

heave 2m 744 units of houses damage or gone

1,747 units of houses damage or gone

liquefaction Area
Scenes at Petobo
Scenes in Petobo ( photo on Oct 1, 2018)
Scenes at Petobo
Petobo: many cars were drifted by liquefied mud
Liquifaction at Balaroa - Palu, Central Sulawesi Thirsday,
(Pictured on October 11, 2018)
Liquefaction at Village Lolu District of Sigi
(Photo on oct 5, 2018)
Evacuation due to liquefaction
Challenges and Difficulties
- Massive liquefaction wide area
- Difficulty of access of heavy equipment

- Many victims buried (3-5m)

- The position of victims is difficult to know

- limited equipment
- Debris
Evacuation of the liquefaction area
Evacuation of Liquefaction debris

elevation

4.5 m

Original Final elevation

 Steps to make peace with the earthquake, tsunami and
liquefaction
1. Make sure your Property location of the house or the location of faults or earthquake source

2. Know Soil Condition on where you lived and worked

3. When you are in the area of ​the hill • Know what is potentially move (see the landslide susceptibility map)

4. When you are in the beach area, is there any protection against the tsunami

5. Evaluate the condition of the structure and architecture, check detailing is good? For planning document is there any buildings
that have been checked authority?

6. Get to know your position against harmful utility and location of the nearest exit

7. Check whether you need insurance?

Do Jakarta can undergo liquefaction?
Mitigation for liquefaction
- Identify the potential of liquefaction (CPT or drilling with SPT)
- Select suitable foundation
- If buildings / infrastructure already exist • improve the foundation and structures
- If the area to be developed • improve by densification of the sandy soils

Recommendation for a foundation in liquefiable area ( ISO 840: 2017)

- Use of shallow foundation • not recommended (except after ground improvement)
- For deep foundation, friction in liquefaction layers shall be neglected
- Use of battered piles and prestressed concrete not recommended
- Use of steel piles recommended considering the ductility of the foundation system

Additional Recommendation (by author)

Lateral capacity of deep foundation must be reduced to degradation of soils stiffness Bearing Capacity Must
Consider parameters of soil behavior under cyclic load
Examples of mitigation with the current Vertical Evacuation Tsunami
Conclusions Summary

1. The occurance of Earthquakes, tsunamis and liquefactions have been

very severe in Indonesia, many lessons learned from Reviews These disasters

2. Civil engineers are among the most responsible teams for preparation
against the hazard and reduction of disasters
3. Disasters are global phenomena • International cooperations are
important and could be built up for future awareness
4. Many of the geotechnical aspects of the disasters are open for further
study, experience is the best teacher
5. High education is proposed to include in their curriculum on Natural
Disasters and Understanding of Risk Reduction
Thank you for your attention
Study of tsunami affected
Lowlands area Hills Area
Tsunami
River Area Regional Airport
Depth (m)

Lowland
Basin area

The hills of the River

special areas
Typical Soil conditions along the coast
 Study of tsunami affected

River
region

Lowlands area Hills Area

Lowland River Area Regional Airport
 Study of tsunami affected

River
region

Plateau region
Lowlands area Hills Area
River Area Regional Airport

Lowland
 Mitigation of the Tsunami
1. Route Tsunami • designated "blue line"
2. Vertical Evacuation • required high bangunan2 sturdy and can
withstand tsunami waves
problem:
Warning system? Who gave the command? Media? Panic?

Duration of the earthquake to tsunami just 15 minutes •

traveling time?
What if an earthquake the night? How to
evacuation nara-criminal? How to evacuate the
sick?
 Mitigation of the Tsunami
3. seawalls
Advantages / advantages
Provide protection 24 hours / day, or at least the reduction of energy can be used for

infrastructure facilities (roads, location of pipes etc.) to become an icon in the city of Padang

Can be used for beach tourism

Providing a sense of "safe" for the residents of Padang

problem:
Disturbing scene Problems Complicate Access to the beach at the river mouth / estuary Large

investments • financial issues (to be discussed in the following explanation)

Vertical evacuation

Requires building buildings or hills can

serve as a shelter in every 500 m

Sample Building for Vertical

Evacuation

The building must be sturdy and easy to

reach • easily visible and can access
quickly

Padang city dwellers should get continuous socialization exercises reached the shelter and
when the tsunami did not panic and know where the nearest shelter position
Vertical evacuation time scheme in Padang

quake •
Ensuring the tsunami
(BMKG) 5 '

min
Alarm Warning

10 min 3

Reaction response time

5 minutes

When he reached the position of

Vertical Evacuation
As early discussion: jenis2 seawall

vertical seawall Curved seawall • reversing energy

As early discussion: jenis2 seawall

dike Seawall
As early discussion: jenis2 seawall

Seawall structures Giant Seawall in Japan (12.5m high)

Learning from failure in Japan
Miyako

As early as too low • overtoping But a much

reduced energy •
the lower the level of damage
Learning from the success in Japan

adequate seawall • overtoping prevented but there is still withstand debris damage
Seawall • lower level of damage or no
As early discussion: jenis2 seawall

No problems with land

acquisition

Water conditions may in

Favorable for deep water and

relatively little bumpy no erosion
problems

Difficult to "sell" for financing

break water
As early discussions and Model

• Passive defenses and reliably

• Protection 24 hours / day

• Can be an icon
• The positive impact resilience city
• Part of the appeal and
• Commercial + Tourism
• Costs borne Many Investors
• Main road and shopping center
Initial discussions Seawall and Model
adjust the master plan
Initial discussion Seawall
Construction utilize Road / Bridge to As early or otherwise
Initial discussions Seawall
change the appearance of the earliest to be more comfortable and to travel

Utilizing the space below the seawall for

recreational or commercial
Is it possible seawall in Padang?
Location: whether along the coast? How long ? Location:

whether on the beach or in the sea?

Is there resistance? (Owner of the hotel / resort on the beach? Fishermen? Is

there any impact on the biota? How harmony with urban planning? What

about the master plan for coastal areas? What about the risk of liquefaction

How to finance it? How do the legal side of it?