Handout-2 (Two Way Slabs)

Reinforced Concrete- II (CE 470)
Name of the Student:
University ID: Section No.
Instructor’s Signature:
Handout #2
Two-Way Slabs
By
You are not allowed to write anything in this handout, otherwise you will not be
allowed to carry it during the exam.
CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 1 November 27, 2014

Depth limitations for
Slabs without Interior Beams
2
 For a slab without interior beams spanning

between its supports and with a ratio of its long
span to short span not greater than 2.0, minimum
thickness can be taken from Table 9.5(c) in the
Code.
 The values selected from the table, however, must
not be less than the following values (SBC 9.5.3.2):
1. Slabs without drop panels = 120 mm
2. Thickness (of those slabs with drop panels)
outside the panels = 100 mm
CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

ln = the clear span in the long direction, measured face to face, of the
columns (for slabs without beams)

Beam-to-Slab Stiffness Ratio, αf
4
 In the SBC/ACI Code, the effects of beam stiffness on deflections and the distribution of moments
are expressed as a function of beam-to-slab stiffness αf .
 αf is defined as the flexural stiffness, 4EI/l, of the beam divided by the flexural stiffness of a width
of slab bounded laterally by the centerlines of the adjacent panels on each side of the beam:
4 Ecb I b / l
f 
4 Ecs I s / l
 Because the lengths, l, of the beam and slab are equal, this quantity is simplified and expressed in
code as
Ecb I b
f 
Ecs I s
 Where Ecb and Ecs are the moduli of elasticity of the beam concrete and slab concrete respectively,
and Ib and Is are the moments of inertia of the uncracked beams and slabs (about centroidal axis).
 If there is no beam αf =0
 αf for the edge beams shall not be less than 0.8.

Ib and Is
5
 Ib = the gross moment of inertia about the

centroidal axis of a section made up of the
beam and the slab on each side of the beam
extending a distance equal to the projection
of the beam above or below the slab
(whichever is greater) but not exceeding four
times the slab thickness (SBC 13.2.4)
 Is = the moment of inertia of the gross
section of the slab taken about the
centroidal axis and equal to h3/12 times
the slab width
 Slab width is equals to the distance
between the centerlines of the panels on
each side of the beam.

Depth limitations for
Slabs with Interior Beams
6
 To determine the minimum thickness of slabs with

beams spanning between their supports on all
sides, the equations of the next slides can be used.
In these equations:
 ln = the clear span in the long direction, measured
face to face of beams
 β = the ratio of the long to the short clear span
 αfm = the average value of the ratios of beam-to-
slab stiffness on all sides of a panel.

Minimum thicknesses of slabs
with interior beams
7
αfm =the average value of the ratios of beam-to-slab stiffness on all sides of a panel.
1. For  fm  0.2, the minimum thicknesses are obtained as they were for slabs
without interior beams spanning between their supports.
2. For 0.2   fm  2.0, the thickness shall not be less than 120 mm or
 fy 
ln  0.8  
h  1500 
36  5 ( fm  0.2)
3. For  fm  2.0, the thickness shall not be less than 90 mm or
 fy 
ln  0.8   ln and fy are in mm and
h  1500 
MPa, respectively.
36  9 
Note
8
 For panels with discontinuous edges, the Code requires that edge
beams be used, which have a minimum stiffness ratio αf = 0.8, or
else that the minimum slab thicknesses must be increased by 10%.
 If the various rules for minimum thickness is followed but the
resulting slab be insufficient to provide the shear capacity required
for the particular column size, column capitals will probably be
required.
 Beams running between the columns may be used for some slabs
where partitions or heavy equipment loads are placed near column
lines. A very common case of this type occurs where exterior beams
are used when the exterior walls are supported directly by the slab.
 Another situation where beams may be used occurs where there is
concern about the magnitude of slab vibrations.

The Direct-Design Method
9
 Direct-design method provides a series of moment coefficients

for safe flexural designs of two-way continuous slab panels with
relatively uniform lengths and subjected to distributed loading.
 The direct-design method also could have been called “the direct-
analysis method,” because this method essentially prescribes
values for moments in various parts of the slab panel without the
need for a structural analysis.
 It should be noted that this design method was introduced in an
era when most engineering calculations were made with a slide
rule and computer software was not available to do the repetitive
calculations required to analyze a continuous-floor slab system.

Limitations on the Use of the Direct Design Method
10
The direct-design method is easier to use than the equivalent-frame method, but can be
applied only to fairly regular multi panel slabs. The limitations, given in ACI/SBC code
include the following:
 There must be a minimum of three continuous spans in each direction.
 Thus, a nine panel structure (3 by 3) is the smallest that can be
considered. If there are fewer than three panels, the interior negative
moments from the direct-design method tend to be too small.
 The panels should be rectangular, and the ratio of the longer span to the shorter span
within a panel should not be greater than 2.0
 The successive span lengths in each direction should not differ by more than one-third
of the longer span.
 This limit is imposed so that certain standard reinforcement cut off details can be
used.

Limitations on the Use of the Direct Design Method
(Contd.)
11
 Columns may be offset from the basic rectangular grid of the building by up to 0.1
times the span (i.e. 10%) parallel to the offset.
 All loads must be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed over an entire panel.
 The direct-design method cannot be used for unbraced, laterally loaded frames,
foundation mats, or prestressed slabs.
 For a panel with beams between supports on all sides, the relative stiffness of the
beams in the two perpendicular directions given by (αf1l22/ αf2l12) shall not be less than
0.2 or greater than 5. l1 and l2 are spans in the two directions.

Distribution of Moments within Panels
(Slabs without beams between all supports)
12
Statical moment, Mo
• For design, the slab is considered
to be a series of frames in the two
directions.
• These frames extend to the
middle of the panels on each side
of the column lines.
• In each span of each of the
frames, it is necessary to
compute the total statical
moment, M0.
Mo 
2
qu l2 ln
8
Mo = total factored statical moment
qu = factored load per unit area
l2 = transverse width of the strip
ln = clear span between columns

Note
13
For the purpose of computing ln , the circular supports (circular columns or column
capitals of diameter d c ) are replaced by equivalent square columns having a side length c1 :
 
d c2  c12  c1  d c  0.886d c  c1  0.886d c
4 4
Thus in computing ln, replace circular columns or column

capitals of diameter dc by equivalent square columns with
side lengths 0.886 dc.

Positive and Negative Moments in Panels
14
Interior Span
In interior spans, 65 % of M0 is assigned to negative moment region and 35%
percent to the positive moment regions.
According to SBC 304 in an interior span, total static moment M0 shall be

distributed as follows:
Negative factored moment = 0.65 M0
Positive factored moment = 0.35 Mo
Contd.
Exterior Span
The exterior end of an exterior span
has considerably less fixity than the
end at the interior support.
Note: If the computed negative moments on two sides of an interior support are different, the
negative-moment section of the slab is designed for the larger of the two.
“Exterior edge unrestrained” refers to a slab whose exterior edge rests on, but is not attached to, for example, a
masonry wall.
Exterior edge full restrained” refers to a slab whose exterior edge is supported by, and is continuous with, a
concrete wall with a flexural stiffness as large or larger than that of the slab.

Width of Column and Middle Strips
16
 A two way slab is divided into a series

of column and middle strips for
convenience of analysis and design.
 The column strips in both directions
extend one-fourth of the smaller span,
lmin, (i.e. 0.25 l2 or 0.25 l1whichever is
smaller) each way from the column line.
 A design strip bounded on each of its
opposite sides by the column strip is
known as Middle strip.

Contd.
17
 A column strip behaves as a

continuous beam supported on
columns.
 A middle strip also behaves as a
continuous beam supported on
column strips.
 The loads on the flat slab/plate are
transferred from the middle strip to
the column strip and then to the
columns.

Contd.
18
 The positive and negative moments

are estimated in each strip.
 Column strip includes beams if they
are present.
 Note that figure shows, column and
middle strips in only one direction. A
similar analysis must be performed in
the perpendicular directions. The
resulting analysis will result in
moments in both directions.

Critical section for Two-way Shear
19
 From extensive tests, Moe (1961) concluded that the

critical section for shear was located at the face of the
column.
 ACI-ASCE committee 326 (now 445) accepted Moe’s
Conclusions, but showed that much simpler design
equation could be derived by considering a critical section
at d/2 from the face of the column.
Johannes Moe (1961). Shearing strength of reinforced concrete slabs and footings
under concentrated loads, Development Department Bulletin D47, Portland Cement
Association, Skokie, IL., April 1961.
ACI-ASCE Committee 326 (1962), “Shear and Diagonal Tension, Slabs,” ACI Journal,
Proceedings, Vol. 59, No. 3, March 1962, pp. 353-396.

Location of the Critical shear Perimeters
20
Two-way shear is assumed to

be critical on a vertical
section through the slab or
footing extending around the
column.
According to ACI/SBC, this
section is chosen so that it is
never less than d/2 from the
face of the column and so
that its length, b0, is a
minimum.

Critical sections for Slabs with Drop Panels
21
 When high shear forces are being transferred at a
slab-column connection, the slab shear strength can
be increased locally by using a drop panel (by locally
increasing the thickness of the slab).
 SBC/ACI requires that the total thickness of the slab
and drop panel to be at least 1.25 times the thickness
of the slab adjacent to the drop panel.
 In slabs with drop panels, two critical sections
should be considered.
 If a drop panel also is being used to control
deflections or reduce the amount of flexural
reinforcement required in the slab, the drop panel
must satisfy the length requirements given in ACI
Code Section 13.2.5.
 Drop panels that do not satisfy those length
requirements still can be used for added shear
strength and are sometimes referred to as shear
capitals, or shear caps.

Critical Sections Near Holes and At Edges
22
 When openings are located at less

than 10 times the slab thickness rom
a column, SBC/ACI code requires
that the critical perimeter be
reduced.
 The critical perimeter for edge or
corner columns is not defined
specifically in the ACI Code.
Effects of openings and edges on the critical shear perimeter

Critical sections and tributary areas for shear in a
flat plate
23
 For uniformly loaded two-way slabs, the tributary

areas used to calculate Vu are bounded by lines of
zero shear.
 For interior panels, these lines can be assumed to
pass through the center of the panel.
 For edge panels, lines of zero shear are
approximately at 0.42 l to 0.45 l from the center
of the exterior column, where l is the span
measured from center-to-center of the columns.
 However, to be conservative in design, ACI/SBC
requires that the exterior supports must resist a
shear force due to loads on half of the span (0.5
l).
 Also, to account for the larger tributary area for
the first interior support, SBC/ACI Code requires
that the shear force from loads acting on half of
the span must be increased by 15%.This
essentially results in tributary length of 1.15×0.5l
= 0.575 l.
Design Equations
24
The basic equation for shear design states that :

Vn  Vu
where, Vn  Vc  Vs
Vu  Factored shear force due to the loads
Vn  Nominal shear - resistance of the slab or footing
Vc  Shear resistance offered by the concrete
Vs  Shear resistance offered by the shear reinforcement
For shear, the strength - reduction factor,   0.75.
For economic reasons, designers prefer to avoid the use of shear reinforcement,
and thus, Vs is usually zero.

Beam Shear, Vc, Carried by Concrete in Slabs
25
In the case of a uniformly loaded slab, the critical section for one - way shear is located at d
from the face of a suport, from the face of a drop panel, or from othchanges in thickness. The
entire width of the slab panel is assumed to be effective in resisting one - way shear.
The tributary areas for one - way shear in a slab are illustrated in figure for columns 4 and 5.
The shear strength on the critical section is computed as was done for beams by using the
following expression.
 f ' 
Vc   c 
bd
 6 
 
b  width of the critical section.

Punching Shear, Vc, Carried by Concrete in Two-Way Slabs
26
Punching shear strength : Smallest of the following expressions First equation governs in
 f '  most cases. For normal
Vc  2 c 
bd size column where β
 6  0
 
exceeds 2.0, second
 2   f c  equation governs, and for
'
Vc  1   b0 d (not applicable unless   2)
  
 6  very large columns, last

equation governs.
 sd   f c' 
Vc    2  b0 d
 0 b 
 12 

  ratio of the long side of the column to the short side of the column.
For non - rectangular columns, this is defined as shown in the figure.
 s  40 for interior columns (where the perimeter is four sided)

 s  30 for edge columns (where the perimeter is three sided)
 s  20 for coner columns (where the perimeter is two sided)

Factored shear Force in One-way or beam shear
27
Vu1 = qu × cross-hatched area
l a 
Vu1  qu bw    d 
2 2 
 f ' 
Beam shear strength : Vc   c 
bd
 6 
 

Factored shear force in Two-ways or punching shear
28
Vu2 = qu × cross-hatched area
Vu 2  Panel Area - Area enclosed by b0  qu
b0  2(a  d )  2(a' d )
Punching shear strength : Smallest of the following expressions

 f ' 
Vc  2 c 
bd
 6  0
 
 2   f c 
'
Vc  1   b0 d (not applicable unless   2)
  
 6 

 sd   f c' 
Vc    2  b0 d
 0 b 
 12 

Distribution of Moments between Column Strips and
Middle Strips
29
 SBC/ACI code defines the fraction of the negative

and positive moments assigned to the column strips.
 The remaining amount of negative and positive
moment is assigned to the adjacent half-middle
strips.
 The division is a function of α1l2/l1, which depends
on the aspect ratio of the panel, and the relative
stiffness, α1, of the beams (if any) spanning parallel
to and within the column strip.

Percentage Distribution of Interior Negative
Factored Moment to Column Strip
30
SBC 304 states that the column strip shall be proportioned to resist the
percentages of the total interior negative design moment as given in the table
below.
α1 is the ratio of the stiffness of a beam section to the stiffness of a width of slab
bounded laterally by the center line of the adjacent panel, if any, on each side of the
beam and equals EcbIb/EcsIs.
Ecb I b
1 
Ecs I s
For floor system without interior beams, α1l2/l1 is taken to be equal to zero, because α1 =0.
In this case, 75% of the negative moment is distributed to the column strip, and the
remaining 25% is divided equally between the two adjacent half-middle strips.

Percentage Distribution of Midspan Positive
31
Below table gives the percentage distribution of positive factored moment to

the column strip at midspan for both interior and exterior spans.
For floor systems without interior beams, 60% of the positive moment is
assigned to the column strip and the remaining 40% is divided equally
between the adjacent half-middle strips.
If a beam is present in the column strip (spanning in the direction of l1)

either the percentages in the second row or a linear interpolation between
the percentages given in the first and second rows will apply.

Percentage distribution of Exterior Negative
32
 At an exterior edge, the division of the exterior-end factored negative moment

distributed to the column and middle strips spanning perpendicular to the edge
also depends on the torsional stiffness of the edge beam.
 Torsional stiffness is calculated as the shear modulus, G, times the torsional
constant of the edge beam, C, divided by the flexural stiffness of the slab
spanning perpendicular to the edge beam (i.e. EI for a slab having a width
equal to the length of the edge beam from the center of one span to the center
of the other span).
 Assuming that Poisson’s ratio is zero gives G = E/2 then this torsional stiffness
ratio is defined as
EcbC
t 
2 Ecs I s
 If there is no edge beams, βt can be taken to be equal to zero.

Division of edge members for calculation of torsional
constant C
33
C refers to the torsional constant of the edge beam. This is roughly equivalent to the polar
moment of inertia.
It is calcualted by subdividing the cross section into rectangles and carrying out the
summation.
 x  x3 y
C   1  0.63 
 y 3
x  length of the short side of each rectangle
y  length of the long side of each rectangle.
Different combinations of rectangle should be tried to get the maximum value

of C.

Percentage distribution of Exterior Negative
34
SBC 304 states that the column strip shall be proportioned to resist the percentages of the exterior
negative design moment as given in the table below.
βt is the ratio of the torsional stiffness

of an edge beam section to the When there is no edge beam (βt = 0), all of the
flexural stiffness of a width of slab negative moment is assigned to the column strip. This
equal to the span length of the beam is reasonable because there is no torsional edge
center to center of supports. member to transfer moment from the middle strip all
the way back to the column.
EcbC
t 
2 Ecs I s βt ≥ 2.5 indicates that a stiff edge beam is present.

Steps to be followed in each direction
(to find moments in column and middle strips)
35
 Calculate the total static moment

 Distribute the total static moment to find the
factored positive and negative moments
 Distribute the factored positive moment in column
and middle strips
 Distribute the factored negative moment in column
and middle strips
 Distribute the column strip moments in beam and
slab

Reinforcements in Two-way Slabs
(Placement Sequence)
36
 In a flat plate or flat slab, the moments are larger in

the slab strips spanning the long direction of the
panels. As a result, the reinforcement for the long
span generally is placed closer to the top and bottom
of the slab than is the short-span reinforcement. This
gives the larger effective depth for the larger
moment.
 For slabs supported on beams having αf >1.0, the
opposite is true, and the reinforcing pattern should
be reversed.

(Cover and Effective Depth)
37
 SBC section 7.7.1 specifies the minimum clear cover

to the surface of the reinforcement in slabs as 20 mm
for bars with diameters smaller than 40 mm.
 For 40 mm bars and larger the minimum clear cover
is 40 mm.
 Effective depth for the flat plate or flat slab:
 d= h-clear cover-0.5db= h-20-0.5db (longer span)
 d= h-clear cover-1.5db= h-20-1.5db (shorter span)

(Spacing requirements and Minimum reinforcement)
38
 The maximum spacing of reinforcement at critical design sections

for positive and negative moments in both middle and column
strips shall not exceed two times the slab thickness (SBC section
13.3.2) and the bar spacing shall not exceed 450 mm at any
location ( ACI Code Section 7.12.2.2)
 SBC Section 13.3.1 requires that the minimum area of
reinforcement provided for flexure, As,min should not be less than
 0.0020bh if Grade 300 or 350 deformed bars are used
 0.0018bh if Grade 420 deformed bars or welded-wire fabric is

used.

(Bar Cutoffs and anchorages)
 For slabs without
beams, SBC/ACI
code allows the
bars to be cut off
as shown.
 Where adjacent
spans have
unequal lengths,
the extension of
the negative
moment bars past
the face of the
support is based
on the length of
the longer span.
Calculation of the Required Area of Steel
40
0.85 f c'
 cu
As
  tensile steel ratio.
bd
1c  a Cc  0.85 f c' ab
Neutral
The reinforcing steel is
Axis a
h d d   jd
2
limited to an amount
As that it will yield well
before the concrete
T  As f y
reaches its ultimate
b strength
 s   y (assumed)
(a) Beam/slab section (b) Strain distribution (c) Stress distribution and internal forces
As f y
For equilibrium, Cc  T  0.85 f ab  As f y  a 
c
'
0.85 f c' b
 a  a
Nominal strength : M n  T  d    M n  As f y  d    As f y jd
 2  2
Design strength : M n  As f y jd  M u  A  M u

f y jd
s
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

Steps in the calculation of the Required Area of Steel
41
Step 1 : Calculate trial value of As assuming jd  0.95d for slabs of normal proportions.
Mu
As 
f y  jd 
Step 2 : Calculate Improved value of As

As f y
a
0.85 f c' b
 a
Moment arm jd   d  
 2
Mu
As 
f y  jd 
Step 3 : No. of bars

A
No. of bars  s
Ab
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014
Good Luck!

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Reinforced Concrete- II (CE 470)

Name of the Student:

University ID: Section No.

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 1 November 27, 2014

 For a slab without interior beams spanning

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 3 November 27, 2014

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Ib = the gross moment of inertia about the

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 To determine the minimum thickness of slabs with

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Direct-design method provides a series of moment coefficients

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

Thus in computing ln, replace circular columns or column

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

According to SBC 304 in an interior span, total static moment M0 shall be

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 15 November 27, 2014

 A two way slab is divided into a series

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 A column strip behaves as a

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 The positive and negative moments

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 From extensive tests, Moe (1961) concluded that the

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

Two-way shear is assumed to

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 When openings are located at less

Effects of openings and edges on the critical shear perimeter

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 For uniformly loaded two-way slabs, the tributary

The basic equation for shear design states that :

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

b  width of the critical section.

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 s  40 for interior columns (where the perimeter is four sided)

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

Vu1 = qu × cross-hatched area

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

Vu2 = qu × cross-hatched area

Vu 2  Panel Area - Area enclosed by b0  qu

Punching shear strength : Smallest of the following expressions

 SBC/ACI code defines the fraction of the negative

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

Below table gives the percentage distribution of positive factored moment to

If a beam is present in the column strip (spanning in the direction of l1)

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 At an exterior edge, the division of the exterior-end factored negative moment

 If there is no edge beams, βt can be taken to be equal to zero.

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

Different combinations of rectangle should be tried to get the maximum value

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

βt is the ratio of the torsional stiffness

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Calculate the total static moment

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 In a flat plate or flat slab, the moments are larger in