LOW COST METHODS

Online Lecture -04

Module – II
Waste Water Treatmetns
 Low cost treatments

A. Septic tanks (Already

covered)
B. Oxidation ponds (Waste
Stabilization ponds)
C. Oxidation ditch
D. Aerated lagoons
B] Waste Stabilization ponds (WSP)
or Oxidation ponds
• Is an open, flow through earthen
basin of controlled shape,
specifically designed and
constructed to treat sewage and
biodegradable industrial wastes.
• Mixing by natural means (No
artificial oxygen supply).
• Periodical pumping can be done with
pumping
• Can be provided in rural areas because of
land availability.
• Land area required is more compared to TF
and ASP.
• Detention periods are longer ranging from
few to several days.
• Commonly provided to treat biodegradable
industrial wastes
e.g. – Sugar and distillery industry wastewater
 Classification (Types)

• Aerobic
• Anaerobic
• Facultative
• Maturation Ponds
 Aerobic Ponds

Bacteria- algae Symbiosis

• Depth is shallow i.e. 0.5 to 1.2 m
• L/B ratio = 3:1
• Algal population is present
• Rest microorganism system is similar
to ASP
• Organic loading rate is 150 to 200 kg
of BOD/ Ha/day
• Detention period = 7 days
• Oxygen transfer in aerobic ponds
depends upon
i. Ratio of lagoon surface area to volume
(As/V)
ii. Turbulence – Generally by wave action
iii. Temperature of lagoons
iv. Bacteria oxygen uptake rate
v. Penetration of sunlight in the pond.
 Facultative Ponds
• Combined features of aerobic and
anaerobic ponds.
• Depth =1 to 1.5 m
• Aerobic zone at top
• Anaerobic at bottom
• Facultative between above two
zones.
• The amount of oxygen that can be produced by
photosynthesis and BOD that can be satisfied per
unit area of facultative pond depends mainly on
quantum of sunlight falling on to the pond
surface area which in turn depends upon
- Latitude of the ponds
- Its elevation above mean sea level (MSL)
- Time of year and
- Sky clearance
 Anaerobic ponds
• Anaerobic decomposition takes
place in two steps, Decomposition
of organic waste, by acid producing
bacteria to organic acids and
• Further decomposition of these
acids to the end products of
methane, carbon dioxide and water
by methane formers.
• Less surface area than aerobic ponds
(Depth is increased).
• Depth ranges from 2.5 to 5 m.
• L/B ratio = 2:1
• Summer season - BOD loading = 1000 to
2000 kg/ha/day with detentions of 2 to
5 days.
• Efficiency of BOD removal is @ 65
to 80 %
• Winter season - BOD loading = 500
to 1000 kg/ha/day with Efficiency
of BOD removal @ 45 to 65 %
• Organic loading is @ 10 times
more than aerobic pond.
• Optimum pH range is 6.6 to 7.6
 Maturation Ponds
• Maturation ponds are placed after facultative
ponds for the purpose of pathogen reduction.
• These are usually 0.5–1.5 m deep with a retention
time of between 15 and 20 days.
• These ponds serve to inactivate pathogenic
bacteria and viruses through the action of UV
radiation from sunlight and the greater algal activity
in these shallow ponds, which raises the pH above
8.5.
• The long retention time in the maturation
ponds also enhances the sedimentation of the
eggs of intestinal parasitic worms.
• Ponds can be connected in series
• Facultative ponds and
Maturation ponds in
series
Single pond
system
Oxidation Pond
LOW COST METHODS
Online Lecture -05

Module – II
Waste Water Treatmetns
 C] Oxidation Ditch
• Essentially an extended aeration
activated sludge process
• Consists of endless ditches for the
aeration tank and a rotor for
aeration mechanism.
Waste sludge C
• No PST is needed.
• Rotors designed to impart 0.3 to 0.4
m/s velocity.
• Rotors have dia. = 70 cm and speed =
75 rpm
• Rotors are manufactured in 30 cm
intervals up to 4.5 m length.
• The width of ditch divided by the rotor
length ratio= 1.5 to 2.8.
• Standard oxygen transfer capacity of
rotor = 2.8 kg of oxygen / m length @ 16
cm depth of immersion.
• This rotor has been found to impart
adequate circulation for 120 to 150
cu.m. of ditch volume.
• Power requirement/m length of rotor =
1.35 kW
• Depth = 1 to 1.2 m
 D ] Aerated lagoons
• An aerated lagoon is a suspended-growth process
in waste water treatment unit.
• It consists of a large earthen lagoon or basin that is
equipped with mechanical aerators to maintain an
aerobic environment and to prevent settling of the
suspend biomass.
• Intermediate system between oxidation ponds
and ASP.
• Floating aerators are provided fixed on rafts or
floats.
• Depth 2.5 to 4 m.
1. AEROBIC LAGOON(Complete mix)
• Detention time 2 to 10 days
• Oxygen required = 0.7 to 1.3 kg/kg
of BOD5 removed.
• Power requirement = 0.75 to 2.25
kW/1000 m3
• BOD removal efficiency = 75 to 85 %
• SST is needed
Aerated Lagoon
2. facultative Lagoon(Partially
mixed)
• Detention time 3 to 5 days
• Oxygen required = 0.8 kg/kg of BOD5
removed.
• Power requirement = 0.8 to 1
kW/1000 m3
• BOD removal efficiency = 75 to 90 %
• No SST but sludge has to be cleaned
after some years
DESIGN OF FACULTATIVE POND
 Organic loading
• Organic loading = Total BOD/Surface area
= (Q × La)/ As
Unit – Kg/m2/day
Kg/Ha/day
• Organic loading can be directly taken from
table if Latitude of pond site is known.
• This organic loading shall be corrected for sky
clearance and elevation
 Corrected BOD Loading

As = Total BOD/ Corrected organic loading

Correction for Sky clearance
Correction for elevation
 Surface area
• Surface area (As)= Flow  Detention time (t)
Depth
• Surface area (As)= Total BOD/Corrected Organic Loading
• Unit – m2 or Ha.
• Assume L/B ratio = 2 to 4 Find L and B
Detention Period
 Assignment
Problem 1
Design an oxidation pond for following data.
i) Location =28∘ latitude
ii) BOD loading at 28 latitude = 200 kg /ha / d
iii) Elevation =1200 m above sea level (MSL)
iv) Mean monthly temperature =35∘C maximum and 15∘C
minimum.
v) Sky clearance is more than 75%.
vi) Population to be served = 25000.
vii) Sewage flow = 100 Lpcd
viii) Inlet BOD = 200mg/Lit
5

ix) Desired effluent BOD = 20 mg/1

x) Pond removal constant at 20∘C = 0.1/d
 Problem 2
• Design an oxidation pond to treat waste from a community
of 10,000 people with a per capita BOD contribution of 40
grams/day. Water is supplied at a rate of 100 /pcd and 80%
of this Is converted to sewage. Determine the detention
time and also whether the effluent is suitable for irrigation
if 80% BOD removal is achieved in the pond.
Assume: [Gate 1996]
(a) pond’s length to width ratio 4 : 1
(b) depth of the pond is 2 m
(c) permissible BOD ≤ 100 mg/l for irrigation water, and
(d) the permissible BOD loading rate to oxidation pond is 200
kg BOD/hectare/d
 Problem 3
• A township is to treat 5,00,000 litres of
sewage per day which has a 5 day BOD of 150
ppm. An oxidation pond is used for the
purpose. The effluent can have a BOD of 15
ppm. The loading is to be 40 kg of 5 day BOD
per hectare per day. The required area of the
pond is ___________ . [Gate 1991]
 Questions
Q. 1. Classify stabilization ponds according to the
nature of biological activity. Explain any one in
detail.
Q. 2. Explain oxidation pond in detail.
Q. 3. Write short notes on
1. Aerated lagoon
2. Waste stabilization pond
3. Oxidation ditch
Q. 4. Explain Design steps in Design of Facultative
ponds