Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work

Guido Gonzalez Posada

Group 31

Identification number:94492120

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2020 16-01
 Introduction

With the work of the current academic unit and the individual contribution that will be
presented to the tutor and the study of the concepts and theories necessary for the
development of the silver exercises for step 3 of the related task, the concepts of wave
propagation will be studied in limited open media, characterize electromagnetic waves
in open and closed media and the behavior of electromagnetic waves when they collide
on a surface will be analyzed. Topics that will be of great relevance, providing new basic
knowledge of electromagnetic theory that are necessary for the development of our
career.

With the review of the bibliographic material that the course has and its virtual campus
to begin with the study and conceptualization of the topics required for the good
development of the unit, such as the concepts of propagation of waves in limited open
media, characterize the electromagnetic waves in open and closed media and the
behavior of electromagnetic waves when they collide on a surface will be analyzed.
 Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic waves have different modes of propagation and each of the forms
depends on the different variables that influence each of them such as frequency, the
energy of the signal that is propagated and each of the electromagnetic properties of
different environments.
This is how we have the following wave propagation modes:
- Direct Propagation: As the name implies, this mode of propagation exists when
there is a direct line between the sender and the receiver.
- Propagation by terrestrial reflection: As its name indicates, the propagation is
carried out by reflection on the ground plane and is widely used by radio frequency
communications.
- Propagation by atmospheric reflection: As its name indicates the propagation is
carried out by atmospheric reflection which facilitates that the waves reach great
distances, its disadvantage is that it depends on the atmospheric conditions which can
generate communication failures.
- Propagation by retransmission via satellite: As its name indicates, the
propagation is carried out by means of a satellite and does not depend on atmospheric
conditions.
- Propagation through microwave links: As the name implies, the propagation is
done through the installation of multiple repeater systems in line of sight.

2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?

An electromagnetic wave is basically polarized when it forms a geometric figure

characterized by the end of the vector that can characterize the electric field as a
function of time. In other words, the different variables of the electric field and the
relationship between them are manifested. Likewise "the polarization mode of a wave
is characterized by the difference between the phase and the amplitude between the
transverse electromagnetic field components that generate the electromagnetic wave"
(Paz, 2013, p 252).
So we have the following classes of electromagnetic wave polarization;
- Linear Polarization
- Circular Polarization
- Elliptic Polarization

3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

This phenomenon is known as total reflection when an electromagnetic wave

crosses a means of refractive index smaller than in the refractive index found. This
reflection is given in such a way that it is not able to cross the surface of both parts
fully reflecting.
In other words, to clarify this concept, Paz (2013) affirms. “When a wave strikes
perpendicular to the boundary between a lossless dielectric and a perfect
conductor, a particular condition of wave reflection called total reflection occurs”(p.
264).
 4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

This phenomenon does not appear from a specific angle as in the case of total reflection
this phenomenon occurs when it is composed of a specific angle since if the angle of
incidence presents or has any small change this phenomenon no longer occurs.

The Brewster angle is known as the angle that occurs in the phenomenon of total
refraction and is obtained using the following expression.

5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?
The main purpose of Snell's Law in the study of wave propagation is to find the angle
of refraction by crossing the separation surface between two propagation fields of any
electromagnetic wave with a different refractive index.
Also the angles such as the incidence, reflection and refraction “coincide with those
formed by the Poynting vector with the normal vector on each side of the border, and
the relationship between them is determined by the so-called Snell's Law” (Paz, 2013,
p 284).
 Application exercises:

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , incident from the air
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝛺.
Calculate the reflected power 𝑃1− and the transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.

For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the group number
and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the first 3 digits of the identification number.

Thus, GG = 31

CCC = 944

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 31 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , incident from the air(𝜂1 =

120𝜋 𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance𝜂2 = 944 𝛺. Calculate the
reflected power 𝑃1− and the transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

To find the reflection coefficient we have,

𝑛2 = 944 𝛺

𝑛1 = 120𝜋 𝛺
𝑛2 − 𝑛1 944 − 120𝜋Ω
Γ= = = 0.43∠180°
𝑛2 + 𝑛1 944 + 120𝜋Ω

The reflectance is of:

R = |Γ|2 = (0.43)2 =0.1849*100% = 18.49%

The transmittance:

T = 1 – 0.1849 = 0.8151*100 = 81.51 %

The reflected power:

𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
|𝑃1− | = 0.1849 ∗ 120 2
= 22.18 2
𝑚 𝑚

The transmitted power:

𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
|𝑃2+ | = 0.8151 ∗ 120 = 97.81
𝑚2 𝑚2
 2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 31𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃+ = 1200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2, coming from a wave
generator located 12𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which impinges from the air
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺) perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 =
944 𝛺 and 20𝑐𝑚 thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative
material. On the other side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the generator.

b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2] the power that is transmitted to the receiver.

Solutuion

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the generator.

As the wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material:

 𝜂0 2 120𝜋 2
𝜀𝑟 = ( ) = ( ) = 0.159
𝜂 944

Now you can calculate the phase constant of the wall.

𝜔 2𝜋 ∗ 31 ∗ 106
𝛽 = √𝜀 𝑟 = √0.159
𝑐𝑜 3 ∗ 108

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝛽 = 0.25
𝑚

The input impedance seen from the first frontier in a mixture of the air
impedances on the other side of the wall and the impedance of the same wall:

120𝜋 + 𝑗944tan(0.25 ∗ 0.20)

𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 944Ω
944Ω + 𝑗120𝜋𝑡𝑎𝑛(0.25 ∗ 0.20)

𝑥 = 0.20 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 20𝑐𝑚 = 0.20𝑚

Calculo en geogebra
 𝜂𝑖𝑛 = (377 + 𝑗40)Ω

The reflection coefficient,

𝜂 − 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒
Γ1 = 𝑖𝑛
𝜂𝑖𝑛 + 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒

(3.77 + 𝑗40)Ω − 120𝜋Ω

Γ1 = = 0.003 + 𝑗0.053 = 0.053∠86.76°
(3.77 + 𝑗40)Ω − 120𝜋Ω

Transmission coefficient,
𝜏1 = 1 + Γ1 = 1.003+𝑗0.053

T = 1 − |Γ1| 2 = 1 − (0.053)2 = 0.99*100% = 99%

This indicates that of the power emitted by the emitter, only 99% is transmitted to
the wall, but not that this is the power received by the receiver.

The reflectance on the first face of the wall is:

𝑅1 = 1 − T1 = 1-0.99 =0.01

That is to say that 1% of the power is returned to the emitter.

To obtain the power received by the receiver, a second reflection that occurs on the
face of the wall facing the receiver must be taken into account.
The reflection coefficient on the second face of the wall is calculated as:

120𝜋Ω − 944Ω
Γ2 = = −0.43Ω
120𝜋Ω + 944Ω
 T2 = 1 − |Γ2| 2 = 1 − (−0.43)2 = 0.8151*100 = 81.5%

The power transmitted from the generator to the receiver is obtained as a product
of the two transmittances:

T𝑡 = Τ1 +Τ2 = 0.81 𝑥 0.99 = 0.80*100= 80%

That is to say that of the power emitted by the transmitter, only 80% reaches the
receiver, 1% of the power is returned, therefore, 19% of the power that remains in
the wall is missing.

The transmitted power:

The power that is transmitted to the receiver.

𝑚𝑊
120 ∗ 80% 𝑚𝑊
𝑥= 𝑚2 = 96 2
100% 𝑚
 3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B, forming
an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = 44,9°. Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the
wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑚𝑚 thick and that at
point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is necessary to identify which material is
in layer 3 by calculating its refractive index.

Thus,
GG= 31
CCC = 944 mm
First case,

Refractive index
𝑛1 = 1,31

𝑛2 = 1,000294

Ley of Snell
𝑛1𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝜃i) = 𝑛2𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝜃r)

To find angle of refraction,

𝑛1
𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝜃𝑟 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑖
𝑛2

1.31 ∗ 𝑠𝑒𝑛(0.708)
= = 0.927
1
El Angulo de refracción es:

𝜃𝑟 = sin−1 (0.927) = 67.97

Calculo de la distancia en el punto c aplicando teorema de Pitágoras

𝑑1
tan 𝜃𝑟 =
ℎ1

Reemplazando: 𝑑1 = ℎ1 tan 𝜃𝑟

𝑑1 = 0.944 ∗ tan(67.97°) = 2.33𝑚

Calculo del ángulo del medio desconocido por el fenómeno de refracción total: ángulo de
Brewster.

Second Case,
𝑛2 = 1,0002926

𝑛3 =?

Ley of Snell
𝑛2𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝛼 i) = 𝑛3𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝛼 r)

Total Refraction

𝜃i + 𝜃r = 90 °

𝜃r + 67.97° = 90 °

𝜃r = 90 ° − 67.97°

𝜃r = 22.03°
 To find,

𝑛2𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝛼 i) = 𝑛3𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝛼 r)
𝑛2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼𝑖 1.000294𝑠𝑒𝑛(67.97°)
𝑛3 = = = 2.47
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛(22.03°)

Este índice de refracción se asemeja al material diamante

𝑑2
tan 𝛼𝑟 =
ℎ2

Calculo de la distancia del punto D

Reemplazando:

𝑑2 = ℎ2 tan 𝛼𝑟

𝑑2 = 0.944𝑚 ∗ tan(22.03°) = 0.38𝑚

Ahora calculo en el punto D .el ángulo de refracción del medio 4

𝑛3𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝛽i) = 𝑛4𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝛽r)

𝑛3 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛽i
sen (𝛽r = ( )) =
𝑛4

2.47 ∗ 𝑠𝑒𝑛(22.03°)
sen (𝛽r = ( )) ===
1.50
 sen (𝛽r = 0.62

𝛽r = sin−1 0.62 = 38.32°

Teniendo el ángulo de refracción 𝛽r

𝑑3 = ℎ3 tan 𝛽r

𝑑3 = 0.944𝑚 ∗ tan(38.32°) = 0.75𝑚

Entonces
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 + 𝑑3

𝑑𝑡 = 2.33 + 0.38 + 0.75 = 3.46𝑚

 Conclusions

Conclusion 1: When an electromagnetic wave collides in a reflected way, the speed and

frequency of the wave do not change, only the direction changes.

Conclusion 2: In refraction the frequency does not change, the speed of the wave

changes .

The higher the refractive index the wave travels more slowly.

All angles are measured from the normal line.

There is total refraction when the sum of the two angles in the different media is 90 °.
 Bibliography

Bibliography 1:

Examples of bibliography format:

Physical book.
Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial.

Chapter of a physical book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the book (pp.
xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial.

Ebook.
Surname, A. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). Country: Editorial. Retrieved from http:
// ...

Chapter of an electronic book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the book (pp.
xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial. Retrieved from http: // ...

Internet video.
Surname, N. (Year). Title of the video Video server [Video]. Retrieved from http: // ...
https://www.ecured.cu/%C3%8Dndice_de_refracci%C3%B3n

exercises from point 3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xTgVRtBXuo