“Design of 10 ‘C’ shaped Chipless RFID tag”

3.2 Background

RFID tag comprises of 5-C type metallic resonators such as copper which has ability to operate within
range of frequency 2.5 GHz to 7.5 GHz. The resonators are spaced separately in a reduced gap when
there is efficient utilization of bandwidth because of which addition of excess resonators get enhanced
by properly sustaining the FR-4 substrate size as constant. RFID tags provides the broad range of scope
in item tracking & robust identification due to its advantages over other types.

In this project the 5-C shaped tag was designed and simulated followed by 6-C, 7-C, 8-C and 9-C shaped
tags design utilizing CST Microwave Studio software after achieving the gap between the resonators
until optimized tag got achieved. Then 10-C shaped tag was designed concerning multiple bit sequence
generation & bit capacity enhancement. In this project, stability was found according to bandwidth,
sharpness & cost of dips after the analysis of RCS response of every tag as well as after the several
substrates comparison.

3.7 Personal engineering activity

3.7.1

I conducted the literature survey on RFID system and RCS. I collected several information on RFID tags
and considered various parameters of RFID tags. I studied about several RFID system components such
as Tag, Reader, and Antenna. I also performed survey on several types of RFID system and RFID
couplings. I also learned about the parameters of radar intentions & scattering properties. I became
familiar with CST Microwave Studio Software. I prepared flow chart showing various steps involved in
10-C tag design in CST software.

Fig: flow chart

3.7.2

Initially I performed designing of the 5-C shaped tag. To design this tag, I opened the CST studio suite
software and selected RF application area, RCS response & mono static RCS. I selected the essential unit
of dimension, temperature, time and frequency I entered the maximum & minimum frequency and I
checked E-field option, H-field option and far field option. I designed the substrate having 20*40mm 2
dimension. As there were several object shapes, I selected brick box type since our tag was of cuboid
shape. I selected the maximum and minimum dimension of the substrate on X axis as 10mm and -10
mm, on Y axis as 20mm and -20mm and on Z axis as 0.4mm & 0.4 mm. I chose FR-4 as substrate material
having permittivity 4.6, thickness 0.8 mm and EI.tand equals to 0.025. I made five resonators having
different length after the completion of substrate design. I used copper as the resonated material having
shape of C-type. I designed the resonated material by defining certain variables so that I could made
further changed during optimization. I showered the plane waves and assigned the probes to design 5-C
shaped model with available dimensions.
3.7.3

I designed the 6-C shaped design. I found that the slot gap changes symmetrically from L1 to L6 during
the design of 6-C shaped tag. I observed decrease in distance between 2 resonators due to the addition
of resonators as the value reduces from 1.1 mm to 0.86mm. During the designing of the 8-C shaped tag,
I added the resonators in between L1 & L2 and in between L2 &L3. I varied the slot gap symmetrically
from L1 to L6. I observed that the distance between 2 resonators got reduced after the addition of
resonator and its value reduced from 0.86mm to 0.78mm. During this designing I noticed that the
resonators must be symmetrically distributed to obtain accurate RCS response. I also designed the 9-C
shaped similar to the 6-C and 8-C shaped tag design. Here, I also observed that the slot gap got reduced
after adding resonators.
3.7.4

Finally I achieved the design of the 10-C shaped tag as optimized tag utilizing the UWB bandwidth.
During the design of the 10-C shaped tag, I achieved symmetric variation in distance between resonators
& slot gap. I also found that the further addition of the resonator might distort the response of RCS. I
combined the C shaped side of the resonator to short the resonator. I made two combination for
shorting the resonator. At first, I shorted the resonator 3 & 5 and finally I shorted the 2, 6 & 8 resonator.
I observed bit generation as ‘’1101110111’’and ‘’1011101011’’. Then I made comparison between
various substrates. I compared the FR-4 with Taconic TLX=0 & Rogers duroid 5880. During the
comparison I took same thickness of FR-4 and Taconic but varying permittivity. I observed that there was
no symmetric distribution between the resonators. During the tag optimization, I found that the
resonator length got decreased. I also compared 10-C shaped tag with rogers RT 5880. I observed
decrease in distance between resonator to augment the resonator width to obtain the perfect
optimized RCS response. I noticed that there was symmetric slot gap variation. I also found that the
resonators length are similar to that FR-4 resonator length.
3.7.5

I analyzed the RCS response of 5-C shaped tag, 6-C shaped tag, 8-C shaped tag, 9-C shaped tag and 10-
shaped tag. I also analyzed the RCS response of shorted resonators. During the 5-C RCS response, I
found that the resonators having greatest length operated at lowest frequency & the resonators having
smallest length operated at largest frequency due to the inverse relation between frequency &
wavelength. I found that the RCS response of 5-C tag was distributed from 2.5GHz to 7.5GHz. From the
RCS response figure, I observed that the dips sharpness depend on the slot gap and distance between 2
resonating frequency depends on distance between 2 resonators.
3.8 Technical problem and solutions

3.8.1

3.8.2

3.9 Creative work