Unit 4

Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management: Overview, Components; C&DWaste Management Rules
2016, Beneficial Reuse of C & D Waste Materials

Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste:- Demolition waste is waste debris from destruction of a construction.
Construction industry in India generates about 10-12 million Tons of waste annually. While Retrievable items like bricks,
wood, metal, titles are recycled in India, Concrete and masonry waste (>50% of total waste) are not recycled. A defined
manual is not available with regulatory authorities for effective management of Construction and Demolition (C & D)
waste. Authorities sometimes make rules but often fail in implementing them. This report is expected to be a pilot
study towards preparation of such a manual. The objective of this study is to compile relevant literature which will give an
insight into demolition waste management strategies of different countries and role of regulatory authorities in
demolition waste management. The paper also studies the properties of demolition waste, its hazardous effects and
suggests safe recycling/reuse/disposal methods. Based on the study, A C & D Waste management plan was formulated.
For effective use of C & D, it essential that the local governing bodies make the submission and implementation of this
plan mandatory. This would go a long way in the reduction of Environmental Pollution due to Construction and
Demolition waste.

Demolition waste is waste debris from destruction of a building. Certain components of demolition waste such as
plasterboard are hazardous once land filled as it is broken down in landfill conditions releasing hydrogen sulfide, a toxic
gas.

Management of Waste from Construction Industry in India

In general, in India, contractor executes construction project on a labour contract basis or on turnkey basis. Small
housing projects are executed by owners and are predominantly executed on labour contract basis and strict
supervision is required to
control waste generation during construction process. In this construction process waste generation ranges between 5 to
7%. In larger projects, where execution is on turnkey basis or through one’s own team of professionals, material wastage
is within 3%.
or through one’s own team of professionals, material wastage is within 3%

Constituents of Waste that Arise from Construction Industry in India :-

Constituent Quantity generated in Million Tonnes

Soil, Sand and Gravel 4.20 to 5.14

Bricks and Masonry

3.60 to 4.40

Concrete 2.40 to 3.67

Metals 0.60 to 0.73

Wood 0.25 to 0.30

Others 0.10 to 0.15

Services of demolition contractor are taken when old building is to be demolished due
to deterioration of the building or to make way for construction of a new building. Demolition contractor
specializes in planned deconstruction so that recovery of good material can be maximised for re-use. Recovery rate
varies from 25% in old buildings to as high as 75% in new buildings. Items recovered during demolition are sold in
the market at a discount with respect to price of new material. Sometimes, Woodcarvings and Marble structures are
recovered from old buildings, which fetch very good price as
Antique piece in Domestic/ Export market. Although the responsibility of removing the waste is primarily of the builder
or the owner, it is usually assigned to the demolition contractor. Items that cannot be re-used are disposed off to landfill
site. Management of those solid wastes which are sent to the landfill sites from various construction activities is the
responsibility of Municipal Bodies or health officers. Hard core material from demolition operation is required for
landfill activities to provide daily cover over domestic waste, bulk fill capping, hard standings etc. Some
Municipal Corporations require demolition waste for their landfill activities, while others want to minimise it to prolong
useful life of landfill sites. However, all respondents are unanimous that in the long run, recycling of waste from
construction industry is necessary in view of limited landfill space and increasing quantum of demolition waste. In India
Different constituents of waste are not segregated prior to disposal. For the segregation of these wastes,
Municipal Authorities incur cost of Rs.60 to Rs.80 per Ton of waste. Presently they are
not levying any charges for this waste segregation. Builders/ Owners bear the cost of transportation, which is at
present between Rs.250 to Rs.500 per truckload depending on the distance of demolition site from landfill area. Though
directives exist for disposal of
waste to landfill areas, penal action against violators is practically not taken. Presently management of waste from
construction industry in India comprises of the following elements:
 Re-use of materials salvaged in good condition during demolition.
 All metal items are sent for re-melting through scrap dealers.
 Disposal of other items to low lying sites.

1) Re-use of materials salvaged in good condition during demolition.

2) All metal items are sent for re-melting through scrap dealers
3) Disposal of other items to low lying sites

 Re-use of materials salvaged in good condition during demolition.

 All metal items are sent for re-melting through scrap dealers.
 Disposal of other items to low lying sites.
Re-use of materials salvaged in good condition during demolition.
 All metal items are sent for re-melting through scrap dealers.
 Disposal of other items to low lying sites.
 Re-use of materials salvaged in good condition during demolition.
 All metal items are sent for re-melting through scrap dealers.
 Disposal of other items to low lying sites.
Concrete and masonry constitute more than 50% of waste generated by the Construction Industry. Recycling of this
waste by converting it to aggregate offers dual benefit of saving landfill space and reduction in extraction of natural raw
material for new construction activity.

Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules 2016

Salient features

1. Application
o Applies to everyone who generates construction and demolition waste.
2. Duties of waste Generators
o Every waste generator shall segregate construction and demolition waste and deposit at collection centre
or handover it to the authorized processing facilities
o Shall ensure that there is no littering or deposition so as to prevent obstruction to the traffic or the public
or drains.
o Large generators (who generate more than 20 tons or more in one day or 300 tons per project in a month)
shall submit waste management plan and get appropriate approvals from the local authority before
starting construction or demolition or remodeling work,
o Large generators shall have environment management plan to address the likely environmental issues
from construction, demolition, storage, transportation process and disposal / reuse of C & D Waste.
o Large generators shall segregate the waste into four streams such as concrete, soil, steel, wood and
plastics, bricks and mortar,
 o Large generators shall pay relevant charges for collection, transportation, processing and disposal as
notified by the concerned authorities;
3. Duties of Service providers and Contractors
o The service providers shall prepare a comprehensive waste management plan for waste generated within
their jurisdiction, within six months from the date of notification of these rules,
o Shall remove all construction and demolition waste in consultation with the concerned local authority on
their own or through any agency.
4. Duties of State Government and Local Authorities
o The Secretary, UDD in the State Government shall prepare their policy with respect to management of
construction and demolition of waste within one year from date of final notification of these rules.
o The concerned department in the State Government dealing with land shall provide suitable sites for
setting up of the storage, processing and recycling facilities for construction and demolition waste with
one-and-a-half years from date of final notification of these rules.
o The Town and Country planning Department shall incorporate the site in the approved land use plan so
that there is no disturbance to the processing facility on a long term basis.
o Shall procure and utilize 10-20% materials made from construction and demolition waste in
municipal and Government contracts.
o Local Authority shall place appropriate containers for collection of waste, removal at regular intervals,
transportation to appropriate sites for processing and disposal.
o LA shall seek detailed plan or undertaking from large generator of construction and demolition waste and
sanction the waste management plan;
o Seek assistance from concerned authorities for safe disposal of construction and demolition waste
contaminated with industrial hazardous or toxic material or nuclear waste if any;
o LA shall give appropriate incentives to generator for salvaging, processing and or recycling preferably in-
situ;
o LA shall establish a data base and update once in a year,
o Million plus cities (based on 2011 census of India), shall commission the processing and disposal facility
within one-and-a-half years from date of final notification of these rules
o 0.5 to 1 million cities, shall commission the processing and disposal facility within two years from date of
final notification of these rules
o for other cities (< 0.5 million populations), shall commission the processing and disposal facility within
three years from date of final notification of these rules
5. Duties of Central Pollution Control Board, State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee
o The Central Pollution Control Board shall prepare operational guidelines related to environmental
management of construction and demolition waste.
o SPCB shall grant authorization to construction and demolition waste processing facility
o Monitor the implementation of these rules by the concerned local bodies
o Submit annual report to the Central Pollution Control Board and the State Government.
6. Standards for products of construction and demolition waste
o The Bureau of Indian Standards need to prepare code of practices and standards for products of
construction and demolition waste
o Indian Roads Congress need to prepare standards and practices pertaining to products of construction and
demolition waste in roads construction.
7. Duties of Central Ministries
o The Ministry of Urban Development, and the Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Panchayat Raj,
shall facilitate local bodies in compliance of these rules;
o The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change shall review implementation of these rules as
and when required.
8. Facility for processing / recycling facility
o The operator of the facility shall obtain authorization from State Pollution Control Board or Pollution
Control Committee.
o The processing / recycling site shall be away from habitation clusters, forest areas, water bodies,
monuments, National Parks, Wetlands and places of important cultural, historical or religious interest.
o The processing/recycling facility exceeding five Tones per day capacity, shall maintain a buffer zone of
no development around the facility.
IMPORTANCE OF RECYCLED AND WASTE MATERIALS

• To minimizing waste and Saving of fossil fuels due to recycling,

• To Optimized use of available resources and reduced cost.

• Enhanced organizational performance, credibility and sustainability,

• Reduction of the usage of fresh raw materials.

• Preserving natural resources and Reduction of energy usage.

• Reduction of air, water and solid waste pollution.

• Reduce financial expenditure in the economy.

Benefits of Recycling

• Recycling Saves the Earth. Recycling different products will help the environment. For example, we know that
paper comes from trees and many trees are being cut down just to produce paper. By recycling it, we can help
lessen the number of trees that are cut down. Products made from raw materials that came from our natural
resources should be recycled so that we can help preserve the environment.

• Recycling saves energy. It takes less energy to process recycled materials than to process virgin materials. For
example, it takes a lot less energy to recycle paper than to create new paper from trees. The energy from
transporting virgin materials from the source is also saved. Saving energy also has its own benefits like decreasing
pollution. This creates less stress on own health and our economy

Type of Waste Materials Used in Construction Work For the current research,

Five materials were considered for beneficial reuse in soil stabilization applications. These materials included: municipal
solid waste (MSW) incinerator ash, recycled glass, fly ash crumb rubber tires, and recycled crushed aggregates. In other
words, these materials were mixed with soils and tested in order to determine whether or not the addition of the material
enhanced the engineering properties of the soil itself.

Glass:- Glass aggregate is a relatively new construction aggregate material. In general, glass aggregate is durable, strong,
and easy to place and compact. This best practice presents typical geotechnical parameters for aggregate consisting of
100% glass as well as mixtures of glass and natural aggregate. The geotechnical parameters of cullet aggregate are largely
dependent upon the percentage of glass content, gradation and compaction level, and to a lesser degree on the type or
source of glass. The experience gained from construction and lab results indicate that moisture and debris content within
reasonable ranges have a relatively minor effect on the geotechnical performance. Recycled glass is a mixture of different
colored glass particles and is often comprised of a wide range of debris (mainly paper, plastic, soil, metals, and food
waste). The presence of different colored glass particles and diverse types of debris are the primary obstacles in reusing
recycled glass in bottle production industries. Recycled glass particles are generally angular shaped and contain some flat
and elongated particles. It is believed that the waste stream from which the glass particles have been produced controls the
quality of the material, especially the amount of debris in the mixture. Recycled glass characteristics indicate that it is
suitable to be used as a fill (backfill) material in structural and non-structural applications. Recycled glass on its own or in
a mixture with natural or recycled aggregates (such as crushed rock and crushed concrete) can be used in a range of road
work applications including sub base, embankments material and drainage media in roads. To improve the shear strength
performance of recycled glass in case of its application in sub base layers of roads, measures such as mixing it with
natural aggregate and also stabilizing the material with additives such as lime, cement or fly ash can be investigated

Scrap Tire Due to the developing industry and growing population, huge amounts of tire wastes are produced. As the
amounts increase, it becomes harder and more expensive to dispose them safely without threatening human health and
environment. Civil engineering applications for scrap tires include lightweight fill, conventional fill, retaining wall and
bridge abutment, insulation layer and drainage applications. Construction of highways requires large volumes of
construction material, so highway agencies are frequent participants in efforts to recycle and reuse waste materials. Proper
utilization of waste and by-product materials in transportation applications requires experience and knowledge regarding
the use of these materials.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Ash :- MSW ash is a by-product that is produced as a result of burning municipal solid
waste. There are two different types of facilities that produce MSW ash, mass burn and refuse derived fuel (RDF)

Recycled Crushed Concrete Aggregates Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) or crushed concrete is produced from
construction and demolition debris. Common projects that produce RCA include demolition of curbing and building slabs,
concrete pavements, as well as concrete-block and reinforced material composed by nearly 60 to 75 percent of high
quality, well graded aggregates bonded by a hardened cemented paste. RCA may include 10 to 30 percent sub the
concrete pavement or asphalt from the shoulder or composite pavement surface. The RCC used in this study is a zero
slump soil–cement type mixture that is generally laid with a paver and compacted with a roller to an appropriate density.
RCA use as a base and sub prevalent in the construction of city- and county jurisdiction roadways that typically have
lower traffic volumes. Approval of these materials is also done on a case agencies requiring documentation of material
properties and contaminant content prior to use in a new roadway

Fly Ash Fly ash is the finely divided residue that results from the combustion of pulverized coal and is transported
from the combustion chamber by exhaust gases. Fly ash is produced by coal-fired electric and steam generating plants.
Typically, coal is pulverized and blown with air into the boiler's combustion chamber where it immediately ignites,
generating heat and producing a molten mineral residue. Boiler tubes extract heat from the boiler, cooling the flue gas and
causing the molten mineral residue to harden and form ash. Coarse ash particles, referred to as bottom ash or slag, fall to
the bottom of the combustion chamber, while the lighter fine ash particles, termed fly ash, remain suspended in the flue
gas. Prior to exhausting the flue gas, fly ash is removed by particulate emission control devices, such as electrostatic
precipitators or filter fabric bag houses. There are three types of fly ashes, namely, fly ash, bottom ash and pond ash. Fly
ash and bottom ash when transported and disposed to the pond it is termed as pond ash. Fly ash is used in concrete
admixtures to enhance the performance of concrete roads and bridges