CONCRETING

Operating diagram of a concrete mixer

Special concrete transport trucks (in–transit mixers) are made to transport and mix concrete up to the
construction site. They can be charged with dry materials and water, with the mixing occurring during
transport. They can also be loaded from a "central mix" plant, with this process the material has already
been mixed prior to loading. The concrete mixing transport truck maintains the material's liquid state
through agitation, or turning of the drum, until delivery. The interior of the drum on a concrete mixing
truck is fitted with a spiral blade. In one rotational direction, the concrete is pushed deeper into the
drum. This is the direction the drum is rotated while the concrete is being transported to the building
site. This is known as "charging" the mixer.

Trucks weigh 20,000 to 30,000 pounds (9,070 to 13,600 kg), and can carry roughly 40,000 pounds
(18,100 kg) of concrete although many varying sizes of Mixer Truck are currently in use. The most
common truck capacity is 8 cubic yards (6.1 m3).
ON-SITE AND PORTABLE CONCRETE MIXERS

For smaller jobs, such as residential repairs, renovations, or hobbyist-scale projects, many cubic yards of
concrete are usually not required. Bagged cement is readily available in small-batch sizes, and aggregate
and water are easily obtained in small quantities for the small work site. To service this small-batch
concrete market, there are many types of small portable concrete mixers available

A typical portable concrete mixer uses a small revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller jobs
the concrete made at the construction site has no time lost in transport, giving the workers ample time
to use the concrete before it hardens.

Portable concrete mixers may be powered by a gasoline engine, although it is more common that they
are powered by electric motors using standard mains current.
EXCAVATION AND DEALING WITH WATER

A backhoe loader, also called a loader backhoe or tractor backhoe, is a heavy equipment vehicle that
consists of a tractor fitted with a bucket on the front and a small backhoe on the back. Due to its
relatively small size and versatility, backhoe loaders are very common in urban construction projects.
These machines travel on rubber tires, and can actually travel at speeds of approx. 25 mph/40 kmh. This
makes these machines very popular where travel between worksites or excavations is required often

Excavators, also known as a track hoe, are heavy equipment consisting of a boom, dipperstick, bucket
and cab on a rotating platform. The cab sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. All movement
and functions of the excavator are accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid. The tracked
excavator is very versatile in the mining, forestry, construction and pipeline industries.
EARTH FILLING

Graders are used to spread fill and finely trim the subgrade. They consists of a blade which can rotate in
a circular arc about a sub horizontal axis and which is supported beneath a longitudinal frame joining the
front steering wheels and the rear drive wheels. The front wheels are generally articulated whilst the
rear wheels are set in tandem beneath the motor and control units. The blade is used to trim and
redistribute soil and therefore graders usually operate in the forward direction.
COMPACTION

Fields of application: For medium to heavy duty compaction work. D-series models are suitable for the
compaction of hydraulically bound materials, sand, gravel, crushed rock, semi-cohesive soils and rock.
PD models are well suited to heavy cohesive soils with high water contents.

Type- BW 211 PD-40

Workingwidth(mm)-2130

Operating weight(kg)-10500-12620

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
Changes to air quality can occur due to dust and exhaust fumes, dust due to exposed surfaces, rock
blasting, transport of materials and other causes. During operation of diesel or petrol driven machinery
due to imperfect combustion carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur would be released to the
atmosphere.
Since the two reservoir areas are in a sparsely populated rural area and especially due to evacuation of
the affected families from the vicinity of the reservoirs, the air pollution caused by the construction
activities would not be severe. Eventually once the project is completed the areas that would be
affected by the construction activities would be entirely free from air or noise pollution and would
revert back to its previous pristine condition.
Pollution related to dust will originate from both mobile pollution sources such as transportation
vehicles, construction machinery and fixed sources such as roads and quarries. This would be more
significant during dry weather conditions.
Although there is no impact to the atmospheric environment due to the blasting inside underground
excavation areas, the air quality inside work sites shall be controlled in accordance with the
international standards for working underground based on the number of workmen and number and
type of equipment used inside the underground work sites.

The excavation method headrace tunnel will not comprise rock blasting using explosives. As such there
is no ground vibration in the area where the tunnel boring machine is used for excavation of the
headrace tunnel and hence the buildings situated near the tunnel axis will have no impact from ground
vibration.
However, the link tunnel between the Puhulpola reservoir and the Dyraaba reservoir will be constructed
by conventional drilling and blasting method and as a result threshold or cosmetic cracks including
minor non-structural effects such as superficial cracking in cement render will appear in the buildings
located in the vicinity of the tunnel trace.

COMMENTS
The impact due to noise and vibration are expected to be the most severe during the construction
period. Construction noise and vibration varies greatly on the construction process, type and condition
of equipment used and the layout of the construction site. Noise/vibration due to increased traffic
during construction period will be expected. Damaged roads due to traffic will increase the noise and
vibration impact to the environment.

People in affected areas are getting services from Welimada base hospital which is 2-3km distance from
the Puhulpola reservoir area. During the construction period an increase level of dust may cause an
increase of respiratory system diseases.