TIME DISTANCE Example 4.

A 75 m long train moving at 60 km/h can pass another train 100 m long,
moving at 65 km/h in the opposite direction in:
Example 1. A man travels a distance of 61 km in 9 hours partly on foot at the rate of
4 km/h and partly on bicycle at 9 km/h. How much distance does he cover on foot? Such problems can be solved using the formula velocity = distance/time. It's necessary to make
sure that similar units are used in the formula.
Let the distance covered on foot be x.
Then the distance covered by bicycle is 61 -x. To completely pass each other, the trains have to cover a distance equal to the sum of the
The total distance is covered in 9 hours. Iengths of the two trains, 75 + 100 = 175 mtrs.
Time for which the man travels by foot = Distance/ velocity = x/4 hrs
Time for which the man travels by bicycle = (61 -x) / 9 hrs When travelling in opposite directions, the velocity with which this distance gets covered is the
sum of the
x/4 + (61 - x)/9 = 9 2 velocities. 60 + 65 = 125 Kmph or 125 * 1000 mtrs per 60 * 60 Secs or 625/18 mtrs/sec.
9x + 244 -4x = 9 Therefore time to cross each other = 175 = 5.04 secs.
36 625/18
5x = 324 -244
x = 16 km
Example 5. Train A is 120 m Iong traveling at 90 km/h. It overtakes train B
Example 2. Brian covers a distance of 200 km traveling with a uniform speed of 'S' which is 130 mtrs Iong traveling in the same direction at 72 km/h. How long does it
km/h. He could have covered the same distance in 2 hours less had the speed been (s take for train A to overtake train B.
+ 5) km/h. Find the value of s. To completely pass each other, the trains have to cover a distance equal to the sum of the
Iengths of the
Let 't' be the time that Brian takes to cover 200 km at 'S' km/hr. two trains, 120 + 130 = 250 mtrs.
Then t = 200/s When travelling in the same direction, the velocity with which this distance gets covered is the
At a speed of (s + 5) km/hr, the distance of 200 km gets covered in (t -2) hours. difference
Then , (t -2) = 200 / (s + 5) between the 2 velocities. 90 - 72 = 18 Kmph or 18 * 1000 mtrs per 60 * 60 Secs or 5
mtrs/sec.
Substituting the value of t = 200/s in the above equation, we obtain, Therefore time to cross each other = = 50 secs.
(200/s -2) = 200/(s + 5) 5
200 -2s =
s (s + 5) Example 6. Find the speed of the current if a boy rows 13 km upstream and 28 km
(200 -2s) (s + 5) = 200s downstream taking 5 hours each time.
200s -2s + 1000 -10s = 200s Let the speed of the current be x km/hr and that of the boy when he rows in still water be y
2s + 10s -1000 = 0 (Refer to the chapter on Quadratic Equations) km/hr.
S + 5s -500 = 0 Then the relative speed when the boy rows upstream = y -x km/hr
S + 25s -20s -500 = 0 The relative speed when the boy rows downstream = y + x km/hr
s (s + 25) -20 (s + 25) = 0 The time taken for the 13 km long upstream journey is 5 hours. Therefore we can write this as
(s -20) (s + 25) = 0 Speed = Distance/Time
s = 20 or s = -25 y -x = 13/5 ------ I
Since speed cannot be negative, we discard s = -25 The time taken for the 28 km long downstream journey is also 5 hours, therefore
Hence our solution, s = 20. y + x = 28/5 ----- II
Subtracting equations ll from equation I, we obtain,
Example 3. How long will a train 75m long moving at 60 km/h take to pass a
platform 200m long?
Subtracting equations ll from equation I, we obtain,
To completely pass a platform, the train will have to cover a distance equal to the sum of its own 2x = 28/5 -13/5
length and the length of the platform. 2x = (28 -13) / 5
2x = 15/5
The total length to be covered by the train is 75 + 200 = 275 mtrs. x = 3/2 = 1.5 km/hr, the speed of the current
The velocity of the train is 60 km/hr, which needs to be converted into mtrs per sec.
Example 7. A boat moves with a speed of 8 km/h in still water. Find the rate of the
60 km/hr can be written as 60,000 mtrs per 60 * 60 secs. Or 100/6 mtrs/sec. stream if the boat can travel 20 km downstream in the same time as it can traveI 12
km upstream.
Using the formula velocity = Distance/Time, we get Time = Distance/Velocity
T Let the speed of the stream be x km/hr
ime to cross the platform = 275 = 275 * 6 = 33/2 = 16.5 secs. And the time that it takes to traveI 20 km downstream or 12 km upstream be t hrs.
100/6 100 Then Time t when moving upstream is given as
Time = Distance/Velocity
t = 12/(8 -x) -------- I
The time t when moving downstream is given as
t = 20/(8 + x) ----------- II
Combining I and II, Since the work is the same, the same no. of man-hours are required. Since now, 48 men work
12/(8 -x) = 20/(8 + x) for 7 days,
12(8 + x) = 20(8 -x) Iet's assume they work for Y hours a day. Then, 48 * 7 * Y = 20 * 8 * 21
Y = 20 * 8 * 21 = 10 hours.
12(8 + x) = 20(8 -x) 48 * 7
96 + 12x = 160 -20x Example 3. Abu and Bill together can do a piece of work in 10 days, but Abu alone can do it in
32x = 64 15 days.
x = 2 km/hr, the speed of the stream In how many days would Bill alone do the same job?
Let 'b' be the no. of days that Bill takes to do the job alone.

Then the amount of work that Bill can do in one day = 1/b
WORK The amount of work that Abu can complete in one day = 1/15
Since the two working together can complete the work in 10 days, the amount of work that the
If one person can do a work in 6 days, then two people having the same efficiency can do the two can
same workin 3 days, or 3 persons can do that work in 2 days. complete in one day = 1/10
Thus, 1/b + 1/15 = 1/10
This follows that a job requires a certain number of man-days to complete. Man-days is the Or 1/b = 1/10 -1/15
product of the number of persons working on the job and the number of days they take 1/b = 1/30
to complete the job. For a particular job the man-days required to complete it remain or b = 30
constant. Example 4. It takes 21 days for 36 men to build a walI 140 m long. How many men would
require 18 days
In the above example the man-days required are 1 * 6 = 6 man-days, or 2 * 3 = 6 man-days, to build a similar walI 50 m in length?
or 3 * 2 = 6 man-days. It requires 21 * 36 man-days to build a 140 mtr long walI.
To build a 50 mtr long walI, 21 * 36 * 50 man-days are required.
For a particular job, if the number of people on the job increases, then the number of days that 140
they take to complete the job reduces proportionately, such that the number of man-days To build the 50 mtr long walI, Iet Y be the no. of men required for 18 days.
remains constant. Or 18 * mandays.
Also note that if a person can complete a certain job in 10 days, then the amount of work that Thus 18 Y = 21 * 36 * 50
he does in one day is 1/10 of the total. 140

Problems on Pipes or Y = 15
Example 5. P, Q and R can do a certain piece of work in 12, 15 and 20 days respectively. They
If a pipe can fill a tank in 10 minutes, then it fills 1/10th of the tank in 1 minute. began to
If two different pipes can fill the same tank in 10 minutes and 15 minutes separately, then the work but R Ieaves after 2 days. In how many days would P and Q be able to finish the work
amount that they will fill in one minute, running together, is 1/10 + 1/15 = 1/6 . And the time together?
that they will take, while running together, to fill the tank is 1/(1/6) minutes or 6 minutes. The amount of work P, Q and R working together can complete in one day
1/12 + 1/15 + 1/20 = 5 + 4 + 3 = Ñ
These are the basics that you need to understand to tackle all problems related to Time and 60 60 5
Work. The amount of work, P and Q working together can complete in 1 day is
1/12 + 1/15 = 9/60 = 3/20
Solved Examples Before R Ieaves, in 2 days before his departure the three of them working together complete
2/5 of the
Example 1. If sixteen men can do a piece of work in 12 days, working 14 hours a day, work (1/5 * 2 = 2/5)
how long wilI 28 men, working 12 hours a day, take to do the same work? The amount of work to be completed by P and Q working together after the departure of R = 1
-2/5 = 3/5
Let Y be the number of days that P and Q work to complete the job.
In the first scenario, the number of man-hours required to complete the work = 16 * 12 * 14 Then 3/20 x Y = 3/5
Since it is the same job, the man-hours required to complete the job remains the same. Or Y = 4
The man-hours in the second scenario = 28 * 12 * Y, where Y is the number of days required. Example 6. Anan, Bardle and Cicely can finish a piece of work in 18 days; Anan and Cicely
Therefore, together
16 * 12 * 14 = 28 * 12 * Y work twice as much as Bardle, Anan and Bardle together work thrice as much as Cicely. In what
Y = 8 days time can
each do it individually?
Example 2. Twenty men working 8 hours per day can complete a piece of work in 21 Let a, b and c be the no. of days that Anan, Bardle and Cicely take to do the job individually.
days. How many hours per day must 48 men work to complete the same piece of work Then 1/a, 1/b and 1/c are the amount of work each can finish in one day.
in 7 days?
As per the question,
20 men working 8 hours a day can complete a piece of work in 21 days. 1/a + 1/c = 2 * 1/b
This implies that 20 * 8 * 21 hours is required to complete the work. Or 20 * 8 * 21 man-hours 1/a + 1/b = 3 * 1/c
of work.
and we also know that all of them working together can complete the work in 18 days. mixture to increase the concentration of wine to 50%?
Therefore, Solution:
1/a + 1/b + 1/c = 1/18 The quantity of wine in the mixture = (20/100) * 50 = 10 Iitres.
Thus we have 3 equations and 3 variables, which can be solved to obtain the values of each Let the quantity of wine added to the mixture be x litres. Then the total quantity of wine in the
variable. mixture is (10
1/c -1/b = 2/b -3/c + x) Iitres and the total quantity of mixture is 50 + x litres.
3/c + 1/c = 1/b + 2/b The proportion of wine in the new mixture is (10 + x) / (50 + x)
4/c = 3/b We require this proportion to be equal to 50%.
Therefore,
3c = 4b (10 + x) / (50 + x) = 50/100 = .
Put c = 4/3 b in 1/a + 1/c = 2/b 20 + 2x = 50 + x
1/a + 3/4b = 2/b x = 30
1/a = 2/b -3/4b Hence, 30 Iitres of wine when added to 50 Iitres of the mixture, results in 80 Iitres of the
1/a = 5/4b mixture with 50%
Substitute the values of 'a' and 'c' in the third equation to obtain, concentration of wine. That is, 10 Iitres of wine was already in the original mixture and another
30 Iitres
5/4b + 1/b + 3/4b = 1/18 when added makes the total quantity of wine as 40 Iitres in 80 Iitres of the mixture, which is
on solving, we obtain 1/b = 1/54, b = 54 50% of the total
This implies that Bardle can complete the entire work alone in 54 days. volume of the mixture.
Now substituting the value of 'b' in 1/a = 5/4b,
We obtain 1/a = 5/(4 * 54) Example 2:
1/a = 5/216 or a = 43 1/5 10 kg of grade 'A' of Tea costing $15 per kg is mixed with 30 kg of grade 'B' of Tea costing $10
Similarly solving for 'c' by using the expression 3c = 4b per kg.
c = 4 * 54/3 = 72 What is the cost per kg of the mixture?
Example 7. Pipe P fills a tank in 24 minutes. Pipe Q fills the same tank in 30 minutes. Both the Solution:
pipes are Cost of 10 kg of grade 'A = 10 * 15 = $150
turned on together, and after 8 minutes, pipe P is turned off. In how many minutes would pipe Q Cost of 30 kg of grade 'B = 30 * 10 = $300
fill the TotaI Cost of 30 kgs of the mixture = $150 + $300 = $450.
remaining tank? Cost of the mixture = $450/40 = $11.25 per kg.
P can fill the tank in 24 minutes or it fills 1/24 of the tank in 1 minute. Example 3:
Q can fill the tank in 30 minutes or it fills 1/30 of the tank in 1 minute. In what proportion should tea costing $1.00 per kg be mixed with tea costing $2.00 per kg to
Running together the two pipes will filI 1/24 + 1/30 of the tank in 1 minute. get a mixture
In 8 minutes the two pipes together will filI 8 (1/24 + 1/30) of the tank, that costs $1.35 per kg?
The amount left to be filled in the tank after 8 minutes = 1 - 8 (1/24 + 1/30) Solution:
Let the quantity of tea costing $1.00 per kg be x and
that of tea costing $2.00 per kg be y.
The time that it would take Pipe Q to fill the remaining capacity of the tank: Then, the quantity of the mixture costing $1.35 per kg would be x + y.
= 1 -8 1/24 + 1/30 Therefore,
1/30 1 * x + 2 * y = 1.35 * (x + y)
1-8 5+4
= 120 = 1 -8 9/120 = 30 120 -72 x + 2y = 1.35x + 1.35y
1/30 1/30 120 0.65y = 0.35x
= 30 * 48 = 48 / 4 = 12 minutes x/y = 0.65/0.35 = 13/7
120 which means, 13 parts of tea costing $1.00 per kg and 7 parts of tea costing $2.00 per kg are
Example 8. It takes 16 and 32 minutes for pipes A and B respectively to fill a cistern. Another pipe C at
needed to
the bottom of the cistern can empty the full cistern in 64 minutes. If all the pipes are opened together, how
make a mixture costing $1.35 per kg.
Iong will it take for the cistern to filI?
The part of the cistern that A alone can fill in one minute is 1/16 Shortcut
The part of the cistern that B alone can fill in one minute is 1/32 Problems such as these can be solved without involving variables like x, y etc.
The part of the cistern that C can empty in one minute is 1/64
When all the pipes are opened, in one minute, the volume of the tank that gets filled is
1/16 + 1/32 -1/64 = (4 + 2 -1) / 64 = 5/64 GRAPHIC HERE
If 5/64 of the tank gets filled in one minute,
then the time that it takes to fill the tank completely is = 64/5 = 12.8 minutes. PIace the two cost prices, 1 and 2 in the top corners as shown. PIace the cost price of the
5/64 mixture in
between the 2 prices, then take the difference of the cost price and the price of the mixture and
MIXTURE: place the
results as shown by the arrow.
Example 1: Now, simplify the two differences to obtain the required proportion.
A 50 Iitre mixture of wine and water contains 20% wine. How much more wine should be added The above shortcut can be used whenever quantities before the mixing and after the mixing are
to the both given
in the problem, and it is the proportion of their mixing that is required to be found. The quantity Percent means per cent or per 100 or for every 100. A fraction whose denominator is 100 is
could be called a
price, profit or percentage content of an ingredient. percentage and the numerator of the fraction is called the rate percent. It is denoted by the
We have taken an example where the cost price was provided. The next two examples are symbol "%".
based on Therefore, 12% denotes 12/100.
profits and % age content of an ingredient. A percent can be expressed as a fraction and fraction as a percentage. The fraction
Example 4: 3/25 can be
A store owner has a stock of 100 shirts. He sold some shirts for a 10 day period at a expressed as a percentage by multiplying and dividing the fraction by 100 and retaining the 100
profit of 20%. in the
Thereafter, he put the shirts on a sale, and sold the shirts at a Iower profit of 10%. If he made denominator.
an overall Thus, [(3/25) / 100] * 100 = (300/25) / 100 = 12/100 or 12%.
profit of 13%, how many shirts did he sell in the sale? And 12% can be expressed as a fraction by dividing the percent by 100 and simplifying;
12% = 12/100 = 3/25
Example 4: Example: What percentage is the marks of a student who scored 12/20 in a test?
A store owner has a stock of 100 shirts. He sold some shirts for a 10 day period at a Solution: Multiply and divide 12/20 by 100, and retain 100 in the denominator as shown:
profit of 20%. {(12/20) * 100} / 100 = 60/100 = 60%
Thereafter, he put the shirts on a sale, and sold the shirts at a Iower profit of 10%. If he made Percentages are used;
an overall A. to determine an increase or decrease in a quantity
profit of 13%, how many shirts did he sell in the sale? B. to define a part of a quantity
C. to compare two different quantities
Let us take an example of each:
GRPAH
A. An increase or decrease in a quantity.
Example 5: If a number, say 30 is increased by 25%, then 25% of 30 is (25/100) * 30 = 15/2 = 7.5.
A bartender removed from a bottle a certain quantity of a drink, which had 25% This implies that increasing 30 by 25% is the same as increasing 30 by 7.5.
alcohol content and The number after the increase becomes;
replaced the same quantity with another drink that had an alcohol content of 10%. The alcohol 30 + 7.5 = 37.5,
content in or this can be found by using the formula:
the drink after replacement is 20%. What was the quantity of the drink that he replaced, if there 30 [(100 + r)/100], where r is the percentage increase.
was 1 Iitre 30 [(100 + 25) / 100] = 30 * (5/4) = 150/4 = 37.5.
of the drink in the bottle? B. Define a part of a quantity.
Out of 100,000 people in a village, 52% are women. Find the number of men in the village.
Number of women in the village = (52/100) * 100,000 = 52,000
graphic here Number of men in the village = 100,000 _52,000 = 48,000.
C. Compare two quantities:
Using the shortcut, 1/3 * 1 Iitre = 1/3 Iitres If Ben earns $1000 per week, and Keith earns 15% more than Ben, then what is Keith's income?
Example 6: Keith's income = 1000 * (100 + 15) / 100 = $1150.
A barrel contains 100 Iitres of an acid. 10 Iitres of the acid is taken out and replaced
by water. This *** Time goes. Kleptomania is expiring. Order now at
process is repeated 2 more times. What is the amount of acid in the barrel now? http://www.structurise.com/kleptomania/order.htm ***
Solution: Example 1. Max receives an annual salary of $8800 in the year 1965. This is 10% more than
The quantity of acid, after the first replacement is, 90/100 of the totaI. his salary in
After the second operation, it is, (90/100) * (90/100) = (90/100) 1964. What was his salary in 1964?
Similarly, after the third operation, (90/100) = 729/1000 If Max's salary in 1964 was 100, then his salary in 1965 is 100 + 10% of 100
Since there was 100 Iitres of acid to start with, the acid in the barrel after 3 replacements is: That is, 100 + * 100 = 110
(729/1000) * 100 = 72.9 Iitres. 100
Shortcut Thus when his salary in 1965 is 110, his salary in 1964 was 100.
Acid left in the barrel after n replacements / starting quantity of acid = [(p _q) / p]n When his salary in 1965 is 1, then his salary in 1964 =
Where, p = starting quantity of acid 110
q = the replaced quantity Now, when his salary in 1965 is $8800, then his salary in 1964 = * 8800 = $8000
n = number of replacements 110
In the above example: Example 2. To pass a certain examination, a student needs to obtain 35% of the total marks.
P = 100. q = 10. n = 3. He gives
In the above example: three papers. In the first paper, he gets 62 out of 120, and in the second paper he obtains just
P = 100; q = 10; n = 3. 35 out of
Hence 150. In order to just qualify for pass, how much must he obtain out of 180 in the third paper?
[(p _q)/p]n = [(100 _10) / 100] The maximum marks out of the three papers = 120 + 150 + 180 = 450
= (90/100) = 729/1000 The pass percentage is 35%
PERCENT Passing marks = 35 * 450 = 157.5
100
Marks already scored in the two papers = 62 + 35 = 97 If an event A can happen in m different ways and cannot happen in n ways, and when the
Marks to be scored in the third paper = 157.5 _97 = 60.50 occurrence of all
events is equally Iikely to happen and the happening of any one does not in any way rule out
the possibility
of another event happening, then,
*** Copy file lists and folder trees from Explorer *** Probability of event A happening, P(A) = m / (m + n)
Example 3. 11/18th of the population of a village are males, and the rest are The number of ways in which the event A can happen
females. If the total P(A) =
population of the village is 4500 and 40% of the males are married, find the number of married Number of ways in which event A can happen+Number of ways in which event A cannot happen
males. Since an event can either happen or it cannot happen. m + n = r, where r is the total number of
The number of males in the village = Ñ11 * 4500 = 2750 possible
18 outcomes.
The number of married males = * 2750 = 1100 Therefore, P(A) = m/r
100 Solved Examples :
Example 4. The total produce of a farm in the year 1965 was 150 quintals. It increased by 1. What is the probability of heads turning up on a single toss of a coin?
10% in 1966 The total number of possible outcomes on a single toss of a coin is 2 _a heads or a tails.
and then by 8% in 1967. Calculate the total produce in 1967. The number of ways in which the required event is likely to happen is 1 _a heads showing up.
The produce in the year 1966 = 150 (100 + 10) = 165 quintals
100
The produce in the year 1967 = 165 (100 + 8) = 178.2 quintals Probability of heads turning up = P (Heads) =
100 2. What is the probability of 2 showing up on a single throw of a dice with 6 faces?
Example 5. A and B contested an election. The winning candidate secured 57% of the total On a single throw of a dice, the total number of possible outcomes is 6 - (1, 2, 3, 4, 5
valid votes or 6 showing up)
polled and won by a majority of 42000 votes. Calculate the number of total votes polled.
If the winning candidate secured 57% of valid votes, then the votes polled by the Iosing The number of ways in which the required event is likely to happen is 1 _(2 showing up)
candidate = Probability of 2 showing up = P (2) = 1/6
100 _57 = 43%
Difference between the votes polled by the two candidates = 57 _ 43 = 14%, which is the 3. What is the probability of a number greater than 3 showing up on a single throw of
majority a dice?
percentage. On a single throw of a dice, the total number of possible outcomes is 6 - (1, 2, 3, 4, 5
In other words when 14 is the majority, total votes polled is 100. or 6 showing up)
When 1 is the majority, total votes polled is 100/14.
When 42000 is the majority, total votes polled is 100/14 * 42000 = 3,00,000 votes. The number of ways in which a number greater than 3 will show up is 3 _(4, 5, 6 showing up)
Probability of a number greater than 3 showing up = P (number > 3) = 3/6 = 1/2
Example 6. A person Iost 12% of his money in gambling and 5% of the remainder was picked
from his 4. What is the probability of drawing a King from a pack of playing cards?
pocket. If the total money he now has is $8360, what was the original sum of money The total number of cards in a pack of playing cards is 52. Since all 52 cards are
he had before different the total number of possible outcomes is 52.
gambling?
Let the original sum of money he had be x. There are 4 kings in a pack of playing cards, therefore number of ways that a King can be drawn
After losing 12% of his money on gambling, he is left with (100 _12)% or 88% of x. is 4.
He then loses 5% of the balance, which is 5% of 88% or 4.4% of the original amount x.
The balance that he has left with him is 83.6% of x or 0.836 x. This is given to be equal to Probability of drawing a king = P (King) = 4/52 = 1/13
$8360.
Therefore, 0.836 x = 8360 5. If 2 die are thrown, what is the probability of getting a 10?
Or x = 8360/0.836 = $10,000
The total number of different combinations possible with a throw of 2 dice is 6 * 6 = 36
The number of ways in which 10 can show up is :
PROBABILITY Die 1 Die 2 Total
6 4 10
5 5 10
Probability defines the chances of an event occurring. An event is any desired outcome, 4 6 10
example, rain on
a particular day, heads on tossing of a coin, etc. Therefore in 3 different ways
The probability of an event occurring Iies between the numbers 0 and 1. A 0 probability makes Probability of getting a 10 = P (10) = 3/36 = 1/12
the event Note : If the probability of an event occurring is p then the probability of it,s not occurring is 1-
impossible to occur and a probability of 1 defines an event that is certain to occur. p
The higher the Therefore in the above problem if Probability of getting a 10 is 1/12, then the probability of not
probability, the higher its chances of occurring. getting a 10 is 1 - 1/12 = 11/12
6. Jenny, Bill and Mark are assigned a task, the solution to which has to be worked out by
them working Probability of drawing a blue ball from the second bag = 4/10 = 2/5
together. If the probability of their finding the solution is 1/3, 1/4 and 1/5 respectively, Probability of drawing a blue ball from the second bag = (Probability of selecting the
find the second bag) *
probability of their finding a solution. (Probability of selecting a blue balI)
The required probability is the product of their individual probabilities. = 1/2 * 2/5 = 1/5
P (Solution) = 1/3 * 1/4 * 1/5 = 1/60 The probability of drawing a blue balI = P (BIue ball from first bag) + P (BIue ball from second
bag)
P (BIue BalI) = 5/16 + 1/5
Note : The probability of occurrence of two or more independent events which occur at the same = (25 + 16) / 80 = 41/80
time is Note : The probability of occurrence of ù Ê of the two or more events is the sum of
the product of their individual probabilities. their
In the above examp e Jenny, Bill and Mark are working on the task independently, hence the individual probabilities.
probability of their completing the task is the product of their individual probabilities. In the above example a blue ball can be drawn from the first or the second bag and
7. In the above question if Jenny, Bill and Mark are working on the task independently and the the required
task is probability is the sum of the probabilities of drawing a blue ball from the first bag and from the
considered complete when any one of them can complete the task, then what is the second
probability of bag.
completion of the task? You may note that the individual probabilities have to be added if one of the many events have
The probability of any one of them completing the task is computed as shown: to occur. And they have to be multiplied if all the events can occur simultaneously.
Probability of Jenny not completing the task = 1 - 1/3 = 2/3
Probability of Bill not completing the task = 1 _1/4 = 3/4 SIMULATANEOUS EQUATIONS
Probability of Mark not completing the task = 1 _1/5 = 4/5
The probability of the task not being completed = 2/3 * 3/4 * 4/5 = 2/5
And the probability of the task being completed = 1 _ Probability of task not being completed = To solve for two variables, 2 equations are required to be worked upon simultaneously.
1 _2/5 = Example:
3/5 Solve for x and y;
Note : It's easier to solve the problem by following the method above. The alternate way 2x + 3y = 12
to solve the 3x + 5y = 19
problem is P (task being completed) = P (any one of them can complete the task) + P (any two To solve the above problem, multiply each equation with a number such that either x or y term
of them becomes equal in both the equations.
can complete the task) + P (AII three can complete the task). In the given example, multiply the first equation by 3 and the second by 2.
Where P (any one of them can complete the task) is given as = P (Jenny completes the task and Thus,
the other 6x + 9y = 36
2 don't) + P (Bill can complete the task and the other 2 don't) + P (Mark can complete the task 6x + 10y = 38
and the Subtracting the second equation from the first one;
other 2 don't) + 9y = 36
+ 10 = 38
*** Request more tips by using Kleptomania *** -y = -2
And P (Jenny completes the task and the other 2 don't) = 1/3 * 3/4 * 4/5 = 1/5 or y = 2
Similarly you can compute the other probabilities to achieve the same result that we computed Now, substitute the value of y in any one of the equations to obtain the value of x.
above, i.e., Thus,
P (task being completed) = 3/5
8. There are 2 boxes, the first contains 5 blue and 3 red balls and the second contains 4 blue 2x + 3 * 2 = 12
and 6 red 2x = 12 -6
balls. What is the probability of drawing a blue ball if one ball is drawn from a bag that is x = 6/2 = 3
selected at AIternate method for solving simultaneous equations (The Substitution method)
random? Let's take the same example as above.
The probability of selecting a particular bag is , since there are 2 bags. Solve for x and y;
The probability of selecting a blue ball from the first bag: 2x + 3y = 12
No. of blue balls in the first bag = 5 3x + 5y = 19
Total number of balls in the first bag = 5 + 3 = 8 Take the first equation and find the value of x in terms of y.
Probability of drawing a blue balI = 5/8 2x = 12 -3y
Probability of drawing a blue ball from the first bag = (Probability of selecting the first bag) * x = (12 -3y)/2
(Probability of Now substitute the value of x computed above in the second equation.
selecting a blue balI) 3x + 5y = 19
= 1/2 * 5/8 = 5/16 3 (12 -3y)/2 + 5y = 19
The probability of selecting a blue ball from the second bag: 18 -9y/2 + 5y = 19
No. of blue balls in the Second bag = 4 5y -9y/2 = 1
Total number of balls in the second bag = 4 + 6 = 10 10y -9y = 2
y=2 A trader offers a discount. The discount is offered on a price that is displayed to customers,
called the
Now substitute y = 2 in any of the equations to get the value of x. marked price (MP). The selling price on a discounted good is always lesser than the marked
2x + 3.2 = 12 price.
2x = 12 -6 For a discounted good, with D as the percentage discount,
x = 6/2 = 3 SP = MP (100 _D) / 100
Therefore x = 3 and y = 2 and MP = SP * [100 / (100 _D)]
Solved Examples Solved Examples
Example 1. Two numbers are such that the sum of twice the first and thrice the second is 18, Example 1. Suleman bought 240 roses at $9 per dozen and sold all of them at $1 each. Find
while the sum of thrice the first and the profit
twice the second is 17. Find the numbers. percentage of Suleman?
Let the two numbers be x and y. Cost Price per rose = $9/12
Then as per the question Sale price per rose = $1
2x + 3y = 18 Profit percentage = SP _CP * 100 = (1 _9/12 100 = 3/12 100
3x + 2y = 17 CP 9/12 9/12
Solve for x and y, = 3 * 100 = = 33 1/3 %
Multiply both sides of the first equation by 3 and of the second equation by 2. 9 3
6x + 9y = 54
6x + 4y = 34 Example 2. A bookseller allows a discount of 10% on the advertised price of a particular book.
Subtracting the second equation from the first, we obtain, What
6x + 9y = 54 price must be marked on the book which costs him $600 to make a profit of 20%?
6x + 4y = 34 Cost price of the book = $600
- - - Required profit percentage = 20%
5y = 20 Required profit = 20/100 * 600 = $120
Required Selling Price = CP + profit = 600 + 120 = $720
or y = 4 Required selling price is the price at which the book is sold after giving a discount of 10%.
__ = 18 -3. 4 = 6/2 = 3 Therefore the price of the book should be marked such that a discount of 10% on the marked
2 2 price results
Thus the two numbers are 3 and 4. in the book being sold at $720.
Example 2. If 2 is subtracted from both the numerator and the denominator of a fraction, it If the marked price is Y, then
becomes 1/3, and if 1 is added to both the Y * 100 _discount ercent = Required Selling Price
numerator and the denominator, it becomes 2/3. Find the fraction. 100
Let the fraction be x/y, then => Y * 100 _10 = 720
= 1, 100
y _2 3
3x -6 = y -2, => Y = 720 * 100
or 3x -y = 4 90
x + 1 = 2, => Y = $800
y+1 3 Or simply using the formula MP = SP * [100 / (100 _D)]
3x + 3 = 2y + 2, or 3x -2y = -1 MP = 720 * [100 / (100 _10)]
Solve for x and y using the 2 equations, MP = 720 (100/90) = $800
3x _y = 4 Example 3. Abraham sells a camera, which costs him $400 to Ben at a profit of 20%. Ben then
3x _2y = -1 sells it to
Subtracting the second equation from the first, Chang, making a profit of 10% on the price he paid to Abraham. What does Chang pay to Ben?
y=5 Abraham's Selling price = Ben's cost price = 400 * 100 + 20 = $480
100
x = (4 + y)/3 = (4 + 5)/3 = 9/3 = 3 Ben's selling price = Chang's cost price = 480 * 100 + 10 = $528
Therefore the required fraction is, 100
x/y = 3/5 Example 4. A shopkeeper allows two successive discounts of 20% and 10% on an article. If he
gets
$108 from the article, find its marked price.
PROFIT AND LOSS For successive discounts use the formula
Marked Price = Selling Price * 100 * 100
When a good is bought for $100 and sold for $110, there is a profit of $10. 100 _First Discount 100 _second discount
Profit = Selling Price (SP) _Cost Price (CP). Marked Price = 108 * 100 * 100 = 108 * 100 * 100 = 108 * 100 =
When SP is less than CP, there is a loss. 100 - 20 100 _10 80 * 90 72
Loss = CP _SP
Profit and loss are generally denoted in terms of percent, of cost price. Example 5. Kumar bought two cameras for $400. He sells one of the cameras at a profit of
% age Profit = [(SP _CP) / CP] * 100 20% and the
% age Loss = [(CP _SP) / CP] * 100 other at a loss of 20%. find the total loss or profit percent.
Selling price of the first camera = 400 * 100 + 20 = 4 * 120 = $480 10. She was leavin for work when l reached. (Past Continuous)
100 11 . She had left for work when l called up. (Past Perfect)
Profit on the first camera = 480 _400 = $80 12. She will leave for work in twenty minutes. (Simple Future)
Selling Price of the second camera = 400 x 100 _20 = 4 x 80 = $320 13. She will be leavin for work soon. (Future Continuous)
100 14. She will have left for work by the time l reach. (Future Perfect)
Loss on the second camera = 400 _320 = $80 Notice how the verb changes its form with reference to the time when the action
Net profit or loss = 80 _80 = 0 takes place. Using the appropriate tense is
You may note that when the cost price of the two articles is the same and the profit and loss fundamental to getting many Sentence Correction questions right -the GMAT setters can make
percentages them trickier than you think!
on their sale is also the same, then the net profit is always zero.
Example 6. The cost price of each of the 1000 articles is $0.85. It is then found that only 700
articles may
be sold. If the selling price is to be fixed such that a profit of 40% on the total cost price is
obtained, find
the selling price of one article.
The total cost of 1000 articles is 0.85 * 1000 = $850
A profit of 40% on the total cost price = 850 * = $340
100
The required selling price of 700 articles = 850 + 340 = $1190
Selling price of each article = 1190 / 700 = $1.70

Example 7. A trader buys 180 articles at $40 each from a wholesaler. He fixes the selling
price per article such as to yield a profit of 45% of the cost price, and sells 2/5th of the articles
at this price. He then lowers the selling price per article so as to gain a profit of 20% of the cost
price. Find his total profit if all
the articles are sold.
The total cost price for the trader = 180 * 40 = $7200
The first lot, 2/5th of the articles, 2/5 * 180 = 72 articles, are sold at a profit of 45%.
Profit per article in the first lot = 40 * = $18
100
Profit in the first lot = 18 * 72 = $1296
The second lot of remaining articles, 180 _72 = 108, are sold at a profit of 20%.
Profit per article in the second lot = 40 * = $8
100
Profit in the second lot = 8 * 108 = $864
The total profit on sale of 180 articles = 1296 + 864 = $2160

TENSES

Nothing to get Tense about......

As noted earlier, the verb in a sentence denotes an action, as in the following sentences :
1 . He rarely goes to bed before midnight.
2. I Ieave for work at 9:00 A.M.
3. Make hay while the sun shines.
In some cases, the verb may do an auxiliary function of completing the sentence.

4. Honesty is the best policy.

5. I am terrified at the thought.
In all the examples above, the action is such that it happens all the time or repeatedly
(examples [1] and [2]), or the sentence talks of general things which are truisms (examples [3]
and [4]).

In order to induce the element of time in a sentence, we make use of what

are called tenses. Tenses -present, past, and future -indicate the chronological sequence of
events that the sentence speaks of.
Let's quickly run through the various forms of tenses with these examples :
6. She Ieaves for work at 9:00 A.M. (Simple Present)
7. She is leavin for work right now. (Present Continuous)
8. for work. (Present Perfect)
9. for work two hours ago. (Simple Past)