4G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

M.Srinath N.Manikandan
3rd Year ECE 3rd Year EEE
+919003675471 +919043364120
srinathlogin@gmail.com leostar.mani91@gmail.com
1. Introduction: 3. 4G:

Technology has constantly improved 4G refers to the fourth generation of

itself upon the ages, striving to provide cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to
satisfaction to Human Race. New standards and 3G and 2G families of standards.4G is expected
protocols leads the unending era of to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP
communication development. Text based based solution where facilities such as IP
messaging and audio call telephony and telephony, ultra-broadband Internet access,
conferencing ruled the 2G stage. Need for more gaming services and streamed multimedia may
enhanced services and better data transfer rates. be provided to users. This is combined with
Then came 3G with peak data rates up to 56 MIMO (Multiple In Multiple Out), Dynamic
Mbit/s in the downlink and better than ever Channel Allocation and channel-dependent
security thanks to Evolved HSPA and 3GPP scheduling.
standards. One thing that makes 3G cellular
phones disadvantageous to its users is the fact 3.1: Flash-OFDM:
that these types of cellular phones are more
expensive and that it is not backward-
Initially, Flash-OFDM was expected
compatible. Demand for even higher
to be modified as 4G. Fast low-latency access
performance has led to research and
with seamless handoff orthogonal frequency
development in what people call, the future of
division multiplexing (FLASH-OFDM), also
cellular devices – 4G.
referred to as F-OFDM, is a system that is
based on OFDM and specifies also higher
2. Need for 4G: protocol layers. It has been developed and is
marketed by Flarion. Flash-OFDM has
 Rising use generated interest as a packet-switched cellular
 Multimedia content bearer, where it would compete with GSM and
 Voice Over IP 3G networks.
 Mobile Social Networks
 Fixed line Internet replacement

 Competition from alternative wireless

Internet providers
3.2: Components:
3.2.1: Access Schemes:
As the wireless standards evolved, the
access techniques used also exhibited increase
in efficiency, capacity and scalability. The first
generation wireless standards used plain TDMA
and FDMA. In the wireless channels, TDMA
proved to be less efficient in handling the high
data rate channels as it requires large guard
periods to alleviate the multipath impact.
Similarly, FDMA consumed more bandwidth
for guard to avoid inter carrier interference. So
in second generation systems, one set of
standard used the combination of FDMA and
TDMA and the other set introduced an access
scheme called CDMA. Usage of CDMA
increased the system capacity, but as a
theoretical drawback placed a soft limit on it
rather than the hard limit (i.e. a CDMA network
setup does not inherently reject new clients
when it approaches its limits, resulting in a
denial of service to all clients when the network
overloads; though this outcome is avoided in
practical implementations by admission control
of circuit switched or fixed bitrate
communication services). Data rate is also
increased as this access scheme (providing the
network is not reaching its capacity) is efficient
enough to handle the multipath channel.
Recently, new access schemes like Orthogonal
FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-
FDMA), Interleaved FDMA and Multi-carrier
CDMA (MC-CDMA) are gaining more
importance for the next generation systems.
These are based on efficient FFT algorithms
and frequency domain equalization, resulting in
a lower number of multiplications per second.
They also make it possible to control the
bandwidth and form the spectrum in a flexible
way. However, they require advanced dynamic
channel allocation and traffic adaptive
scheduling.
WiMax is using OFDMA in the downlink and
in the uplink. For the next generation UMTS,
OFDMA is used for the downlink. By contrast,
IFDMA is being considered for the uplink since
OFDMA contributes more to the PAPR related
issues and results in nonlinear operation of
amplifiers. IFDMA provides less power
fluctuation and thus avoids amplifier issues.
Similarly, MC-CDMA is in the proposal for the
EEE 802.20 standard. These access schemes
offer the same efficiencies as older technologies
like CDMA. Apart from this, scalability and
higher data rates can be achieved.
The other important advantage of the above
mentioned access techniques are that they
require less complexity for equalization at the
receiver. This is an added advantage especially
in the MIMO environments since the spatial
multiplexing transmission of MIMO systems
inherently requires high complexity
equalization at the receiver.
3.2.2: IPv6 support:
Unlike 3G, which is based on two
parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit
switched and packet switched network nodes
respectively, 4G will be based on packet
switching only. This will require low-latency
data transmission.
By the time that 4G is deployed, the process of
IPv4 address exhaustion is expected to be in its
final stages. Therefore, in the context of
4G,IPv6 support is essential in order to support
a large number of wireless-enabled devices. By
increasing the number of IP addresses, IPv6
removes the need for Network Address
Translation (NAT), a method of sharing a
limited number of addresses among a larger
group of devices, although NAT will still be
required to communicate with devices that are
on existing Ipv4 networks.
3.2.3: Advanced Antenna Systems:
The performance of radio
communications depends on an antenna system,
termed smart or intelligent antenna. Recently,
multiple antenna technologies are emerging to
achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high
rate, high reliability, and long range
communications. In the early 1990s, to cater the
growing data rate needs of data communication,
many transmission schemes were proposed.
One technology, spatial multiplexing, gained
importance for its bandwidth conservation and
power efficiency. Spatial multiplexing involves
deploying multiple antennas at the transmitter
and at the receiver. Independent streams can
then be transmitted simultaneously from all the
antennas. This technology, called MIMO (as a
branch of intelligent antenna), multiplies the
base data rate by (the smaller of) the number of
transmit antennas or the number of receive
antennas. Apart from this, the reliability in
transmitting high speed data in the fading
channel can be improved by using more
antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver.
This is called transmit or receive diversity. Both
transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial
multiplexing are categorized into the space-
time coding techniques, which does not
necessarily require the channel knowledge at
the transmitter. The other category is closed-
loop multiple antenna technologies, which
require channel knowledge at the transmitter.
3.3.4: Software-Defined Radio (SDR)
SDR is one form of open
wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a
collection of wireless standards, the final form
of a 4G device will constitute various standards.
This can be efficiently realized using SDR
technology, which is categorized to the area of
the radio convergence.
4. The Competitors:
Three different standards are
currently emerging and have already started to
compete with each other for global dominance:
• WiMAX aka IEEE 802.16e
• UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE)
• CDMA EVDO Rev. C (also dubbed
DORC)
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access) is
telecommunications protocol that provides
fixed and fully mobile internet access. The
current WiMAX revision provides up to
40 Mbit/s with the IEEE 802.16m update
expected offer up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds. The
name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX
Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to
promote conformity and interoperability of the
standard.
Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS) is one of the third-generation
(3G) mobile telecommunications technologies,
which is also being developed into a 4G
technology. The first deployment of the UMTS
is the release99 (R99) architecture. It is
specified by 3GPP and is part of the global ITU
IMT-2000 standard. Being a complete network
system, UMTS also covers the radio access
network (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
Network, or UTRAN) and the core network
(Mobile Application Part, or MAP), as well as
authentication of users via USIM cards
(Subscriber Identity Module).
Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-
Data only, abbreviated as EV-DO or EVDO
and often EV, is a 3G telecommunications
standard for the wireless transmission of data
through radio signals, typically for broadband
Internet access. It uses multiplexing techniques
a including code division multiple access
(CDMA) as well as time division multiple
access (TDMA) to maximize both individual
users' throughput and the overall system
throughput.
5. Improvement Areas:
4G networks will go far beyond 3G by mainly
improving three things:
1. Air Interface Technology: 2G
networks such as GSM use Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA) on
the air interface. 3G networks made a
radical change and use Code Division
Multiple Access. 4G standards will
make another radical change and will
use Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM). The new
modulation itself will not automatically
bring an increase in speed but very
much simplifies the following two
 enhancements:
2. Channel Bandwidth: 2G systems such
as GSM use a channel bandwidth of 0.2
MHz. UMTS made a great leap forward
and uses 5 MHz. 4G systems will use a
bandwidth of up to 20 MHz, i.e. the
channel offers four times more
bandwidth than channels of current
systems. As 20 MHz channels might not
be available everywhere, most 4G
systems will be scalable, for example in
steps of 1.25 MHz. It can therefore be
expected that 4G channel sizes will
range from 5 to 20 MHz.
3. MiMo: The second method to increase
throughput on the air interface is to use
a technology called Multiple Input
Multiple Output, or MiMo for short.
6. Race for 4G:
While most wireless operators are
still struggling to understand how to properly
monetize their third generation wireless
networks, the race for fourth generation
network technologies has already begun. This is
A race is going on right now and it's
a heated one. The prize for reaching the finish
line first or even finishing at all could be huge.
Yet that finish line keeps moving, as the fourth
The idea itself is simple, the maths
behind is everything but. The idea of
MiMo is to use the phenomena that
radio waves bounce of objects like trees
and buildings and thus create several
wave paths from sender to receiver.
While this behavior is often not desired,
MiMo makes active use of it by using
several antennas at the sender and
receiver side, which allows the
exchange of multiple data streams, each
over a single individual wave front. Two
or even four antennas are foreseen to be
used in a device. How well this works is
still to be determined in practice but it is
likely that MiMo can increase
throughput by a factor of two in urban
environments.
not a contradiction as current 3G networks will
be operated and enhanced for many years to
come. Furthermore, specification, development,
rollout and mass production of 4G devices all
take their time. Thus, most 4G systems are at
least five years or more away from the mass
market
generation (4G) isn't yet fully defined. Right
now, though, many teams across the globe are
investing a lot of time, effort, money, and talent
to make sure that they are in the race.
 Any road race has three basic
fundamentals: a track, a car, and a crew. The
worldwide effort to develop 4G systems and
devices could be considered a race. Just as the
track itself sets the boundary conditions for the
race, standards set the boundaries for
telecommunications.

7. Conclusion:

With the plethora of promising

features 4G is truly moving towards getting
universally accepted as the ideal next
generation communication system. 4G is
visualized as a conglomeration of different
heterogeneous access technologies. The future
is in the hands of 4G but the public must wait
till it completes its research process and moves
on to implementation stage.