A CONSTRUCTION REPORT ON

CITI TOWER MULTAN

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

SESSION 2014-2008

Submitted By

Muhammad Taimoor Azam BSCT14F049

Hfiz Hafeez Ur Rahman BSCT14F050

Zesshan Haider BSCT14F051

Kamran Shah BSCT14F052

Saif Ullah BSCT14F063

Under the Guidance of

Engineer Saleem Fakhar

Associative Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHUDDIN ZAKRIYA UNIVERSITY,
MULTAN – PAKISTAN
 Session 2014-2018

Final Year Field Training Project

Construction Report of CITI TOWER
MULTAN

SUPERVISOR
1 Engr. Prof. Saleem Fakhar
 Construction Report of
CITI TOWER MULTAN

A Project submitted to Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, in

Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering & Technology.

Session 2014 - 2018

SUPERVISED BY

Engr. Prof. Saleem Fakhar

Submitted By

Muhammad Taimoor Azam BSCT14F049

Hfiz Hafeez Ur Rahman BSCT14F050

Zesshan Haider BSCT14F051

Kamran Shah BSCT14F052

Saif Ullah BSCT14F063

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHUDDIN ZAKRIYA UNIVERSITY,
MULTAN - PAKISTAN

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3
 RESEARCH COMPLETION CERTIFICATE

It is to certify that particular study has been ready by, and award a pass in University
College of Engineering & Technology Bahuddin Zakariya University, Multan. For the
Dissertation under the Title “Construction of CITI Tower Multan” in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of BS. Civil Engineering & Technology.

This study was submitted by following members.

Engrt. Muhammad Taimoor Azam BSCT14F049

Engrt. Hfiz Hafeez Ur Rahman BSCT14F050

Engrt. Zesshan Haider BSCT14F051

Engrt. Kamran Shah BSCT14F052

Engrt. Saif Ullah BSCT14F063

Supervisor

________________________

Engr. Prof. Saleem Fakhar

Department of Architectural Eng. BZU, Multan
Program Coordinator

_____________________

Engr. Prof. Safdar Raza Abdi

Department of Civil Engineering BZU, Multan

_________________

Controller of Examination
B.Z.U Multan

Dated: ____________

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 DECLARATION

We, Group Members student of BS (Hons) in the subject of Civil Engineering & Technology
Session 2014-2018 hereby declared that the matter printed in the Project report entitled “”is
my own work and has not been printed, published and submitted as project report or
publication in any form in any University, Research institution etc. in Pakistan or abroad.

Dated: ____________

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 DEDICATION

I lovingly dedicated my work to my parents for their unconditional and endless love, constant
support, inspiration and encouragement. I would also like to dedicate this work to my
Respected Teachers who helped in every step of work and my research fellows for their
cooperation and coordination.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and Foremost, I am immeasurably indebted to ALLAH ALMIGHTY, the

plenipotentiary and merciful, who endowed upon me the potential and ability to contribute a
drop of material in the existing ocean of knowledge. We invoke peace for HOLY
PROPHET HAZRAT MUHAMMAD (S.A.W) who is forever a light of knowledge,
guidance and courage for the entire human race.

Secondly, this project owes a great deal to the thoughts and efforts of number of people
without whose supports completion would not have been possible. I feel pleasure in
expressing my heartiest obligation and thanks to Prof. Dr. Civil Engineering Department,
BZU Multan.

I will forever be thankful to our worthy supervisor Engr. Prof. Saleem Fakher, Professor in
Department of building & Architectural Engineering, B Z U, Multan for her guidance, keen
interest and inexhaustible inspiration that I believe learned from the best. Her efforts towards
the inclusion of spirit of hard work and maintenance of professional integrity besides other
valuable suggestions will always serve as a beacon of light throughout the course of my life.

I would like to express my appreciation and sincere thanks to all my friends for their kindness
and moral support during my studies.

Words fall short to express our appreciation to our Parents whose dedication, love and
persistent confidence in us, has taken the load off our shoulders. Finally, I would like to thank
everybody who played an important part for the successful realization of thesis, as well as
expressing my apology that I could not mention personally one by one.

During this research, we came across a number of unusual issues, but every time we were
privileged enough to go through them with the help of our supervisor, fellows and family.

Group Leader

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 CONTENTS
Chapter No.1 Introduction 11-26

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 11
1.1 Location ................................................................................................................... 11
1.2 Graphical Representation of Citi Tower Multan ..................................................... 12
2.1 Features ......................................................................................................................... 13
1.3 General .......................................................................................................................... 14
1.4 Floors Descriptions Of Citi Tower Multan .................................................................. 14
4.1 Lower Ground Floor Plan ....................................................................................... 15
4.2 Upper Ground Floor Plan......................................................................................... 16
4.3 1st Floor Plan ............................................................................................................ 17
4.4 2nd Floor Plan ........................................................................................................... 18
4.5 3rd Floor Plan............................................................................................................ 19
4.6 4th Floor Plan............................................................................................................ 20
4.7 5th Floor Plan............................................................................................................ 21
4.8 6th Floor Plan............................................................................................................ 22
4.9 7th Floor Plan............................................................................................................ 23
4.10 8th Floor Plan ......................................................................................................... 24
4.11 9th Floor Plan .......................................................................................................... 25
1.5 Structural Elements which use in the Construction of this Building are ...................... 26
1.6 Construction Equipment’s use are ................................................................................ 26
1.7 Materials use In the construction are ............................................................................ 26
1.8 Emergency Conditions .................................................................................................. 26
Chapter No. 2 Construction Material 27-35

2.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 27

2.2 Coarse Aggregate .......................................................................................................... 27
2.3 Fine Aggregate .............................................................................................................. 28
2.4 Cement .......................................................................................................................... 28
2.5 Concrete ........................................................................................................................ 29
2.6 Steel............................................................................................................................... 30
2.7 Water ............................................................................................................................. 30
2.8 Brick .............................................................................................................................. 31
2.9 Glass Work.................................................................................................................... 31
2.10 Aluminum Work ......................................................................................................... 32
2.11 Wood Work................................................................................................................. 32
2.12 Electrical work ............................................................................................................ 33

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 2.13 Floor Tiles ................................................................................................................... 34
2.14 Marble Flooring .......................................................................................................... 34
2.15 Ceiling ......................................................................................................................... 35
2.16 Paints ........................................................................................................................... 35
Chapter No. 3 Structural Elements 36-45

3.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 36

3.2 Foundation .................................................................................................................... 36
3.3 Type of Foundation ....................................................................................................... 37
3.4 Steel Work in Foundation ............................................................................................. 38
3.5 Concrete Work in Raft Foundation ............................................................................... 38
3.6 Retaining Wall .............................................................................................................. 39
3.7 Basement ....................................................................................................................... 39
3.8 Column.......................................................................................................................... 40
3.9 Steel Work in Basement................................................................................................ 40
3.10 Concreting in Column ................................................................................................. 41
3.11 Curing of Column ....................................................................................................... 41
3.12 Beam ........................................................................................................................... 42
3.13 Steel Work in Beams .................................................................................................. 42
3.14 Slab ............................................................................................................................. 43
3.15 Ramp ........................................................................................................................... 44
3.16 Sewerage Tank ............................................................................................................ 44
3.17 Ventilation................................................................................................................... 44
3.18 Super Structure............................................................................................................ 44
3.19 Power Room................................................................................................................ 44
3.20 Stairs & Lifts ............................................................................................................... 44
3.21 Shear Wall ................................................................................................................... 45
Chapter No. 4 Construction Equipment’s 46-49

4.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 46

4.2 Mixer ............................................................................................................................. 46
4.3 Compactor ..................................................................................................................... 47
4.4 Lift................................................................................................................................. 47
4.5 Vibrator ......................................................................................................................... 48
4.6 Cutter............................................................................................................................. 48
4.7 Drill ............................................................................................................................... 49
Chapter No. 5 Safety Equipment & Construction Tools 50-63

5.1 Safety Equipment .......................................................................................................... 50

5.2 Safety Equipment List for Building Construction: ....................................................... 50

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 5.2.1 Safety Helmet........................................................................................................ 50
5.2.2 Safety Glasses ....................................................................................................... 51
5.2.3 Gloves ................................................................................................................... 51
5.2.4 Rubber Boots ........................................................................................................ 52
5.3 Construction Tools ........................................................................................................ 52
5.4 Construction Tools List for Building Construction ...................................................... 52
5.4.1 Ladder ................................................................................................................... 53
5.4.2 Measuring Box ...................................................................................................... 54
5.4.3 Measuring Tape .................................................................................................... 54
5.4.4 Plumb Bob ............................................................................................................ 55
5.4.5 Pick Axe ................................................................................................................ 55
5.4.6 Spade ..................................................................................................................... 55
5.4.7 Spirit Level............................................................................................................ 56
5.4.8 Tile Cutter ............................................................................................................. 56
5.4.9 Trowel ................................................................................................................... 57
5.4.10 Wheel Barrow ..................................................................................................... 57
5.4.11 Bolster ................................................................................................................. 58
5.4.12 Chisel .................................................................................................................. 58
5.4.13 Brick Hammer..................................................................................................... 59
5.4.14 Bump Cutter/Screed ............................................................................................ 59
5.4.15 Digging Bar ......................................................................................................... 60
5.4.16 End Frames ......................................................................................................... 60
5.4.17 Float .................................................................................................................... 61
5.4.18 Hand Saw ............................................................................................................ 61
5.4.19 Head Pan ............................................................................................................. 62
5.4.20 Hoe ...................................................................................................................... 62
5.4.21 Line and Pins....................................................................................................... 63
5.4.22 Mason’s Square ................................................................................................... 63
Chapter No. 6 Finding & Recommendations 64-71

6.1 Findings......................................................................................................................... 64
6.1.1 Lack of Safety Measures ....................................................................................... 65
6.1.2 Improper Storage of Materials .............................................................................. 64
6.1.3 Lack of Man Power ............................................................................................... 66
6.1.4 Lack of Site Clearance .......................................................................................... 66
6.1.5 Wetting at Site....................................................................................................... 67
6.1.6 Lack of Equipment’s ............................................................................................. 67
6.1.7 Defect in Design .................................................................................................... 68
6.1.8 Lack of Supervision .............................................................................................. 68
6.1.9 Improper form Work ............................................................................................. 69
6.1.10 Slow Speed of Construction ............................................................................... 69
6.2 Recommendation .......................................................................................................... 69

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 CHAPTER NO. 1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Location:
Multan the city of saints is growing fastest with the time and has developed many
opportunities for every individual. The project is located at the most upscaling area and
commercial center of Multan on Chungi no.9 at the junction of Bosan Road and LMQ Road.
An easy approach from all over South Punjab ensures quick accessibility.

Fig 1.1: Location of Citi Tower Multan

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1.2 Project plan:

Citi Tower had a state of the art structure and constructed with ultra-modern Marvel design
and two sides entrance. The project, Citi Tower is a tall, and highly architected commercial
complex that consists 9 stories and a lower ground and Ground floor. The entire building of
the project is providing more than 500 commercial and business shops.

The designer has used double glazed glass and steel in the whole tower

Figure 1.2: Graphical Representation of Citi Tower Multan

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2.1 Features:
 Doors Controllable with RFID Cards.
 Central Cooling System.
 Lift Access with RFID Card.
 Food Court.
 Emergency exit.
 Service Office.
 High Speed Elevators.
 Management Office.
 Covered car parking with vacancy indicators.
 Health Club.
 24Hours Security.
 Cafe.
 CCTV Camera.
 Prayer Area.
 Fire Alarm & firefighting System.
 Purified Water.
 Smart life Management
 Electricity Backup Generator
 Central air condition system.

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 1.3 General:

It is the highest building in south Punjab. Estimated coast of this project is about 1 Billion
Rupees. Estimated time about 7 years. This project is started from Sep 2012 & the time of
completion is Dec 2019. But more than 25% work of this project still remaining due to some
issues with DHA. Due to this issue there was no progress and the project has banned approx.
2.5 years from Mar 2013 to Sep 2015. DHA created the problem of space of road side at the
behalf of NHA, But in High court NHA cleared all the objections of DHA & project start
again and now going toward completion.

The Contractor of this Project is CITI Builders Multan private limited. This is consulting by
Niazi Associates & also designed by the Engineer of Niazi Associates Engineer Tariq Baig.
Cost of the design is 14 million rupees. Site Engineer of the project is Engineer Azhar. This
building is naturally a commercially tower, which consist of 14 floors. This tower consist of 4
basement floors which use for parking & 10 floors in super structure.

The type of construction is R.C.C frame structure building. Foundation of this building is
Raft foundation and the depth/height of this raft is 5 feet. Foundation is given in the depth 48
feet. Total area of the building is 4.8 canal (21600 sq. feet).

Total height of the building is 126 feet and depth below the ground level is 48 feet. Columns
below the G.L of 3’ x 3’ x 12’ & above the G.L is 2.5’ x 2.5’ x 12’ Slab height/depth is 6”

1.4 Floors Descriptions of CITI Tower Multan:

S. Name of Floor Purpose No. of Slab Thickness No. of Area Height

No Column Inches Beam Sq. Feet In Feet’s
1 Basement 1 Parking 37 7 39 21600 11
2 Basement 2 Parking 35 7 39 21600 11
3 Basement 3 Parking 35 7 39 21600 11
4 Lower Ground Floor - 35 7 39 21600 11
5 Upper Ground Floor - 35 7 39 21600 11
6 1st Floor Commercial 35 7 39 21600 11
7 2nd Floor Commercial 35 7 39 21600 11
8 3rd Floor Commercial 35 7 39 21600 11
9 4th Floor Commercial 35 7 39 21600 11
10 5th Floor Commercial 35 7 39 21600 11
11 6th Floor Commercial 35 7 39 21600 11
12 7th Floor Commercial 35 7 39 21600 11
13 8th Floor Offices 35 7 39 21600 11
14 9th Floor Food Court 35 7 39 21600 11

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4.1 Lower Ground Floor Plan:

Figure 4.1: Lower Ground Floor Plan

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4.2 Upper Ground Floor Plan:

Figure 4.2: Upper Ground Floor Plan

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4.3 1st Floor Plan:

Figure 4.3: 1st Floor Plan

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4.4 2nd Floor Plan:

Figure 4.4: 2nd Floor Plan

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4.5 3rd Floor Plan:

Figure 4.5: 3rd Floor Plan

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4.6 4th Floor Plan:

Figure 4.6: 4th Floor Plan

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4.7 5th Floor Plan:

Figure 4.7: 5th Floor Plan

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4.8 6th Floor Plan:

Figure 4.8: 6th Floor Plan

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4.9 7th Floor Plan:

Figure 4.9: 7th Floor Plan

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4.10 8th Floor Plan:

Figure 4.10: 8th floor Plan

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4.11 9th Floor Food Court Plan:

Figure 4.11: 9th Floor Food Court Plan

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1.5 Structural Elements Which Use In The Construction Of This Building Are:

 Foundation
 Columns
 Beams
 Slabs
 Retaining walls
 Piles etc.

1.6 Construction Equipment’s Use Are:

 Excavator
 Cranes
 Vibrators
 Concrete Mixture
 Drill
 Steel cutter etc.

1.7 Materials Use In The Construction Are:

 Cement
 Sand
 Crush
 Bricks
 P.V.C Pipes
 Steel
 Glass
 Marble
 Gypsum
 Sheets etc.

1.8 Emergency Conditions:

 CCTV Camera.
 Fire alarm & firefighting system.
 Electricity backup generator
 13’ side passage for emergency exit on both sides

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 CHAPTER NO. 2

2. CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

2.1 General:

Building material any material which used for concrete purpose. Many naturally occurring
substances, such as clay, rock, sand, wood even twigs & leaves, have been used to construct
buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use,
some more and some less synthetic. The manufacture of building materials is an established
industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific
specialty trades, such as carpentry, insulation, plumbing & roof work. They provide the
make-up of habitats and structures including homes.

2.2 Coarse Aggregate:

Those particles that are predominantly retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and will pass
through 3-inch screen, are called coarse aggregate. The coarser the aggregate, the more
economical the mix. Larger pieces offer less surface area of the particles than an equivalent
volume of small pieces. Use of the largest permissible maximum size of coarse aggregate
permits a reduction in cement and water requirements. Using aggregates larger than the
maximum size of coarse aggregates permitted can result in interlock and form arches or
obstructions within a concrete form. That allows the area below to become a void, or at best,
to become filled with finer particles of sand and cement only and results in a weakened area.

The coarse aggregate used in this building are from Sakhi Sarwar.

Figure 2.2: Coarse Aggregate

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2.3 Fine Aggregate:

Those particles passing the 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) sieve, almost entirely passing the 4.75 mm (No.
4) sieve, and predominantly retained on the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve are called fine aggregate.
For increased workability and for economy as reflected by use of less cement, the fine
aggregate should have a rounded shape. The purpose of the fine aggregate is to fill the voids
in the coarse aggregate and to act as a workability agent.

Figure 2.3: Fine Aggregate

2.4 Cement:

A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to
other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind
sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for
masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete. It also work as finishing material
because different pigments are available in market which make cement a most aesthetically
beautiful product. Cement is the most widely used material in existence and is only behind
water as the planet's most-consumed resource.

There are many type of cement in market but in this project Kohat Cement is used.

Figure 2.4: Cement Bags Stored in Citi Tower Multan

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2.5 Concrete:

Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, fine aggregates (sand) and coarse
aggregates mixed with water which hardens with time. Portland cement is the commonly
used type of cement for production of concrete. Concrete technology deals with study of
properties of concrete and its practical applications.

In a building construction, concrete is used for the construction of foundations, columns,

beams, slabs and other load bearing elements.

There are different types of binding material is used other than cement such as lime for lime
concrete and bitumen for asphalt concrete which is used for road construction.

Various types of cements are used for concrete works which have different properties and
applications. Some of the type of cement are Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), rapid
hardening cement, Sulphate resistant cement etc.

 The concrete used in columns & beams is 4000psi & 3000psi in slabs in this building.
 In Raft foundation concrete strength minimum 4000psi in this building
 In all walls & vertical members concrete strength minimum 4000psi in this building

Figure 2.5: Concrete work in Citi Tower Multan

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2.6 Steel:
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, and sometimes other elements. Because of its high tensile
strength and low cost, it is a major component used in buildings, infrastructure. Steel has a
high strength in tension, such as steel, in placed in concrete, then the composite material,
reinforced concrete resists not only compression but also bending and other direct tensile
actions. The steel bar used in beams and column in No.8 and slabs No.4 & 6 in this building.

 Steel bars use in building minimum strength 60000psi.

 In this building 3’’’, 4’’’, 6’’’ & 8’’’ steel bars used.

Figure 2.61: Steel work in Citi Tower Multan

2.7 Water:

The water used for mixing & curing should be clean & free from injurious quantities of
alkalis, acid, oil, salt, sugar, organic materials, vegetable growth and other substance that may
be deleterious to bricks, stone, concrete or steel. Potable water is generally 00considered
satisfactory for maxing. The PH value of water should be not less than 6.

Figure 2.7: Water

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2.8 Bricks:

A small rectangular block typically made of fired or sun-dried clay. These first class bricks
are able molded & of uniform shape & they are burnt in kilns. The surfaces and edges of the
bricks are sharp, square, smooth and straight. They comply with all the qualities of good
bricks. These bricks are used for important work of permanent nature. The compressive
strength of first class brick is 105 kg/sq. cm. In this building the bricks are used for internal
partition wall.

Figure 2.8: Bricks

2.9 Glass Work:

Glass is also a building material which is use for non-load bearing structure like panel walls,
doors, windows. Different colored glasses are available in market.

 In this project Center layer condition 12mm glass use

 In front side double Glazed Tempered Glass used.
 7’ glass height & 1.5’ sin board space.

Figure 2.9: Glass work in Citi Tower Multan

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2.10 Aluminum Work:

Aluminum is used for fixing glass panels, windows and doors.

Figure 2.10: Aluminum work in Citi Tower Multan

2.11 Wood Work:

The wood work is used in doors, windows and decoration of walls.

Figure 2.11: Wood work in Citi Tower Multan

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2.12 Electricity Work:

 Building power distribution system.

 Electrical installation & Modification
 Office and shop wiring & IT Network cabling
 CCTV & Entry systems.
 Fire Alarms
 Lighting.

In this Project all work under-ground & wire hanging systems.

Wire hanging under celling’s with cable tray size 1’x1’, 1’x 6” & 1’x9”

Figure 2.12: Electrical work in Citi Tower Multan

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2.13 Floor Tiles:

A tile is manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even
glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers or other objects such as
tabletops.

 In this building floor tail size 2’x2’.

Figure 2.13: Floor Tiles in Citi Tower Multan

2.14 Marble Flooring:

Marble flooring is just used in stairs in this building.

Figure 2.14: Marble Flooring in Citi Tower Multan stairs

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2.15 Ceiling:

A ceiling in an overhead interior surface that covers the upper limits of a room. It is not
generally considered a structural element, but a finished surface concealing the underside of
the roof structure or the floor of a story above. In this building false ceiling is used.

In this building

 12’ finish floor level height & 8.5’ ceiling height 8.5’.
 7” slab in roof, 5” kacha & 3” brick blast etc.
 1’ down latak beam & 2.5’ cable try.

Figure 2.15: Ceiling work in Citi Tower Multan

2.16 Paints:

Paint is the general term for liquid that is used to add colour to the surface of an object by
covering it with a pigmented coating.

Figure 2.16: Paint work

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 CHAPTER NO. 3

3. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

3.1 General:

The structural system of a building and its element play a major role in defining its character.
Structural element may include external and internal load bearing brick masonry walls
Timber formed mud walls are Timber framed walls columns of stone cast iron or concrete
stone brick or concrete vaults Timber iron or steel beams trusses grades and many others is
structural elements may be important as early examples of the use of certain Materials such
as cast iron are concrete even where interesting structural elements are not exposed they are
Materials such as cast iron are concrete even where interesting structural elements are not
exposed they are nonetheless of significance and contribute to the character of the building.

3.2 Foundation:

A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to the
earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep
foundations. A tall building must have a strong foundation if it is to stand for a long time.

To make a foundation, we normally dig a trench in the ground, digging deeper and deeper
until we come to subsoil, which is more solid than the topsoil that is used to grow plants and
crops. When the trench is deep enough, we fill it with any strong, hard material we can find.
Sometimes we pour in concrete into the trench, which we strengthen even more by first
putting long thin round pieces of steel into the trench. When the concrete dries, the steel acts
like the bones in our body to tie the foundation together. We call this reinforced concrete.

Once the foundation has been packed down tightly, or dried hard, we can begin to build the
building superstructure. In this building raft Foundation is being used.

Figure 3.2: Foundation

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3.3 Type of Foundation:

Broadly speaking, all foundations are divided into two categories:

1. Deep foundation.
 In this project Pile depth 55ft.
 Before pilling use 2 anchor beams 2 month 12’x12’
2. Shallow foundation.

The words shallow and deep refer to the depth of soil in which the foundation is made.
Shallow foundations can be made in depths of as little as 3ft (1m), while deep foundations
can be made at depths of 60 - 200ft (20 - 65m). Shallow foundations are used for small, light
buildings, while deep ones are for large, heavy buildings.

 In this building Raft foundation being used.

Figure 3.3: Raft Foundation

Raft Foundations, also called Mat Foundations, are most often used when basements are to be
constructed. In a raft, the entire basement floor slab acts as the foundation; the weight of the
building is spread evenly over the entire footprint of the building. It is called a raft because
the building is like a vessel that 'floats' in a sea of soil.

Mat Foundations are used where the soil is week, and therefore building loads have to be
spread over a large area, or where columns are closely spaced, which means that if individual
footings were used, they would touch each other.

 In this building share wall provided in 4 sides & Rating wall provided
 Sheet membrane for seepage control provide all sides.
 6” lean concrete & Raft foundation 2.5ft.

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3.4 Steel Work in Foundation:

Steel work in raft foundation is a shown in the following figure.

 In this building Steel using Foundation 6no & 8no diameter.

 Minimum strength of steel bars is 60000psi.

Figure 3.4: Steel work in Foundation

3.5 Concreting in Raft Foundation:

Completing in the raft has to be done in a layer and proper vibration is required for better to
strength because if there are lack of vibration voids will remain in slab or raft which cause
reduction in strength in concrete. And also bonding less strong with steel if voids are present.
Cement concrete used in foundation is ratio 1:2:4.

 In this building Raft foundation minimum strength is 4000psi

Figure 3.5: Concreting in Raft Foundation

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3.6 Retaining Walls:

These are the walls which bear of the thrust of Earth and soil behind him is called retaining
walls. In this building piles are used as retaining walls. Depth of these piles are 100 feet each
and expense of each pile is approximately 0.1 million rupees.

 In this building share wall & rating wall provide 4 sides.

 Sheet membrane provide for seepage control in all sides.

Figure 3.6: Retaining Walls

Cement bags filled with sand are used between these piles to prevent thrust of soil.

3.7 Basement:

There are four basement floor of City Tower and area of each basement floor is 10900 square
feet. Three basement floor are used for parking. Three Parking capacity is each floor 100 and
total three floor capacity is 300 vehicles.

 In this building Basement 40ft. down to G.L.

 2.5ft. in raft foundation & 5ft. beam in foundation.

Figure 3.7: Basement of Citi Tower Multan

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3.8 Columns:

It is the vertical part of the building which transfer load of itself and beam and slab towards
the foundation is called columns.

 In this building almost Square columns are used Area 3x3

 Total column in basement is 35.
 Steel bars use in building minimum strength 60000psi.
 Minimum strength of column 4000psi

Figure 3.8: Columns shuttering in Citi Tower Multan

3.9 Steel Work in Basement:

In steel workers are overlap the steel with dowel bars with the ratio of 12d to 18d
approximately and bind all the bars in the steel thin wire. Steel bar size used in columns no8
and no6. Steel bar size used in ring is no4. The detail of the bars and overlapping of bars with
dowel bars are given below in figure.

Figure 3.9: Steel Work in Basement & Columns

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3.10 Concreting in Columns:

Creating in the columns has to be done and proper vibration is required for better strength
because if there are lack of vibration voids will remain in columns which cause reduction in
strength of concrete & also bonding are less strong with steel if voids are present. Cement
concrete used in columns is ratio 1:2:4 concrete in columns having strength 4000 PSI form
work and creating in the Columns are given below in figure 3.10

Figure 3.10 Concreting in Columns

3.11 Curing of Column:

Curing has an important role in strength concrete. Curing the product for at least 28 days for
getting full strength.

Figure 3.11 Curing of Column

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3.12 Beams:

It is the horizontal structure which transfer the load of itself and load of beam towards the
columns is called beams.

Beams have to resist the bending stresses of the slab. And a lot of Steel is used in
construction of memes.

Figure 3.12: R.C.C Beam & Column

3.13 Steel work of Beams:

Steel is an important component of RCC beam because it is specially use to bear shear stress
coming from upper load. Steel bar size used in beam is No.8 and No.6.

No.8 bar is main bars and No 6 bars is distribution bars.

Figure 3.13: Steel work of Beams

42
3.14 Slab:

Slab is a horizontal member of the building which transfer the load of self towards the beam
and give covering to the room and building.

Figure 3.14 a Slab

Concreting in slab has to be done and proper vibration is required for Batter strength because
if there are lack of vibration voids will remain in slab which cause reduction in strength of
concrete and also bonding are less strong with the steel if voids are present cement concrete
used in slab is ratio 1:2:4 Concrete in slab having strength 3000 psi.

Figure 3.14 b concreting in slab

Vibrator is used during reduce air pours in concrete. In this project we used rotary vibrator.

Figure 3.14 c Use of Vibrator in concreting

After placing concrete we used wooden box having level surface to obtain maximum level
surface of concrete as possible leveling process.

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3.15 Ramp:

Sloping surface joining two different levels as the entrance or between floors of a building
called ramp.

Ramps are especially useful when large numbers of people or vehicles have to be moved
from floor to floor. Ramp is used for parking vehicles in basement floor.

 In this project 18’ wide ramp.

 Slope ratio 1:5 in center & 1:8 in sides.

Figure 3.15: Ramp Diagram

3.16 Sewerage Tank:

Sewerage tank is consist in basement for sewerage water. All wastage water of basement is
collected in this tank. After this waste water is pump out with the help of a pump.

3.17 Ventilation:

Ventilation are provided in basement for the purpose of fresh air and light.

3.18: Super Structure:

The whole super structure is use for the commercial purpose. Only ground floor & 1st floor is
functional at this time.

3.19 Power Room:

There is one power room is also provide at each floor. This is to control the electricity.

3.20 Stairs & Lifts:

There are two types of stairs are provided on each ground.

I. Dogleg stare
II. Spiral stair.
 In this building in front side 2 capsule lifts.
 Inside 2 cabin lifts.
 1 cargo lift

44
3.21 Shear wall:

At one corner shear wall is provided. This wall is used to control any shear stress especially
during earthquake.

Capsule lift is also provided with the share wall. Lift is not complete know it is under
construction.

Figure 3.21: Shear Wall Diagram

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 CHAPTER NO. 4

4. CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

4.1 General:

Heavy equipment refers to heavy duty with specially designed for executing construction
tasks. Most frequently ones involving earthwork operations. They are also known as heavy
machines heavy trucks construction equipment engineering equipment having vehicles or
heavy hydraulics.

4.2 Mixer:

Concrete mixer is the equipment which is use for mixing concrete at large scale. There are
many types of mixture used in the field. But in this project simple mixture is being used.
Mobile mixture also use as concrete mixer in this mixer concrete rotate and travels towards
the site.

Figure 4.2: Mixer

46
4.3 Compactor:

Compactor is the equipment which is used for the compaction of earth. After compaction
voids of soil has removed and chance of settlement of soil has reduced to zero but over
compaction some time cause swelling of Earth.

Figure 4.3 a: Compactor Figure 4.3 b: Tamper

4.4 Lift:

Lift is the equipment which operate mechanically. Lift is use for the purpose of bringing
concrete from ground level upper floors and also bring apparatus and manpower to Upper
stories. It also use to reach the steel toward High floors.

Figure 4.4: Material Tower Hoist

47
4.5 Vibrator:

Vibrator is use for the vibration and removing the voids from concrete. With vibrator large
number of voids has moved and increase the strength of concrete but over vibration may
cause de segregation in the concrete. It can operate mechanically and also manually by steel
rods.

Figure 4.5: Vibrator

4.6 Cutter:

Cutter is also an equipment which use for cutting steels in a required length. Firstly it had
done manually but now a days it has done mechanically with different cutter.

Figure 4.6: Steel Cutter

48
4.7 Drill:

Drill is also an equipment which is use for making holes of different sizes in walls and also
crushing the concrete. It is very powerful equipment.

Figure 4.7: Drill Machine

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 CHAPTER NO. 5

5. SAFETY EQUIPMENT & CONSTRUCTION TOOLS

5.1 Safety Equipment:

Generally, safety equipment is the protection that is used by workers to avoid injuries,
casualties, life threatening situations etc. Different types of safety equipment are used by
workers depending upon the nature of risk involved in the work. For example, in construction
operations, hard hats, foot gear and coveralls are considered safety equipment. All these types
of safety equipment fall under the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) category.

5.2 Safety Equipment List for Building Construction:

Some important safety equipment and their uses are listed below

1. Safety Helmet
2. Safety Glasses
3. Gloves
4. Rubber Boots

5.2.1 Safety Helmet:

The safety helmet should be necessary in construction works. Any material or structure may
fall from height during construction work. So, to protect the head from injury or any fatal
accident, this safety helmet should be used.

Figure 5.2.1: Safety Helmet

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5.2.2 Safety Glasses:

To prevent the eyes from dust, chemical actions of materials etc. safety glasses should be
maintained.

Figure 5.2.2: Safety Glasses

5.2.3 Gloves:

Gloves are required to prevent the hands from direct contact with cement, paints etc. and to
avoid injury while using machines, tools etc.

Figure 5.2.3: Gloves

51
5.2.4 Rubber Boots:

During construction works, legs may damage due to contact with chemical materials like
cement or physical accidents. So, for safety rubber shoes are required.

Figure 5.2.3: Rubber Boots

5.3 Construction Tools:

Construction tools are the tools which are used for construction the building such as concrete,
brick masonry, leveling, wood works, floor works, slab works, brick laying, plastering etc. It
has operated manually not mechanically. It help man to work more easily.

 Every construction tool is necessary to achieve good results in the whole project.
 Along with these tools, the workers should also use some safety tools to prevent them
from the unexpected accidents.

5.4 Construction Tools List for Building Construction:

Some important construction tools and their uses are listed below

1. Ladder
2. Measuring Box
3. Measuring Tape
4. Plumb Bob
5. Pick Axe
6. Spade
7. Spirit Level
8. Tile Cutter
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 9. Trowel
10. Wheel Barrow
11. Bolster
12. Chisel
13. Brick hammer
14. Bump cutter/screed
15. Digging bar
16. End frames
17. Float
18. Hand saw
19. Head Pan
20. Hoe
21. Line and Pins
22. Mason’s Square

5.4.1 Ladder:

Ladder is also required in construction works. To check slab work, to transport material to the
higher floors, to paint the walls etc.

Figure 5.4.1: Ladder

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5.4.2 Measuring Box:

Measuring box is used to measure the quantity of sand and aggregate used for making
concrete. It is of fixed dimensions so, aggregate need not to be weighted for every time. The
general dimensions of a measuring box are 300mm X 300mm X 400mm (length x width x
depth).

The volume of measuring box is generally 1 Cubic Feet, which makes it easy to measure
concrete ratio or mortar ratio.

Figure 5.4.2: Measure Box

5.4.3 Measuring Tape:

Measuring tape is used to check the thickness, length, widths of masonry walls,
foundation beds, excavated trenches etc.

Figure 5.4.3: Measuring Tape

54
5.4.4 Plumb Bob:

Plumb bob is used to check the verticality of structures. It contains a solid metal bob
connected to the end of a thread. It is also used inn surveying to level the instrument position.

Figure 5.4.4: Plumb Bob

5.4.5 Pick Axe:

Pick axe is used to excavate the soil. It is more suitable for hard soil which is quite difficult to
dig with spade or hoe.

Figure 5.4.5: Pick Axe

5.4.6 Spade:

Spade is used to dig the soil for foundation trenches etc. It contains metal
plate at the end of long wooden handle.

Figure 5.4.6: Spade

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5.4.7 Spirit Level:

Spirit level is made of wood or hard plastic with bubble tube in the middle. The bubble tube
is filled with alcohol partially. So, the air bubble is formed in it.

Spirit level is used in brick masonry to check the level of the surface. The spirit level is
placed on surface and bubble is checked. The surface is leveled when the bubble in the tube
settles at middle of tube.

Figure: 5.4.7 Spirit Level

5.4.8 Tile Cutter:

Tile cutter is used to cut the tiles. Sometimes, normal tile size is larger than required at the
corners where floor meets the wall in that case tile cutter is useful.

Figure 5.4.8: Tile Cutter

56
5.4.9 Trowel:

Trowel is used to lift and apply the cement mortar in small quantities. It is made of steel and
wooden handle is provided for holding. The ends of trowel may be pointed or bull nosed.

Figure 5.4.9: Trowel

5.4.10 Wheel Barrow:

Wheel barrow is used to transport bulk weights of materials like cement, sand, concrete mix
etc. it contains one or two wheels at its front and two handles at its back which are used to
push the wheel barrow.

Figure 5.4.10: Wheel Barrow

57
5.4.11 Bolster:

Bolster is like chisel but it is used to cut bricks. Its cutting edge is wider than the width of
brick. It is useful for accurate cutting of bricks.

Figure 5.4.11: Bolster

5.4.12 Chisel:

Chisel is generally used in wood work and this must be useful to remove the concrete bumps
or excess concrete in hardened surface.

Figure 5.4.12: Chisel

58
5.4.13 Brick Hammer:

Brick hammer is used to cut the bricks and also used to push the bricks if they come out of
the course line.

Figure 5.4.13: Brick Hammer

5.4.14 Bump Cutter/Screed:

Bump cutter is used to level the concrete surfaces like concrete floors, foundations etc. It is
also called screed.

Figure 5.4.14: Bump Cutter

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5.4.15 Digging Bar:

Digging bar is solid metal rod with pin shape at the bottom. It is also used to dig the hard
surfaces of ground.

Figure 5.4.15: Digging Bar

5.4.16 End Frames:

Their use is similar to the line and pins. But instead of pins, L shaped frames are used at the
end of thread which hold the brick work effectively and level the alignment accurately.

Figure 5.4.16: Digging Bar

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5.4.17 Float:

Float is made of wood which is used to smoothen the plastered concrete surface. It contains
handle on its top and smooth wooden surface on its bottom.

Figure 5.4.17: Float

5.4.18 Hand Saw:

Hand saw is used to cut the wood materials like doors, windows, slab panels etc.

Figure 5.4.18: Hand Saw

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5.4.19 Head Pan:

Head pan is made of iron which is used to lift the excavated soil or cement or concrete to the
working site etc. it is more commonly used in construction sites.

Figure 5.4.19: Head Pan

5.4.20 Hoe:

Hoe is also used to excavate the soil but in this case the metal plate is provided with acute
angle to the wooden handle.

Figure 5.4.20: Hoe

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5.4.21 Line and Pins:

Line and pins consists a thread whose ends are connected with two solid metal rods with pin
points. It is used to level the alignment of brick course while brick laying.

Figure 5.4.21: Line and Pins

5.4.22 Mason’s Square:

Mason’s square is used to achieve perfect right angle at the corner of masonry wall. It is “L”
shape. First course is laid properly using Mason’s square then based on the first, remaining
layers of bricks are set out.

Figure 5.4.22: Mason’s Square

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 CHAPTER NO. 6

6. FINDING & RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Findings:

6.1.1 Lack of Safety Measures:

We also found the problem of safety measure. There are lack of safety
equipment’s. Labors not using shoes, hamlet, gloves & we found no ambulances
at site to rescue in emergency case. We see there is lots of open circuit board it
may cause of short circuit & serious injury of humans. There was no first aid
box there.so over all lack of safety measure are there at site.

Figure 6.1.1: Lack of safety measures

64
6.1.2 Improper Storage of Materials.

There was also a problem of improper storage of construction material. We

noticed that steel are stored in open space which cause rusting due to humidity
in are. Cement also stored in open space and just cover with polithiene sheet
cause of damage of cement and reduce the strength of cement.

Figure 6.1.2: Improper Storage of Materials

65
6.1.3 Lack of Man Power:

There was also a problem of lack of man power. Due to this problem the speed
of work very low and after 7 years only 70% work have done .so this problem is
so critical & they have to be overcome this problem.

Figure 6.1.3: Lack of Man Power

6.1.4 Lack of Site Clearance:

Another problem is lack of site clearance. All the things are scattered. Which
cause problem in working. So this problem also very serious.

Figure 6.1.4: Lack of Site Clearance

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6.1.5 Wetting at Site:

Wetting the site also a very serious problem. When a lot of water at site there
will problem in working and erecting form work and also cause moisture
production and termite production at site. So this problem have to be solved.

Figure 6.1.5: Wetting at Site

6.1.6 Lack of Equipment’s:

Another problem at site was lack of construction equipment’s. Lack of

equipment’s cause slow speed of construction that’s why this project has behind
to require time. There is only one mixture and one lift. So this problem cause
concreting at less space.

6.1.6 Lack of Equipment’s

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6.1.7 Defect in Design:

We have found a lot of problems in the building. The main problem is defect in
design. Defect is that the retaining wall in the design are exceeding from
required space and after concreting it have to be demolished. Which caused the
loss of money and time also.

6.1.8 Lack of Supervision:

There is also a problem of lack of supervision Consulting engineer visited at site

just two or three time in the week and all the work has going with the
experience of masons & some associate Engineers are present at site which does
not guide properly to masons and other labour.so with this problem there is also
a chance of cheating like poor ratio of concrete and steel of low quality and use
of 2nd or 3rd class brick etc.

Figure 6.1.8: Lack of Supervision

68
6.1.9 Improper form Work:

There is also a problem of low quality form work. They use bamboos for
erecting form work. this cause improper finishing and also cause bleeding in
concrete. So also increase the expenses of finishing the roof or beam surface
after removing form work for better finish.

6.1.10 Slow speed of Sonstruction:

Above mentioned problems caused slow speed in construction. Lack of

equipment lack of labor lack of supervision caused slow speed in construction.
That’s the reason this project did not complete at due date. & if this problem
will not overcome then there are more chances there will be extension of time
required to complete this project. And late completion has very bad impact on
the image and value of this project.

6.2 Recommendation:

 There is a founded defect in design like extra which have concerted and
now demolished and also wrong design of beam near stair cause. This
beam coming in the place of staircase so it also have to be demolished. So
we recommended if there will be proper way and appropriate people to
read the design and also have people to execute the work in there guide
and look after the project of work. So the chance of these like mistake
and problems will be minimize in future.
 There is also a problem of lack of safety measures. So company has to
provide safety tools and dresses during work. Because there are no
compromise with the lives of labors. And also a first aid room has
provide in any emergency case and also an ambulance should be present
at site 24/7 encounter any serious problem. So if all safety measures have
given to labors that labors has done their work without any tension and
fear and also feel safe during work. And work progress faster.
 There is also problem of improper storage of construction material. We
recommended they should construct proper stores for storing purpose of
materials. Steel stores in the space where chance of air has low so that
chance of rusting with air contact has reduce. Cement stores that’s place
where chance of rain and any other moisture are zero that is prevent for
69
 damage and lose their strength because cement get hardened when
contact with water or moisture. Sand store in pakka plate from so that the
chance of mixing clay, soil & other organic materials are low. And if all
these impurities are zero then sand works better and get stronger work.
 There is very serious problem of lack of man power. It is recommended if
they increase number of labour then speed of work definitely increase.
And contractor can easily get their work according to due dates. And one
thing most important all labour have to be well trained that’s why chance
of any mistakes or faults have reduce to zero & a proper authentic work
have got after completion the project.
 There is also big problem of site Clarence. If site didn’t clear definitely
cause problem in construction & other matter. It has recommended to
clear all the site from any-thing & materials. All the material have to be
arranged properly and use properly. This problem has to over-come only
when proper management is working at site. So it is very important to
strong their management for better result. And management get strong
when communication between higher authority & labour are strong.
Because with better communication engineers can better convey their
order towards the labour & labour can better understand the instruction
which have given from higher authority.
 There is also a problem found is wetting at site. Wetting at site can cause a
large number of insect’s production which may cause serious diseases to labors
and effect the work progress. And moisture and water present at site may cause
moisture production at site which may harm the strength and may cause the
corrosion of steel and damage of plaster etc. water at site may also cause for
production of termite which damage the wooden work of the building. Wetting
at site may also restricted the labors to work with great care and if labors work
without care then may cause a serious issue at site. And may cause loss of any
life.
 There is also a problem of lack of equipment’s. If we just increase the number
of labour and number of equipment’s remain same then the effort of increasing
labors are meaningless and has no effect on speed of construction. If we
increase construction equipment’s as well as labors has great and direct impact
on the construction speed. And work has completed very fastly But just
required equipment’s has to be increased in number otherwise it just increase
the budget of project. So just required equipment’s increase and labour work on
these equipment’s and use properly then work has completed very smoothly
and within required time. So they has to increase labors as well as equipment’s

70
 like mixer increase from 1 to 2 or 3 and lift etc. and form work and scaffolding
so that many type of work has to be done in same time.
 There is also a problem of lack of supervision in this project. Because
consulting engineer has visited 2 time just in a week. And check the progress
and gives instruction for next work. And then after that associate engineers
have to tackle all of the work according to the engineer instructions. But
without proper engineer work has many deficiencies and the work is going
continuously. So if an engineer present every time at site there will be less
chance for any mistake.
 There is also a problem of low quality form work. They use bamboos for
erecting form work. This cause improper finishing and also cause bleeding in
concrete. So also increase the expenses of finishing the roof or beam surface
after removing form work for better finish. This problem may overcome by
using proper form work of steel plates and joints are covered by tape and
scaffolding of steel pipes and joints of nuts and bolts and fiber boards for form
work of columns. So that by taking these steps we mostly overcome this
problem. And also reduce the budget of project by perfect finish after removing
form work. And also very important step is to check properly w/c ratio. If this
ratio high then more chances of bleeding of concrete. So all these steps
includes for better results and also recommended for this project. Slow speed of
construction have easily overcome if all the above discussed step have taken.
And hope so if contractor take these steps in consider then very much chances
to complete the project in time otherwise there are less chances to complete the
project in time and extension of time has required which may impact the value
and the degree of work. And also from a question mark for the
contractors…………!!!!!!!!!!

71